Ecological renovation of the apartment. Environmental friendliness of finishing and building materials. Wall decoration with wood, lining, eurolining, gusvarblok, natural wooden wallpaper, from tmd, panels from precious woods

What finishing materials are better not to let into the apartment? Why pay attention to eco-labels? Is it possible to make eco-friendly repairs in modern apartment? And does this mean that only natural materials should be used?

Following the latest trends in the design industry or your own ideas about cozy home, few of us pay attention to the means by which the dream interior is created. Thinking about repair, we, first of all, think about the aesthetics of modern building materials, without giving of great importance their composition and extent possible. If you've decided on a sustainable renovation, you need to know the answers to a number of difficult questions.

Many of us are sure that the most environmentally friendly material for finishing the floor in an apartment is wood. But before making the final and irrevocable choice in favor of parquet board , pay attention to related materials. It is important to know what can be spoiled by a low-quality processing agent. Toluene and xylene are often added to the composition of glue and synthetic varnishes, which can cause various diseases. Along with low-quality products, there is a whole series of natural varnishes and oils for wood, which are absolutely harmless.

An alternative to the expensive one can be the usual planed board, but do not forget that any living material is capable of accumulating toxins and radiation in itself. Natural resins that a tree emits can be unsafe in themselves. It is safe to say that wood flooring- the most environmentally friendly, you can only if you know exactly where these boards came from.

Environmental friendliness, for example, laminate very doubtful. Although most of the high-quality expensive varieties are manufactured in accordance with safety norms and standards, all contain formaldehyde, melamine and acrylic resins, only the intensity of their release may vary depending on the brand of the manufacturer. Soft and warm natural cork floor could claim the title of the most environmentally friendly option, if not for the fact that you still have to glue. The same goes for ceramic tiles. Almost ideal from an environmental point of view, it does not emit any harmful substances, in turn, tile adhesive may contain phenol and toluene.

Photo: Mikhail Golub

non-woven and glass wall paper are also considered harmless to humans. But be careful when choosing. It is better to give preference to organic glue on a starch or casein basis. Synthetic and silicate adhesives can be hazardous to health.

In terms of eco-design, plastic panels - far from the best option for wall decoration, especially in the kitchen. The material, when heated, is capable of releasing harmful dioxins. Experts also do not recommend the use of cork coatings, polymer paints and oil based paints containing impurities of heavy metals. Paint on water based are generally safe.

Poor quality stretch ceiling have quite high level toxicity. Although, here we are more likely talking about the unfair manufacture of materials and incorrect installation. Forewarned means forearmed, so it is better to familiarize yourself with the results of the environmental test in advance on the manufacturer's website. PVC sheets, made according to all standards, are absolutely harmless, and fabric canvases considered natural and environmentally friendly material.

Total

What should you pay close attention to if you set out to purchase the safest finishing materials? Remember that you can always find information about the degree of environmental friendliness of a particular coating on the packaging. If this is not enough to make a choice, ask for a product hygiene certificate. It should indicate which harmful substances are emitted from the purchased paint or, for example, flooring. In addition, many finishing materials have a special marking - special icons that indicate their environmental friendliness.

In no case do not purchase finishing materials that contain lead, phenol, toluene and acetone. When the choice is made, follow the application technology of the selected coatings, as well as the installation of equipment. And then let the repaired rooms ventilate well for several weeks.

Ekaterina Aganina

Starting repairs or construction, we rarely think about the environmental friendliness of construction and finishing materials. First of all, we focus on the cost of the material and its appearance. Those. the cost of repairs is more important to us than the cost of health. And it's not that we care about our health and the environment in general. The point is ignorance, lack of information, ignorance.

Meanwhile, environmentalists say that the air in modern residential buildings is much dirtier than on the street. The reason is simple - non-ecological interior decoration. In other words, the materials used in construction and repair, in most cases, do not meet the standards of environmental cleanliness and safety for human health.

The question arises, what environmentally friendly finishing materials can be used in residential premises? The first thing that comes to mind is wood, paper, natural stone and ceramics. And there is. However, not everyone can afford a natural and expensive finish. In addition, for example, wood is an environmentally friendly material, but all environmental friendliness can be reduced to zero using cheap synthetic varnishes.

Wood - parquet and furniture

Let's decide right away - fiberboard and chipboard cannot be attributed to natural wood. By production of these finishing materials wastes of chemical productions are used. As for furniture and finishing materials (parquet, parquet board, lining) made of solid wood, you need to know that inexpensive synthetic varnishes intensively release xylene and toluene. These substances are used as solvents. The glue used to join the boards can also release toluene plus acetone.

These substances provoke skin diseases and irritate the mucous membrane of the eyes. Long-term exposure to these compounds can cause disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system. Therefore, do not purchase cheap glue and varnish of dubious production. Be sure to study the composition, which should be indicated on the label.

Ceramics - tiles, ceramic tiles

Of course, ceramics is an environmentally friendly material for repairs. Fire and clay - nothing more. But, as in the case of parquet, the picture can be spoiled by the glue used to attach ceramics to the floor and walls. Do not buy glue that contains:

phenol is a toxic substance whose vapors irritate the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes
toluene, acetone and xylene - substances used as solvents cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes
dioxins - negatively affect the immune system, provoke cancer, accumulate in the body
formaldehyde is a toxic substance that suppresses the immune system and irritates the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the eyes
benzene - prolonged exposure to this substance causes blood diseases

Wallpaper

Cheap vinyl wallpapers may contain substances harmful to health. They are not recommended to stick in living quarters and in the kitchen, where the air temperature is usually high. The best place for vinyl wallpaper in the toilet. It is better to paste over the walls with ordinary paper wallpaper. To the greatest extent, this recommendation applies to children's rooms. Paper wallpapers are good because they allow air to pass through and do not emit any substances harmful to health. As an environmentally friendly finishing material for walls, you can use wallpaper made of bamboo, canvas or jute. These materials are, of course, more expensive than paper wallpaper.

Laminate and linoleum

Laminate, despite its popularity, can hardly be called an environmentally friendly material. In its production, one way or another, formaldehyde is used (see above what effect this substance has on the human body). Ideally, it is better not to use a laminate. If this is not possible, pay attention to the scope of its application, i.e. for which premises it is intended.

Inexpensive linoleum, not only when heated, but also under normal conditions, emits a number of harmful substances. Just remember how it smells in the room in which the new linoleum was laid. Expensive samples are much safer in terms of environmental friendliness and safety (the concentration of harmful substances is orders of magnitude lower).

As with laminate, pay attention to the purpose of this material. The fact is that there is linoleum for industrial premises. Chase for cheapness, you may well purchase just such a sample.

Plastic windows, panels and paints

If you use plastic panels in decoration, install them where there is none. high temperature. Avoid putting them next to the stove, heating appliances and heating pipes. When heated, plastic panels release dioxins.

Plastic windows are safe under normal temperature conditions, however, with intense heating (PVC does not burn, but only melts), they emit carbon monoxide and dioxide. In fact, this is only possible if there is an open flame. Therefore, under normal conditions, PVC windows are quite environmentally friendly and safe for human health.

Ecologists believe that cheap paints and varnishes most dangerous to health. Only water-based water-based paint is considered safe. Poor quality paint can cause allergies, liver problems and nervous system. Therefore, when buying paint, avoid fakes and cheap materials. Buy paints and varnishes from world famous brands at official points of sale.

How to determine the environmental friendliness of the material?

Pay attention to the packaging and find one of the three designations E1, E2 or E3. These are indices that manufacturers indicate the degree of emission of harmful substances.

E1 mark finishing materials intended for residential premises, in particular, for children's rooms
E2 is better to use in utility rooms, in hallways, toilets and in the kitchen
E3 is designed exclusively for industrial premises

In addition to these designations, ask sellers for hygiene certificates. These documents must indicate harmful substances and their concentration. Of course, today hygiene certificates are bought and forged, so it would be better if you do not stint on the purchase of finishing materials in company stores that operate under the guise of a manufacturer.

Can you call it environmentally friendly? The answer suggests itself: natural. Of course, wood is the most environmentally friendly product for construction, however, our houses are not built from wood, but from cement and concrete. In addition, when starting repairs in an apartment, we think little about the environmental friendliness of the materials that will be used.

Sometimes, after repairs, apartments turn into real gas chambers full of lead, phenol, toluene, acetone, and God knows what other chemistry. Although environmentally friendly repair is a very relative concept, however, you can try to choose materials for arranging your home that will reduce our daily poisoning to a minimum.

Experts in the field of construction and repair claim that only 25% of building and finishing materials are environmentally friendly. The rest can cause serious harm to human health. Therefore, a special "contribution" to the pollution of our homes is made primarily by finishing materials and furniture.

Radiation...

Radiation is one of the most dangerous types of radiation. It cannot be eliminated, it can only be prevented. Therefore, when choosing finishing materials for the renovation of your home, remember that in addition to concrete and brick, radiation can also be emitted. natural stones. However, the stone has its own natural radioactive background, so when purchasing, ask for evidence of the radiation quality of the product. In total, there are three classes of rock radiation background, of which only third-class granites are allowed to be used in residential premises. The class is indicated in the field passport. Radiation can be avoided if used in decoration fake diamond- it does not "phonite" at all, however, it consists of concrete, expanded clay and artificial paints. The latter can also be carriers of harmful substances.

Electromagnetic radiation has no less harmful effects on the human body. Its most harmless consequences are headaches and high fatigue, the worst of all are dysfunctions of the genitourinary system and cancer. source electromagnetic field, as a rule, are power cables connected in violation of safety regulations, as well as illiterately laid electrical wiring, switchboards, transformers and even electric heaters. Particular attention should be paid to the so-called "warm floors". Some of their types give a tenfold increase electromagnetic radiation, and even the most harmless versions - exceed the norm by 3-5 times. "Warm floor" is not recommended to be placed in children's rooms and bedrooms, since it is pointless to shield its radiation.

... and pollution

The most dangerous pollution is chemical. Their source can be concrete, plaster, carpet, insulation, adhesives, various paints and varnishes. Phenol, formaldehyde, lead, toluene, xylene, ammonia, and microscopic cement and silicate dust all adversely affect human health. Therefore, repair sometimes looks like an ecological disaster in a single room - new materials begin to actively emit harmful substances, which also interact with each other, generating new even more harmful compounds. The result is reduced immunity in the inhabitants of the apartment, diseases of the liver, kidneys, central nervous system and respiratory organs. You can, of course, choose materials (paints, adhesives, varnishes, etc.) with "environmentally friendly" markings, however, everything in this world is relative and this inscription only means that the content of harmful impurities in finishing materials does not exceed the maximum permissible standards. Therefore, it is not recommended to live in an apartment where repairs are underway, and after repairs, it is necessary to intensively ventilate all rooms for 3-6 months.

Saprophytes, fungi and mold are microorganisms that pollute living quarters and cause allergic reactions and various respiratory diseases. Most often, microorganisms appear where the microclimate of the room is disturbed, excessive moisture accumulates, and, thus, appear favorable conditions for the development of microflora. Mold poisoning can lead to very serious consequences. Therefore, during the repair, strictly ensure that the technologies for erecting structures, their insulation and insulation are not violated. Think carefully about the ventilation system, install humidifiers if the air in the house is very dry.

ceilings

Any specialist will tell you that for ceilings perfect solution It's a water based paint. It was created specifically for this purpose. Dropped ceilings accumulate dust, which is harmful to the lungs, and tension ones can release phenol. The question arises, what to choose, beauty or health? It is quite logical that in bedrooms and children's rooms it is best to get by with harmless paint, and if you want beauty unbearably, then other types of ceilings are best done in those rooms that are least used - living rooms, common rooms, corridors. It is not recommended to make stretch and suspended ceilings in bathrooms and kitchens, as excess heat and moisture can not only spoil them, but also lead to excessive release of harmful substances.

In an effort to decorate the nursery, many parents stick luminous stickers on the ceiling that imitate the starry sky. These stickers may contain phosphorus that is harmful to children's health.

Comment on the article "Environmentally friendly repair"

But what about quick-drying eco-colors? ... After all, there are such ... In my kitchen, I have a countertop made of natural stone, I took it in the same place as the kitchen - in KitchenLab. Of course, they need to be looked after with a specialist. means sometimes, but they will last longer, durable. We chose a set for many years and a countertop, too, respectively. There are a lot of rumors about the window layer. But it seems like they haven’t been used in them for a long time, or maybe they never used some kind of substance with the letter C ... I forgot)))

07.11.2015 18:18:19,

Hi everyone!
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31.03.2015 16:02:29,

Total 6 messages .

How to choose environmentally friendly materials

The first thing that comes to mind when looking for safe materials is to look for something made from natural raw materials. That is what most people think. But it is necessary to evaluate not the raw materials, but the final product. Indeed, in the production can be used various substances which are not always safe. For example, natural wood after treatment with inexpensive types of fire-fighting and bioprotective agents ceases to be so natural. And then there are stains, paints, varnishes and other finishing compounds that can turn safe wood into a toxic product. Natural wood serves as a raw material for wood-like materials such as fiberboard, chipboard. But their binder is by no means natural, and moreover, in products with an emission index of harmful substances below E1 even toxic.

At the same time, not all synthetic materials are dangerous. The ubiquitous PVC (polyvinyl chloride), which is constantly accused of causing damage to the environment, turned out to be harmless. PVC panels as well as window profiles, cable ducts, floor coverings, etc. contrary to all talk, they are allowed for use even in children's and medical institutions. But when PVC really poses a danger, it's in the process of burning. But that's another conversation. Summing up the chapter, the main criteria for choosing finishing materials should be announced:

absence of toxic secretions (carcinogens and toxic substances);
minimum level of radioactivity;
modernized production with a low level of environmental pollution;
the possibility of recycling.

Are natural finishes expensive?

There is a widespread opinion among the inhabitants that harmless natural finishes are necessarily costly. But in practice this is not quite the case. Let's remember "distant" Soviet times when most of the materials were of natural origin, while synthetics for some reason were valued higher. But even today paper wallpaper are the cheapest, and at the same time the most harmless. The disadvantages that limit their popularity are high water absorption, low UV resistance and odor absorption. However, for a nursery or bedroom, the paper version of the wallpaper is ideal, especially if you choose a two-layer option - duplex.

This is another traditional and inexpensive finishing material that is harmless. There are practically no drawbacks to ceramics.
The raw material for the manufacture of ceramic tiles is clay and mineral fillers. Her decorative trim consists of a small amount of natural pigments and mineral glaze. However, it is important for laying tiles to use harmless adhesive mixtures.

Waterborne paints They are not expensive, but they are safe. Water dispersions can be used to paint ceilings and walls. The surfaces painted with them will be protected from moisture, but at the same time remain vapor-permeable. For wall decoration, various mineral, acrylic or silicone-based plasters are also suitable. The last two species, despite the clearly chemical name, are environmentally friendly.

Wooden floor today is considered expensive, but many types of alternative flooring are even more expensive. Pay attention to the price of a parquet board - it is comparable to laminate and imported linoleum, but at the same time it looks noble and offers absolute environmental friendliness. To preserve the ecological properties of parquet, it is important to use high-quality varnishes that do not contain toxins. This applies to all others wooden finishes and solid wood furniture. These varnishes are water-based. They are perfect for interior work.

natural stone- this is one of the first building and finishing materials. Limestone, sandstone, shell rock and other common rocks cost quite reasonable money and are able to compete with many artificial imitations. At interior decoration natural stone, just as in the case of ceramic tiles, it is important to use high-quality adhesive mixtures that do not contain harmful substances. These include adhesive cements, which include cement, quartz sand and a small amount of modifying additives.

New generation ecological finishes

Relatively recently, the finishes market appeared textile wallpaper. This material is not woven, but is made on paper basis with a decorative layer of flax, hemp, silk thread or wool glued to paper. Such wallpapers are good for dry living quarters, but are afraid of moisture. The modern synthetic analogue of such wallpaper is devoid of this drawback. Even after antistatic treatment, synthetic fabric wallpaper remain harmless. In their manufacture, only those types of polymers are used that do not react with oxygen, do not emit unbound polymers and remain stable throughout their entire service life. If such wallpapers have a European quality certificate, then they can be used without fear even in a children's room.

Glass fiber, as their name suggests, are made from the same ingredients as mineral glass, i.e. sand, dolomite and lime. All these components are of natural origin, and in the form of a substance known as glass, are also absolutely hygienic. Glass fiber does not rot, does not serve as a substrate for microorganisms and does not emit toxins.

Natural cork products cannot be called a fundamentally new type of materials, but in our country they have become available relatively recently. Cork is the bark of a cork oak native to the northwest coast. mediterranean sea. There is no doubt about the environmental friendliness of this material. Moreover, the cork also has bactericidal properties. Even its agglomerate (crushed pressed mass) remains absolutely harmless, since the particles are held together naturally when heated. If the cork is used on the floor, then it is opened protective composition. Modern cork coatings (mostly produced by Portuguese and Spanish factories) are protected only by harmless substances (natural wax, water-soluble varnish, etc.). By the way, cork agglomerate is excellent heat-insulating material. It is much more expensive than polystyrene or mineral wool, but the cost of the total washout will increase by a few percent. But, using cork insulation, you can maintain the environmental friendliness of a wooden building and even protect it from fire.

On the floor the cork renders also healing effect. It is believed that its elasticity is useful when walking, as it unloads the musculoskeletal system. Cork is also a hypoallergenic material. it best choice to decorate a child's room.

Drywall cannot be called the newest material, since its history goes back several decades, but it fits all the parameters of the new generation material. Drywall is an environmentally friendly cladding. It does not emit harmful substances, but it is important to use it taking into account the humidity regime of the room.
In ordinary drywall (non-moisture resistant), mold easily forms when moistened, and then this material becomes a breeding ground for harmful spores belonging to the group of carcinogens. Moisture resistant drywall differs from the usual content of fungicides - anti-mold preparations. Drywall is an example of an inexpensive and harmless material. In terms of environmental friendliness, it surpasses even plywood, not to mention OSB, where the formaldehyde content goes off scale.

Harmful finishes

Obviously unsafe finishes include materials of both artificial and natural origin. Let's start with the latter. The most harmful is considered to be chipboard with an emission class below E1, fiberboard, cheap carpets, faux linoleum, vinyl wallpaper, cheap plastic panels, Chinese-made laminate, oil and alkyd paints, solvent-based varnishes, upholstery fabrics with a smell (contain aniline), leather substitutes, expanded polystyrene (insulation and finishing panels).

In Russia, harmless materials are marked with the Ecomaterial symbol; in Europe - Der Blaue Engel, Grün Punkt. The material packaging may also indicate the emission class. For indoor use, it is not recommended to use products with a lower emission class than E1(i.e. E2, E3, etc.).

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Ecologically safe materials for the repair and decoration of the apartment.

dream about stylish interior forces each of us to equip apartments and houses so that they please the eye and correspond to the current idea of fashionable and beautiful design. Most often, when repairing residential premises, the use of various building and finishing materials is practiced, with the help of which it is possible to improve the aesthetic component of the rooms. Most homeowners strive to make ordinary apartment something extraordinary, but at the same time they do not care about maintaining environmental safety in the room. But the ecology is pretty topical issue, since in the manufacture of many modern building materials complex chemical compounds containing in sufficient quantity toxic substances. Toxins gradually poison the microclimate in the room, and they also cause severe harm to the health of residents. It is for this reason that it is so necessary right choice environmentally friendly building materials for the renovation of apartments and houses.

environmentally friendly Construction Materials.

Usually, the safety of using a building material is affected not only by its composition and the material that formed the basis for their manufacture, but also wrong conditions for which this material is used.

Of course, there are building materials that are dangerous in themselves, because they contain toxic substances in their composition. in large numbers(impurities of heavy metals, for example), and there are materials that are harmful when in contact with the environment.

For example, using natural wood in conditions when it is in contact with moisture for a long time, it becomes an excellent environment for the appearance and development of fungi and mold. In addition, natural wood impregnated with moisture begins to smell unpleasant and becomes a hotbed different kind bacteria.

Applications and use of ecological finishing and building materials.

Therefore, in order for living in a house not to be dangerous to the health, and even to the life of his household, you need to choose the right building materials - they must be environmentally friendly, and their use must be in conditions that will not allow them to collapse and emit substances harmful to health.

Before each construction of housing or home renovation, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with detailed information about building materials that can improve the interior and positively influence the microclimate of the house.

What materials for finishing ceilings are considered safe.

By using stretch ceiling you can perfectly realize the most daring and sometimes even incredible design ideas. Since the materials used for arranging the stretch ceiling are made on the basis of polyvinyl chloride, they have a fairly high level of toxicity.

It is for this reason that it is not recommended to use it for finishing some residential premises - this applies to the bedroom, living room, children's room. The use of finishing plastic is more acceptable for bathrooms and other areas where people spend the least time.

In the bedroom and children's room, living room and kitchen, it is best to just paint the ceilings. For this, water-dispersion paint of any type is ideal. suitable color. Such paints have characteristics that make them the most environmentally friendly for residential applications.

The use of eco-friendly wall decoration in the room.

The most popular material that is most often used for wall decoration is wallpaper. If you want to make your house environmentally friendly for adults and children to live in it, it is preferable to use paper wallpaper for pasting the walls.

They belong to real environmentally friendly finishing materials. In addition, wallpaper has other positive aspects.

Affordable cost.

The ability to fit almost any room in the house. The exception is the kitchen and bathroom due to high humidity air and frequent temperature changes.

high level environmental safety other types of wallpaper are also different, for example, textile and vegetable, for the manufacture of which vegetable natural materials not treated with chemicals before or after use.

Use of environmentally friendly finishing materials.

For textile and vegetable wallpaper many advantages over other types of similar finishing materials, among which.

Good wear resistance.

The ability not to fade when exposed to direct sunlight.

The absence of harmful and toxic substances in their composition.

It is very important to choose the right wallpaper glue. When choosing this material, it is recommended to purchase an adhesive composition based on starch and other natural additives.

It is not advisable to paint the walls using oil-based paints for this, since they contain lead and other heavy metals, which are very dangerous for human health and life. But this is not the only drawback of such paints, because, when heated, oil paints for a long time they spoil the air with an extremely unpleasant odor.

Features of modern floor materials.

The best floor coverings can be attributed.

Parquet board and ordinary planed edged board. These finishing materials are completely natural and have a high level of environmental safety. This allows you to use materials for flooring in children's rooms, bedrooms and other areas in your home where you spend a lot of time.

However, if you prefer a similar floor covering, try to select varnishes or paints with which this flooring will be processed with special care. It is recommended to opt for an expensive, high-quality and safest varnish. Before making a purchase, you need to carefully study all the information that is indicated on the label.

Ceramic tiles, which are also environmentally friendly building materials, as they are manufactured using a technology that does not involve the use of harmful chemicals. If you want to make an apartment renovation that would be environmentally friendly, ceramic tile perfect for decorating kitchens, bathrooms and hallways. Distinctive advantages of the material are enviable durability and practicality.

Laminate. whose ecological characteristics are affected by the level of its quality. Existing expensive modern varieties of laminate are made in accordance with safety norms and standards, so they can be used in any room.

Linoleum is considered one of the most unsafe materials, since petroleum products are used for its manufacture. This finishing floor material contains a large amount of chemical additives. The most dangerous types of linoleum are relin and linoleum, for the manufacture of which polyvinyl chloride compounds are used.

Carpet does not apply floor materials, characterized by a high level of environmental hazard, but there are cases when it becomes a source of allergic reaction and people. Therefore, if you want to lay carpet with natural pile, you must remember that it requires careful personal care, otherwise billions of microscopic mites will start in the carpet.

The right choice of eco-friendly windows.

If you are wondering how to change window structures in your home, pay attention to the windows made of natural wood. They are distinguished by the following advantages.

Affordable price.

High level of environmental friendliness.

But if you want the windows in your rooms to have high thermal insulation and sound insulation, then it is preferable to use structures that are made on the basis of aluminum profile. They have good merit.

Low cost.

The best durability.

Excellent practicality.

PVC profiles are completely artificial products, however, modern methods processing make it completely safe and suitable for use in all areas of the house.

Marking and designation on the labels of building materials.

Manufacturers of modern building and finishing materials are trying to make their products the most environmentally friendly. Therefore, every company that respects itself and cares about its image, products are labeled.

The following marking, which is used all over the world, speaks about the environmental friendliness of building materials.

E1 - building materials with absolute safety, which are used in children's and any other rooms.

E2 - used for bathrooms, kitchens and corridors.

If you choose building materials, taking into account this marking, you will do it right, and your premises will be environmentally friendly, the microclimate will not collapse in them. Never forget that the use of eco-friendly building materials in houses and apartments is not an ordinary tribute to fashion.

This is a guarantee of protecting your health and the health of your loved ones from the serious consequences that may result from contact with hazardous chemicals.

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