Stone patterns Baroque church of Santa Croce in Geusalemme. 17-18 centuries Rome.
Development of Baroque ornament
Modern baroque, as well as its prototype - the European style of the 17th-18th centuries, is characterized by scale, sharp combinations of light and shadow, fantasy, ornateness in the decor of buildings and interiors. Baroque ornament covered cornices, columns, borders, door portals, window openings, picture frames, and furniture. Baroque ornament uses elements of the late Renaissance - mascarons, shells, acanthus scroll, cartouche. Baroque patterns are enriched with realistic relief images of people and animals, which are mixed with cupids, mythical creatures, flowers and plant curls. The motifs of the shell, cartouche, and medallion are transformed: for example, a shell in Baroque jewelry can take on the appearance of a carnation, fan, sun, or resemble the French royal lily. In addition, Baroque ornament borrows relief designs from Greek and Roman art: half-human and half-animal figures, flower garlands, fruits.
Baroque ornament on the facade of the Church of Santa Susanna in Rome (Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano). Rebuilt in 1605 by the architect Carlo Moderna.
Baroque patterns of the second half of the 17th century. symmetrical, images often imitate architectural elements: pediments, columns, balustrades. The Baroque ornaments of this period include trophies, classical ova, caryatids, Atlases, dragons, vases with flowers. Smooth lines are combined with straight ones, new motifs appear: mesh with rosettes, lambrequin, teeth, tassels. Thin spirals, curls connected by straight lines, ribbons, masks, and candelabra remain popular. Lush frames include baskets, arabesques, cornucopia, and musical instruments.
Elements of Baroque ornament.
By the end of the 17th century, the Baroque plant pattern became more realistic, the plants looked like natural ones. Images of animals, birds, fairy-tale creatures, mermaids, unicorns, and sibyls are woven into the floral ornament. In the mid-17th and early 18th centuries. The grotesque was revived, and the Baroque sometimes took on extreme expressive, intense forms in relief images.
Expressive Baroque decor of the Trevi Fountain. Architect Nicola Salvi. 1732-62 Rome.
By the 18th century in the ornamental elements of the Baroque, garlands of fruits and berries, bundles of leaves and stems threaded into rings appear.
Baroque ornament.
In the last quarter of the 18th century. a more formal baroque style is in fashion. Ornaments spread from the capital of France in engraved form on boards.
Baroque ornament in European countries
Baroque ornament was widely used in different countries Europe, enriched by the national traditions of each people. Baroque pattern in Moscow churches of the late 18th century. called “Flem Carving”, it was created by masters of the Armory Chamber. These Baroque decorations combined torn cartouches, fruits, leaves, creating an image Garden of Eden. The decor was gilded, while the main structure remained dark. “Flemish carving” (Flemish, Belarusian) differed from flat traditional Russian carving in its relief and imitated stucco. The carving technique corresponded to the European design. The art of Flemish carving came to Russia in the mid-17th century, when Belarusian carvers, at the invitation of Patriarch Nikon, came to decorate the Church of the Resurrection in New Jerusalem. After the patriarch's disgrace, they began to work at the royal court. This type of carving has become very popular because... it was possible to create luxurious decorations for temples.
Flemish carving in the Church of the Intercession in Fili is a model for churches at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries.
Baroque elements were used in the design of churches and palaces in St. Petersburg, Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof with an abundance of stucco, ornate, complex designs.
The Church of the Intercession in Fili (1692-1693) on his Naryshkin estate near Moscow is decorated with Baroque elements.
The decor of the church used shell motifs, cartouches, cupids, and curls - characteristic elements of the Baroque.
The Flemish baroque ornament is distinguished by the presence of a large number of fruits, plants, flowers, and everyday subjects. Development contemporary to that The Baroque period was determined by the tastes of society.
Baroque patterns decorate the Flemish Baroque church - St. Michael's Church.
Several schools developed in Holland, in Haarlem - Frans Hals, in Amsterdam - Rembrandt, in Delft - Fabricius and Vermeer.
Baroque decor on the buildings of the Grand Place in Brussels, 17th century.
In France, Baroque became a royal style, expressing ideas of prosperity. Included royal symbols in the ornament. In the royal courts of Berlin, Vienna, and London, this style was considered a sign of refined taste.
Types and materials of modern baroque decor
Among the Baroque ornaments: ormuschel (Ohrmuschel - auricle), combining a cartouche with a ribbon weave and grotesques (Invented in Flanders at the end of the 16th century), knorpelwerk (Knorpel - cartilage and Werk - work) - a Baroque pattern, in the design of which masks, monster faces or comb sea wave, became particularly widespread in the works of German masters of the 17th century; Strapwork, Rollwerk (Rollwerk from Rolle - roller, reel, roll and Werk - work) - a half-unfolded roll of parchment with notched edges. It is often framed by a cartouche, a trellis (treillage) - in the form of an oblique grid, decorated with small rosettes (a characteristic ornament of the Louis XIV and Rococo styles), a lambrequin, reminiscent of a curtain of the same name.
Strapwork.
Rollwerk.
For decoration of interiors and facades of modern baroque buildings, in addition to natural and artificial stone, gypsum, concrete can be used lightweight, reliable material- polyurethane.
Bas-relief made of polyurethane for decorating facades and interiors in the modern Baroque style.
Sheaves threaded through polyurethane rings for modern baroque buildings. The panel is an imitation of stucco molding for decorating interiors and facades in the modern Baroque style.
The characteristics of the material make it possible to make any relief image on its basis, which can be used to decorate any interior or facade of buildings, since polyurethane is injection molded and is capable of conveying the finest detail of the form. It is resistant to low temperatures, temperature changes, humidity and mechanical stress, and can also simulate natural materials: stone, wood.
Baroque style developed on the basis of classicism, filling it with a new meaning - the triumph of life. And this is after the gloomy Middle Ages with its strict forms and asceticism. From classicism the principle of symmetry in objects and architectural forms, but new lines appeared - curved, pretentious (according to one version, the term “Baroque” just means a tendency to excess).
Of the plants, the most characteristic of this style is the rose. The splendor of the inflorescence, volume, curved shapes of the petals, rich bright colors of greenery and flowers - the same features are inherent in Baroque style interiors. An important feature is the association of roses with triumph, brightness, success and financial well-being. The entire interior and each of its objects should evoke the same associations.
The basis of the style in modern interior
The creators of interiors of this style rely in their creativity on the creations of great Italian artists, architects and sculptors who worked on the design of palaces and parks in Italy, France, and later other European countries. The style also developed in Russia, starting from the time of Peter I.
Subconsciously, almost every owner strives to express his status (real or imaginary) in the interior around him, which is why the Baroque style has been in demand for many centuries. If for perception and correlation with the monetary equivalent of the interior, high-tech or Japanese style the observer must be more or less prepared and informed about the principles of style and the values of objects, then the perception of an interior in the Baroque style is in the blood of Europeans and Russians. There is no need for unnecessary words, the interior itself speaks about the level of wealth of its owner.
Baroque materials and decoration
The materials required by the Baroque style are gilding, crystal, precious wood ( wooden surfaces polished or varnished), natural stone. Separately, it is necessary to mention the mirrors - large, in massive frames, different sizes in the form of inserts in furniture finishing, mirror mosaic- in any case, they will not be superfluous. Large quantity fabrics in the interior are one of characteristic features style. Draperies, tassels, tapestries - all this creates a feeling of comfort and solidity.
Much attention is paid to ceilings.
The joints with the walls are decorated with stucco (in modern version ready-made is used ceiling plinth with voluminous decorations), the ceiling itself appears in the form of a painting (fresco), framed by a frame (stucco or ready-made), or simply a white background, but with a stucco frame (see details). Modern materials make it possible to significantly reduce the cost of installing a ceiling, since now you can buy ready-made decorations for the ceiling and walls.
A luxurious chandelier in the center of the ceiling is a must-have style attribute. Additional lighting can include floor lamps, sconces, and candelabra. Modern built-in lamps are nonsense in the Baroque style.
The wall design is a continuation of the ceiling theme. There should not be a large, monotonous flat space. Frames, wallpaper, paintings, semi-columns, sconces - every piece of the wall is decorated with meaning. The fireplace or its imitation looks very good. The mantelpiece is certainly decorated with vases, figurines, and elegant souvenirs. Wallpaper for the upper and lower parts of the wall, separated by a border, should be combined with each other in theme and color (there are many options on sale ready-made kits wallpaper and borders).
The floor is a reflection of the ceiling. In the central part, under the lamp, it would be ideal to place inlay matching the design; the edges of the room, like the ceiling, are emphasized by inlaid frames. This option is possible for parquet or porcelain stoneware floors. In another option, a good carpet with a pattern of central symmetry will look no worse than an inlaid floor.
Particular attention is paid to curtains and upholstery. Multi-layering, an abundance of draperies and decorations, richness of color - these are the requirements of the style. The presence of a variety of pillows in different sizes with tassels and embroidery adds zest to the interior. Furniture must have legs, curved, graceful, beautiful. And, of course, you need a lot of little things that make the picture complete - floor vases, figurines, watches, newspaper cases, ottomans. The whole situation seems to say: “I love my master.”
Do you like Baroque interior design?
Studio "GessoStar" will develop for you individual stucco molding in the Baroque style. We provide a range of services for decorating the interior of bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens and bathrooms in the Baroque style using plaster stucco.
Baroque is a European art movement characteristic of the 17th and early 18th centuries. Style is not only new stage the development of classicism in architecture, stucco decoration, painting, design and sculpture, but also an entire era, a system of views, the worldview of Europeans of that time.
Characteristics
The Baroque style is characterized by external solemnity, splendor, and the desire for every possible visual increase in space due to a complex cascade, colonnades, and pilasters. The Baroque style is characterized by an abundance of sculptures both outside the room, on the facade, and inside. The interior corresponds to the general style with the presence of twisted columns and numerous mirrors, creating the visual effect of increasing the space. Large window openings and, of course, stucco are also used. Interiors made in the Baroque style use a variety of upholstered furniture with legs of a characteristically curved shape, carpets and tapestries, they are characterized by a general emphasized exaggeration, a certain theatricality of execution, sophistication and an abundance of decorative elements.
Stucco ornament
Made in the Baroque style, it is characterized by the use of ornaments made of heavy, massive garlands of flowers and fruits, shells. The main figure in the interior is an oval. The ornament also includes a diamond-shaped mesh - a trellis, a lambrequin, imitating a curtain and decorated with tassels. As a rule, a decorative composition is created in the interior, the center of which is the figure of a deity or some mythological character. In addition, the decor includes vases with flowers, trophies, cartouches and volutes.
You can use several delivery options:
- transport company in Moscow. Delivery cost within 15 km from the Moscow Ring Road - from 3,000 rubles;
- through transport organizations to the regions. Tariffs can be found on the websites of transport companies;
- pickup.
The order is transferred to the delivery department immediately after confirmation of receipt of payment.
Until recently, plaster decorative fragments protruding from walls and ceilings were extremely popular. Interest in them when renovating apartments is still noted today, although modern decorators often prefer elements made of lightweight polyurethane rather than heavy plaster stucco. Of course, not all standard factory products can claim the uniqueness and sophistication that are inherent in hand-made gypsum stucco. To really understand and appreciate the difference between ready-made and handmade stucco, it is necessary to carry out comparative analysis and understand all the nuances, pros and cons of these technologies.
Stucco Styles
When deciding on the design of their own home, owners strive to keep all its components in the same style. For those who want to emphasize representativeness and solidity in the interior of their home, designers recommend paying attention to special kind decor - artistic stucco.
Plaster stucco fits perfectly into the stylized atmosphere of former times. Stucco molding goes well with almost all styles and does not burden the space at all (though only in those cases when it is chosen correctly). It naturally highlights the nuances of any style and makes it possible to make each room unique in its own way.
Empire style stucco
The Empire style originated in France in the 19th century. It associates imperial luxury, since its main motifs are ancient classicism and the architecture of that time.
The main differences of this style are:
- wealth,
- pomposity,
- solemnity.
When creating an Empire interior, gilding is always used. Furniture of this style is always made from valuable species wood and decorated with draperies, frescoes, engravings, and various metal decorations.
Colors used in this style:
- deep red,
- rich golden,
- pure white,
- noblest brown.
Distinctive fragments of Empire stucco:
- mostly paraphernalia of war - laurel wreaths, heraldic eagles, spears, swords, shields;
- decorated decorations - palmettes, symbols associated with the revolution, arabesques, Etruscan motifs;
- the door panel is often decorated with a painted female figure in the style of ancient Roman painting.
stucco in Baroque style
It so happened that baroque, to a greater extent, is a certain way of life, and then architectural style. It is characterized by pomp, formality and festivity.
Characteristic fragments of the Baroque style are many different decorative elements and a visual increase in space, achieved through the use of various sculptures, domes with several tiers, colonnades, pilasters. The main fragment of such decor is large mirror with decoration made of gold or stucco, and in addition to it - fresco painting.
The colors used in Baroque creation are preferably pastel:
- lactic,
- all shades of pink and blue,
- warm yellow.
The emphasis in shapes is on circles and roundness, rectangular parts and ovals.
In addition, architectural stucco remains an integral part of the Baroque.
Baroque stucco is characterized by:
- volumetric stucco fragments - niches, cartouches, statues, vases, columns;
- coated individual fragments decor with gilding or gold leaf;
- the ornaments mainly focus on dynamics and expressiveness; there are also motifs of plant origin: flowers, fruits, branches with foliage, wreaths;
- the presence of many intricate and figured patterns, characters from ancient mythology.
stucco molding in classicism style
Classicism is a style that is still considered the most relevant and not subject to change to this day. fashion trends. Classics have been and remain in demand in everything.
Classicism in a modern interior is characterized by restraint and simplicity, harmony and symmetry. Main task classic style- this is maintaining the main line, maintaining harmony and balance between color and shapes, expressing a certain flavor complemented by modern materials.
Basic color palette: noble shades and calm tones:
- baby blue,
- green,
- variations of pink,
- purple,
- and, of course, gold.
The uniqueness of classicism is:
- columns,
- mirrors,
- stucco.
Stucco molding in classicism is expressed by: narrow cornices, pilasters, semi-columns and columns, porticoes and sculptures.
Ornamental decorations are geometrically clear:
- straight lines,
- rectangles,
- squares,
- ovals and circles.
In addition, there are antique motifs, details of agriculture, and love symbols.
Art Nouveau stucco
The Art Nouveau style began its formation in a period of change and change. It featured a successful compositional combination of painting, sculpture and decoration. Modern is a combination of softness, dynamism and asymmetry.
Style Colors:
- delicate and light shades of green,
- lilac,
- pearl,
- the whole palette of gray,
- ocher,
- gold.
The Art Nouveau style is characterized by the fact that it has practically no right angles, but at the same time, it is quite decorative and functional.
The Art Nouveau style focuses on stucco moldings, executed in a fluid and flexible manner using a floral theme. The most commonly used patterns are anything related to nature (variations of lilies, variety of fish, flowing water, shells, and so on).
Stucco in the interior
Stucco molding, be it gypsum or polyurethane, can really transform even the most ordinary city apartment beyond recognition.
During the renovation, a variety of decorative elements can be installed:
- baseboards and sockets,
- statues, cornices or caissons.
Nowadays, polyurethane stucco is more often used to decorate apartments; its attractiveness to the consumer is determined by:
- long service life,
- light weight of products of any size,
- resistance to temperature changes,
- ease of installation,
- ability to maintain an attractive appearance for a long time,
- ease of cleaning from dirt and dust,
- environmental friendliness.
For example, with the help of decorative stucco molding you can quite successfully imitate a wooden coffer on the ceiling. For this you will need:
- make a frame of identical cells over the entire ceiling area,
- Decorate the ends with plaster baguettes.
To design this option you will need a significantly smaller amount than to design a similar option made of wood. And the visual perception of such a ceiling will be much lighter and more refined.
Regarding color solutions— there is no point in resorting to a combination of different colors, because the modern interpretation of plaster works implies minimalism in color experiments.
Whatever option for using stucco molding the apartment owners choose, in any case they will be able to give their home elegance and sophistication, and hide some of the imperfections and irregularities on the surfaces of the walls and ceilings.
Decorative elements - plaster stucco on the walls, or bas-reliefs
Skillful handling of gypsum material and tools for working with it will allow you to realize almost any fantasy in creating a bas-relief. If desired, gypsum bas-reliefs can be made quite voluminous (protruding 2-3 or more cm from the surface). In addition, the wall can be decorated with a landscape, the look of which, for some reason, the owners liked. For lovers of other areas of painting, landscape can be replaced with still life or abstraction. In other words, the image should please both the owners and other visitors to the house.
Before applying any image to the wall, it makes sense to make a preliminary sketch. This will help you understand exactly what the completed composition will look like. When creating an interior project, after the exact location of the bas-relief has been determined, you need to think about lighting points at night. If decorative lighting is installed both in the upper and lower parts, the composition will be more voluminous and emphasized. Only with this type of lighting can an advantageous play of shadows and light be achieved.
Stucco molding in the interior of the apartment
When creating an interior with stucco, it is worth remembering that all significant objects must be framed and emphasized. Even at the planning stage, it is worth deciding what exactly will act as the central composition or what exactly will become the main element that attracts maximum attention. In addition, attention can be attracted by a stucco frame to an expensive or worthy item. For example, you can create an elegant frame around the area where you intend to place your TV or computer monitor. The edges of such a frame can be made either rectangular or given a more rounded shape using special, hand-made blanks in advance.
Regarding painting walls with stucco placed on them: experts advise sticking to painting both the walls and the stucco in the same color. But variations are not excluded in which tonal shades look very advantageous and appropriate. The main thing is to avoid too much contrast transition.
Stucco ornament, ceiling decoration
The work of decorating a gypsum ceiling is the simplest and most enjoyable. In the work of such a plan there is no attachment to production standards, templates and sizes. In such work there is an opportunity to think through and make all the details based only on personal criteria and desires. In cases where similar work is performed by qualified specialists, they are given a clearly formulated task to bring their ideas to life.
We must not forget about the compositional plan and symmetry. The view of the ceiling from below should be ideal, thoughtful, and everything small details must be precisely verified. Otherwise, all the work done may go down the drain.
When working with stucco, you need to be as scrupulous as possible and check absolutely every detail. Each fragment must be located in its place and be in interaction and harmony with other elements. When painting ceiling stucco, there is no point in resorting to a play of colors and shades. Best option- is to take monochrome and simple white and use it to paint both the ceiling canvas and the stucco molding.
Don't forget about the height of the ceiling. Leading designers claim that the greater the distance from the floor to the ceiling, the more voluminous and expressive the stucco molding can be made.
Wall decor with volumetric 3D panels
3D panels exist on construction market for several years now. But in recent years their popularity has increased significantly. They are produced, as before, from gypsum, and their production technologies have made a significant step forward.
Now they have become easier and more rational. If this option for volumetric stucco molding suits the owners, then it is enough to buy the required number of ready-made samples, install them, and then paint them in the desired color or shade.
DIY stucco molding
When starting to select fragments that will be present in the interior, you will first need to decide on the material from which they will be made. For example, modern design ceiling space, in almost all cases, provides for the presence of a gypsum rosette located around the lighting fixture.
Before starting work on finishing the ceiling with gypsum stucco, you must have a full set of appropriate tools and the necessary raw materials on hand.
How to decorate the center of the ceiling with stucco yourself
Tools you will need:
- container for mixing the solution
- sandpaper
- PVC molds
- spatulas.
Classic design with alabaster or plaster occurs as follows:
- alabaster or gypsum is reduced to a powdery state by kneading; lumps that cannot be kneaded must be removed from the total mass; After this, add to the resulting powder cold water; the final consistency of the solution should resemble thick kefir;
- Fill pre-prepared forms with a well-mixed solution; to avoid the formation of voids in the forms, the solution must be thoroughly compacted using a spatula, the forms themselves should be pre-treated with a special lubricant that will prevent the gypsum from sticking;
- after some time (about 15 minutes at room temperature), the frozen product is removed from the mold; after drying, the surface of the product is sanded with fine-grained sandpaper;
- the use of heating devices for such work is strictly prohibited due to the likelihood of cracks and chips appearing on the product;
- the resulting decorated product is attached to the surface of the ceiling or wall using mounting adhesive; the joints are sealed with putty, and after it has completely dried, they are cleaned;
- Then, if desired, you can paint the stucco molding in the desired color or give it a light shade.
Ceiling stucco repair
During operation, any type decorative finishing the premises begin to lose their attractiveness, i.e. Over time, it will require repair or restoration work.
If you need to repair stucco on the ceiling or walls, the procedure will be as follows:
- complete cleaning of the gypsum surface of the decorative item from previously applied layers of whitewash or paint; cutters can be used to perform the work; in order to simplify the process of removing paint, its surface is moistened with a regular paint brush;
- removal of dust from the cleaned surface and impregnation with a primer;
- after the primer has dried, reconstruct the destroyed fragments using gypsum interior putty, eliminating all cracks, scratches and chips;
- bringing each fragment to perfection using special cutters and sandpaper;
- re-priming,
- painting the stucco decoration or covering it with gilding.
The Baroque style (Italian barocco, lit. - bizarre, strange) is born in Italy and spreads to most European countries, acquiring its own special national features in each. Baroque works are distinguished by non-compliance with the rules of Renaissance harmony for the sake of a more emotional interaction with the viewer.
General characteristics
- Predominant and fashionable colors: muted pastel colors; red, pink, white, blue with yellow accent;
- Lines: fancy convex - concave asymmetrical pattern; in shapes semicircle, rectangle, oval; vertical lines of columns; pronounced horizontal division;
- Form: vaulted, domed and rectangular; towers, balconies, bay windows;
- Characteristic interior elements: desire for grandeur and pomp; massive grand staircases; columns, pilasters, sculptures, stucco and painting, carved ornaments; interrelation of design elements;
- Designs: contrasting, intense, dynamic; elaborate in facade and at the same time massive and stable;
- Windows: semicircular and rectangular; with floral decoration around the perimeter;
- Doors: arched openings with columns; plant decor.
Historical characteristics of the Baroque
In the 17th century The economy and the arts were actively developing. The colonial powers of the Atlantic, from Spain to Great Britain, especially grew stronger; France was considered a model country of absolutist forms of government and practical economic policies.
In territorially fragmented Italy, thanks to the Counter-Reformation movement, Rome acquired new importance, and the construction of religious buildings received a strong impetus. Under these conditions, the German princes, who began a new stage of construction in late XVII c., were guided, naturally, by foreign models. They were greatly influenced by the French absolutism of Louis XIV. Each feudal lord, no matter how small the territory that belonged to him, copied his residence from Versailles. And every Catholic bishop or abbot hoped, by erecting a domed church in imitation of Rome, to strengthen the influence of counter-reformation tendencies.
The basis of the economy of this period was agriculture, but it was clear that it was not enough to implement construction programs. In this regard, large feudal lords began to help create manufactories, which greatly contributed to the development of capitalist production relations.
Despite the fact that European architecture of the 17th - 18th centuries. does not seem uniform, being dynamic in Italy, serious in France, it is united general concept"baroque".
Princely castles and religious buildings were the primary objects of construction, personifying resistance to the Reformation, cities - residences and monasteries - were necessary additions. Significant public buildings the emerging bourgeois class had not yet built. Among Protestant religious buildings, the Frauenkirche in Dresden remains practically the only outstanding work.
The influence of the Enlightenment began to be felt in the 1730s and was reflected in the increasing intimacy of buildings. Small elegant castles surrounded by parks became the princes' favorite places to stay. The asymmetrical rocaille ornament of this period gave the style its name - “rococo”.
Baroque construction features
During the Renaissance, city building was given special attention. The bourgeoisie is not satisfied with crooked, cramped medieval alleys. The idea of a centric city emerges, reflecting the synthesis of the rational forms of Roman military camps with the naturally developing concentric structures of medieval cities.
Interest in the city landscape and the everyday life of townspeople stimulated the development of perspective painting, genre compositions, and Renaissance art in general.
Another side of practical urban planning, implementing new principles in already established cities, was the creation of compositions in the amorphous urban environment, which later became centers of urban ensembles. Baroque attracts landscape as one of the main components of the urban ensemble. The architectural formation of urban centers continues. At the same time, the square loses the functional and democratic content inherent in it in the early Middle Ages (a place of trade, public gatherings). It becomes a decoration of the city, its front part, hiding the elements of intra-block development.
Streets were not given much attention during the Renaissance. During the Baroque period, the main streets were laid out in the form of wide avenues (Via Corso in Rome, opening onto Piazza del Popolo). The ensemble of Piazza del Popolo represents an example of a three-beam composition illustrating the principles of Baroque urban planning. Two churches, built during the reconstruction of the square, cut the city traffic into three channels and are oriented with their apses not to the east, but in accordance with the urban planning plan, with an entrance to the north.
In Renaissance architecture great value development of a project from the standpoint of theoretical mechanics and its engineering justification. There is a differentiation between the work of the designer and the builder. The architect now supervised the construction, but was not one of the craftsmen directly involved in the work. At the same time, he not only worked out the entire project in detail, often on a model, but also thought through the course construction work, use of construction machinery for lifting and installation.
Return to ancient human-scale and constructively truthful order systems in choice artistic means expressiveness is explained by the general humanistic orientation of Renaissance culture. But already in the early works, the order is used to divide and enhance the expressiveness of the wall on the facade and in the interior, and later two or three order “scenery” of different scales are superimposed on the wall plane, creating the illusion of the depth of space. The architects of the Renaissance overcame the strict ancient relationship between structure and form and developed, in essence, purely aesthetic norms of “visual” tectonics, the correspondence of which to the constructive and spatial logic of the structure was observed depending on the formulation of the general artistic task.
In the Baroque era, the illusory depth interpretation of the wall continues with real volumetric compositions in the form of sculptural groups and fountains (Palazzo Poli with the Trevi Fountain). It is therefore no coincidence that Renaissance architects took an interest in working on urban ensembles and a decisive turn towards understanding architecture as an organized environment. But in the feudal era, the scale of implementation of urban planning initiatives rarely went beyond the ensembles of palace or cathedral squares.
O. Choisy, characterizing the Renaissance, wrote that the superiority of the Renaissance lies in the fact that it did not know types of art independent of one another, but knew only a single art in which all ways of expressing beauty merge.
Characteristic features of Baroque
Baroque embodies new ideas about the eternal variability of the world. It is distinguished by grandeur, splendor and dynamics, a passion for spectacular spectacles, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow, a combination of the illusory and the real.
Thanks to the bizarre plasticity of the facades, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, Baroque palaces and churches acquire picturesqueness and dynamism. They seem to blend into the surrounding space.
Baroque interiors are decorated with multicolor sculpture, modeling, and carvings; mirrors and paintings illusorily expand the space, and the painting of lampshades creates the illusion of open vaults.
Painting and sculpture are dominated by decorative multifaceted compositions of a religious, mythological or allegorical nature, and ceremonial portraits. When depicting a person, states of tension, exaltation, and heightened drama are preferred. In painting, the emotional, rhythmic and coloristic unity of the whole, often the unconstrained freedom of strokes, acquires great importance; in sculpture there is a picturesque fluidity of form, a richness of aspects and impressions.
Types of Baroque buildings
Baroque is characterized by complexity of plans, splendor of interiors with unexpected spatial and lighting effects, an abundance of curves, plastically bending lines and surfaces; The clarity of classical forms is contrasted with sophistication in shaping. Painting, sculpture, and painted wall surfaces are widely used in architecture.
The architectural forms of the Baroque inherited the Italian Renaissance, but surpassed it in complexity, diversity and picturesqueness. Strongly reinforced facades with profiled cornices, with colossal columns, half-columns and pilasters for several floors, luxurious sculptural details, often fluctuating from convex to concave, give the structure itself movement and rhythm. Not a single detail is independent, as it was during the Renaissance. Everything is subordinated to the general architectural concept, which includes the design and decoration of interiors, as well as the garden, park and urban architectural environment.