A device for locking and unlocking a lock (usually in the form of a specially shaped metal rod).
A tool, a device for screwing or unscrewing something.
ott. Device for actuating various mechanisms.
ott. string stringing tool musical instruments(harps, piano, harp, etc.).
ott. A device for opening, uncorking something.
A device for quickly closing and breaking the transmitter circuit in telegraph and radiotelegraph communications.
A means to understand something, to master something.
ott. Conditional system of signs (letters, numbers, etc.), on which the method of reading encrypted, ancient, etc. is based. texts.
Annex to study guide, containing answers to tasks.
A sign (usually at the beginning of a musical line) that specifies the name and pitch of the notes following it.
The terrain, point, height, etc., the mastery of which during hostilities changes the situation, ensures victory.
The upper wedge-shaped stone that closes the vault or arch of a building (in architecture).
A regalia worn on a blue ribbon as a sign of a chamberlain's rank (in the Russian state until 1917).
natural way out groundwater to the surface of the earth; a source springing from the earth, a spring.
That which gives rise, serves the basis of something for from where it comes, something is taken, scooped; origin, source.
Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is KEY in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- KEY
LOWER - shutter lever mounted ... - KEY The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
UPPER - shutter lever mounted in its upper ... - KEY The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
- 1. An element of the locking mechanism, which is a lever for unlocking the barrel. There are upper and lower keys depending on the type... - KEY in the Dictionary of thieves' jargon:
- a conditional word for reading or composing a secret message ... - KEY in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
Seeing the keys in a dream means unforeseen changes. If you lost the keys in a dream, unpleasant events will sadden you in reality. Find the keys ... - KEY
623223, Sverdlovsk, ... - KEY in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
391235, Ryazan, ... - KEY in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
306813, Kursk, ... - KEY in the Dictionary Index of Theosophical Concepts to the Secret Doctrine, Theosophical Dictionary:
A symbol of universal significance, the emblem of silence among the ancient peoples. Pictured on the doorstep of Adytum, the key had a dual meaning: it reminded candidates of... - KEY in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nicephorus:
(Judg 3:25). see Castle... - KEY in the Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology:
The key is present in the images of some Celtic goddesses. It is assumed that the key symbolized the ability of this goddess to open the gates leading to Otherworld, … - KEY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
cm. … - KEY in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- KEY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(musical), a sign of musical writing, is placed at the beginning of the stave and determines the pitch value of the notes. G clefs are used (the treble indicates that ... - KEY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
2, -a, m. A source flowing from the earth, a spring. In the ravine beat the keys. To beat with a key (to flow out in a swift stream). Life abounds … - KEY
(music), see Musical writing ... - KEY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
see sources... - KEY in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
key"h, keys", key", key"th, key", key"m, key"h, keys", key"m, key"mi, key", ... - KEY in the Dictionary of Epithets:
Origin, source. Seething, stormy, fast, talkative, rattling (obsolete), thundering, murmuring, sonorous, crystal, icy, transparent, light, silver, glassy, icy, quiet, cold, ... - KEY in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I - "a, key" ohm, m. 1) A metal device of a special shape for unlocking and locking the lock. Close the room with a key. Keys to… - KEY in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords.
- KEY in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
- KEY in the Russian Thesaurus:
1. Syn: key, button 2. Syn: ... - KEY in the Dictionary of synonyms of Abramov:
see source || beat... - KEY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
key, -`a, tv. -`om; but (in titles settlements) Key, -`a, tv. -`om, for example: Hot Key (city), Red Key... - KEY in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
key, -a, tv. -om; but (in the names of settlements) Key, -a, tv. -om, for example: Goryachiy Klyuch (city), Red Klyuch ... - KEY in the Spelling Dictionary:
key, -`a, tv. -`om; but (in the names of settlements) the key is -`a, tv. -`om, for example: hot key (city), red key ... - KEY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
1 device for unscrewing or screwing, uncorking, actuating the K. mechanism for watches. Wrench k. Telegraph k. (for transmission ...
I
This word in the meaning of "source" is onomatopoeic in origin and goes back to the basis of kluk - "sound from impact".
II
This name of the device for locking and unlocking is common Slavic, it goes back to the same basis as the stick, which in turn goes back to the Latin clavis - "key". Thus, the word key is related to the keyboard.
1. m. 1) A device for locking and unlocking the lock (usually in the form of a metal rod of a special shape). 2) a) A tool, a device for screwing or unscrewing something. b) A device for actuating various mechanisms. c) A tool for stringing musical instruments (harp, piano, harp, etc.). d) A device for opening, uncorking something. 3) A device for quickly closing and breaking the transmitter circuit in telegraph and radiotelegraph communications. 4) a) trans. A means for understanding smth., for mastering smth. b) A conventional system of signs (letters, numbers, etc.), on which the method of reading encrypted, ancient, etc. is based. texts. c) An appendix to the study guide containing answers to tasks. 5) During hostilities - terrain, point, height, etc., the mastery of which changes the situation that has arisen, ensures victory. 6) A sign (usually at the beginning of a musical line) that determines the name and pitch of the notes following it. 7) Upper wedge...
conditional word for reading or composing a secret message to a cryptographer.
Key
I
same as source (See Sources) .
in music, a sign on a musical staff that establishes the name and pitch of a note on one of its rulers and thereby determines the value of all the sounds recorded on it. See musical notation.
key
KEY
1. KEY, -a; m.
1. Metal device for locking and unlocking the lock. K. from the apartment. Lock, close the door to Rent out a house, factory, etc. under k.(in full readiness). Hand over to. from the city(as a symbol of hospitality).
2. Hand tool, a device for strengthening or unscrewing something, for activating mechanisms of various kinds. K. to a clockwork toy. Nut, adjustable to. Turn towards the car's ignition. // Tool for...
Origin, source.
Seething, stormy, fast, talkative, rattling (obsolete), thundering, murmuring, sonorous, crystal, icy, transparent, light, silver, glassy, icy, quiet, cold, crystal, clean, noisy. Otradny. Mountain, mineral, upland, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.
Key
a small river, 10-20 km long, sometimes more. For example: Key Cold
tributary of the middle Zeya, 11 km long, Kalyagin Klyuch
tributary of the Belaya, 24 km long.
Toponymic Dictionary of the Amur Region. - Blagoveshchensk: Khabarovsk book publishing house. A.V. Melnikov. 2009
An extended meaning of a plumbing term is any device that contains the information necessary to "unlock" a message, to understand something. Therefore: 1. A set of rules or principles that allows someone to encode and decode messages. 2. A set of correct answers to the test. 3. A legend on a graph, table or chart that shows the meaning of the notation used. 4. A signal that establishes the context in which a particular event should be considered; for example, an art class considers a model's nudity in a non-sexual way. 5. In a study of permissive conditioning using pigeons, a small disc that the bird must peck at in order to receive reinforcement.
The key is present in the images of some Celtic goddesses. It is assumed that the key symbolized the ability of this goddess to open the gates leading to the Other World, and thereby the ability to allow her admirers to freely move from one life to another.
(Source: "Celtic Mythology. Encyclopedia." Translated from English by S. Head and A. Head, Eksmo, 2002.)
Key cm.: Life abounds...; Between us keys and a suitcase
Dictionary of Russian Argo. - GRAMOTA.RU. V. S. Elistratov. 2002 .
Key - in hydrogeology syn. source term.
1. Sign at the beginning of a musical line.
2. The story of Kira Bulychev "Tsaritsyn ...".
3. A film by Tinto Brass.
4. Imbus ...
5. Adjustable...
6. Ian Softley's film "... from all doors."
7. The novel by the American writer Dashiell Hammett "Glass ...".
8. A film by Pavel Chukhrai.
9. Wrench master key.
10. Violin or bass.
11. "... from the apartment where the money is."
12. With a beard, but not a man, in a bunch, but not a climber.
13. ... ignition.
14. Spring for the door.
15. A novel by the Russian writer M. Aldanov.
16. A poem by the 19th century Russian poet I. Nikitin.
17. A poem by A. Fet.
18. Note sign at the beginning of a line.
19. Spring.
An explanation of the symbols used in some graphic.
key, m. (archit.). The upper stone, to which the vault closes.
An axial symbol that includes power and the ability to open and close everything, bind and release. The key also means liberation, knowledge, secrets, initiation. It is closely associated with the symbolism of Janus - the god of binding and releasing, the inventor of locks and the god of initiation. Janus holds the Keys of Power that open and close, as well as the key to the door that gives access to the realm of gods and people, to the doors of the winter and summer solstice. The doors of heaven in the sign of the Unicorn are the doors of the gods, personifying the increase in the power of the Sun. Underground doors in the sign of Cancer are the doors of people, a symbol of the weakening of the power of the Sun. Silver and gold keys represent, respectively, secular and spiritual power, lesser and greater secrets, earthly and heavenly paradise. In alchemy, keys signify the power to open and close, to dissolve and to close. Among the Celts, the keys to the stall are an attribute of Epona, the guardian of horses. In Christianity, the keys are the emblem of St. Peter, the guardian of the Gates of Heaven, and also an attribute of the Pope. Saint Martha has...
key key, - a, -o m
Russian word stress. - M.: ENAS. M.V. Zarva. 2001 .
KEY
KEY 1 White key. Bryan, Orl. Boiling water. SBG 1, 45; SOG 1989, 70. Give a key. Sib. Boil (of water or other liquid). FSS, 54; SPS, 89; SRNG 13, 323. Make a key. Novg. About the girl's divination in Christmas time. NOSE 4, 59. Castal Key. Cm. Castal source (SOURCE). The key boils. Psk. About seething, bubbling, boiling water. POS 14, 238. Release the key. Jarg. they say Shuttle. About urination. Maksimov, 185. Boil off the key. Priamur., Pribaik., Sib. To seethe, gurgle (of a liquid). FSS, 93; SNFP, 79; SRGP... KEY (musical), a sign of musical notation, is placed at the beginning of the stave and determines the pitch value> notes. The clef sol (treble; indicates that the note sol of the first octave is on the 2nd line), clef fa (bass; fa of a small octave), clef to (alto, tenor, note up to the first octave) are used. The key saves the musical text from numerous additional rulers. (foreign language) - a means to guess, find out, study, reveal something (how open with a key lock) Wed To the composition key little by little You will pick him up to a secret goal ... The writer trembled before me. Nekrasov. Newspaper.
Wed So tell. I really want to find key to your mental illness. Leskov. bypassed. 2, 9.
Wed The count did not hear this conversation, and even if he did, he would not have achieved everything. key to the hint of the princess. Goncharov. Literary Evening. one.
Wed That's what the professor means: now found key to the chest and decided - how to be and what to do, and prescribed such a simple remedy: patience! Reassured everyone! There. 2.
Wed... see sources. A, m, I. Metal rod with a special combination of cutouts for unlocking and locking the lock. Lock on k. Pick up keys (find suitable keys; trans., to whom: find the right approach to someone; colloquial). 2. A device for unscrewing or screwing, uncorking, actuating a mechanism. K. for hours. Wrench box. Telegraph box (for transmission in Morse code). 3. trans. That which serves to unravel, understand something, master something. K. to solve the mystery. K. to the cipher. K. terrain (dominant position; special). 4. Sign at the beginning of a musical line, which determines the height of the notes (special). Musical k. Violin k. Bass k. The poem is written in an optimistic key (trans.: sounds optimistic). 5. The upper stone that closes the vault of the structure (special). 6. In Tsarist Russia: the hallmark of a chamberlain in the form of a golden key worn on the tail of a uniform tailcoat or on the waist of a tailcoat or uniform. Kamergersky k. t - Turnkey (build, hand over a building, structure) - in full readiness. Rent a house... A symbol of universal significance, the emblem of silence among the ancient peoples. Depicted on the threshold of Adytum, the key had a double meaning: it reminded the candidates of the duty of silence and promised the discovery of many secrets hitherto inaccessible to the profane. In Sophocles' Aedile at Colon, the choir sings of "the golden key placed on the tongue of the guiding Hierophant in the mysteries of Eleusis" (1051). "The priestess of Ceres, according to Callimachus, carried the key as a sign of her service, and the key was, in the Mysteries of Isis, a symbol of the opening or opening of the heart and conscience before the forty-two judges of the deeds of the deceased" ("R.M. Cyclop.).
key I kind. n. -a I., to conclude here, Ukrainian. key, senior-slav. key, Bulgarian key, Serbohorv. kљȗch, genus. p. kљucha "hook, key", Slovenian. ključ, Czech. klíč, slvts. kl᾽úč, Pol. klucz, v.-puddle. kluč, n.-puddle. kluc. Kindred Balt. the words given on the stick, as well as the Greek. κληΐς, dor. κλΒ̄ίς, κλάξ "key", κλείω "I lock", lat. clāvus "nail", clāvis "key", claudō "I lock", Irl. clo, pl. cloi "nail"; see Bernecker 1, 528 et seq.; Trautman VSW 137 et seq.; Walde-Hoffm. 1, 229 et seq. Here with I.-e. skl- belong to d.-v.-n. slioʒan "to lock", sluʒʒil "key", Old Sax. slutil is the same. II kind. n. -a II. "source, spring", Bolg. key (vodata lie with key) "about the noise of water", Serbohorv. kљȗch, genus. p. kљucha "gurgling, seething of water", kљùchati "boil ...
Key see Sources.
noun trans. state or kingdom. (2) Keys of the Virgin Intact- undamaged the prisoner (womb) of the Virgin. (Can. Easter, ik. 6).
Complete Church Slavonic Dictionary (with the introduction of the most important Old Russian words and expressions). Comp. priest Grigory Dyachenko. 1900 .
Key
key, -\"a, creative P.-\"ohm; but (in locality names) Key, -\"a, creative P.-\"ohm, for example: Gor\"hot Cl\"yuch (city), Kr\"asny Cl\"yuch (village)
Russian spelling dictionary. / Russian Academy Sciences. In-t rus. lang. them. V. V. Vinogradova. - M .: "Azbukovnik". V. V. Lopatin (executive editor), B. Z. Bukchina, N. A. Eskova and others.. 1999 .
Key
1) (or a constant factor) - the number by which it is necessary to multiply a given value in order to obtain its expression in units of another system of measures; so, to convert the price of 1 bushel of American grain, expressed in cents, into Russian measures and currency, there is a developed key, using which you can quickly and easily determine the cost of a pood in kopecks;
2) a conditional number included by banks in a notice of money transfer and enabling the correspondent of the bank paying the transfer to verify the authenticity of the notice;
3) an index for using the cipher (see), explaining the meaning of its conventional signs.
Reference commercial words...
key
[for door] noun, m., use often
Morphology: (no) what? key, what? key, (see) what? key, how? key, about what? about the key;
pl.
what? keys, (no) what? keys, what? keys, (see) what? keys, how? keys, about what? about keys
1. Key- this is a piece of metal cut in a special way, with which you unlock and lock the lock. Key `The Complete Popular Bible Encyclopedia`
(Judges 3:25). see Castle.
This word has many different meanings. The key is a spring with clean, fresh and cool spring water. The key to the lock, which is used to lock the apartment, gate or suitcase. Wrench, without which you can’t fix a bicycle, you can’t fix water heating systems. Finally, the most interesting key is the key to the cipher, with which you can read the mysterious message. This last value words key most resembles its musical meaning. Indeed, in order to read some notes, a key is absolutely necessary, otherwise their recording will be encrypted. Look, for example, at this line: Despite the simplicity of the melody, no musician will be able to reproduce it until some key is placed at the beginning of the musical lines (they are called "staff" or "staff"), on which the notes are located. . After all, it is not known exactly what notes are written here! It is only visible how they relate to each other (and that is approximately: we can only guess where the intervals between sounds are large, and where ...
KEY see Source.
Dictionary of hydrogeology and engineering geology. - M.: Gostoptekhizdat. Compiled by: A. A. Makkaveev, editor O. K. Lange. 1961 .
1 ) Transcription of the word “key”: [cl❜uch❜].
| LETTER/ [SOUND] | SOUND CHARACTERISTICS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| to | - | [to] | - | acc., solid. (par.), deaf. (par.). Before sonorants, the deaf do not sound (see Musatov V.N., p. 73).In modern Russian literary language preference is given to the firm pronunciation of the sound [k] before the soft [l❜]. |
| l | - | [l❜] | - | acc., soft (par.), ringing (unpaired), sonorous. The sound [l] is unpaired voiced, so it is pronounced the same way as it is written.See below § 66 para. 2, 3. |
| Yu | - | [y] | - | vowel, percussion; see below. § eleven. |
| h | - | [h❜] | - | acc., soft (unpaired), deaf. (unpaired). At the end of a word, sound replacement occurs only in voiced pairs. See § 69 below. |
4 letters, 4 sound
Setting
RULES OF PRONUNCIATION 1
§ 11
§ 11. Letter Yu denotes the sound [y] after a soft consonant (except [h] and [u]; after the letters h and u it is written y; see § 10): bale, hatch, glasses, scent, people, mica, turned off, go love (pronounced [t❜ uk, l❜ uk, r❜ y mki, n❜ uh, l❜ ude th, s❜ l❜ ud, you cl❜ taught, golub❜ y]).
Thus, the words tuk and tuk (pronounced [tuk] and [t❜uk]), onion and hatch (pronounced [bow] and [l❜uk]), rays and keys (pronounced [rays] and [cl ❜ study]) have the same vowel [y] preceded by a hard or soft consonant.
Note. In the words brochure, parachute, shutsko r, etc., the letter u, preserved by tradition, does not indicate the softness of the previous sound [sh].
§ 66
§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [c], [t] and [d], [s] and [s], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. For each of these consonants in the Russian script there is a corresponding letter. The softness of these consonants at the end of a word is indicated by the letter b. Wed top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), save and save (pronounced [ekano m❜]), hit and hit (pronounced [hit r❜]), was and true (pronounced [was❜]). The softness of these consonants before consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugal❜ ka]), banku and banku (pronounced [ba n❜ ku]), rarely and radish (pronounced [re t❜ kb]) .
The softness of these consonants before vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter I(Unlike a) denotes a vowel [a] after a soft consonant; cf. small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter yo(Unlike about) denotes the vowel [o] after a soft consonant; cf. they say and chalk (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter Yu(Unlike at) denotes a vowel [y] after a soft consonant; cf. tuk and bale (pronounced [t❜uk]). Approximately the same distribution of the use of letters and and s: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter s after hard consonants that have a soft pair; cf. game, hut, clean, shit, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitched and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.
Examples for distinguishing between hard and soft consonants: top and swamp (pronounced [top❜]), bodro and hips (pronounced [b❜ odr]), graph and graph (pronounced [count❜ á]), shaft and sluggish (pronounced [v❜ al]), flesh and flesh (pronounced [raft❜]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame❜ á]), wasp and axis (pronounced [os❜]); thunderstorm and threatening (pronounced [graz❜ а́]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ol]), coffin and comb (pronounced [gr❜op]), steel and steel (pronounced [steel❜]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), bow and hatch (pronounced [l❜uk]), bitter and bitter (pronounced [gor ❜k]).
§ 69
§ 69. Consonants [h], [u], [zh❜ w❜], [th] are only soft. For sounds [h] and [u] in Russian graphics there are special letters h and sch: cf. chin, vat, forelock, boat (pronounced [choln]), niello, shit, pike, silk (pronounced [sho lk]), sliver, food. However, the consonant [u] is also indicated in the letter by combinations of sch, zch and some others (see § 124 on this): account (pronounced [schot], driver (pronounced [converter]).
1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 p.
key
word meanings key in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language:Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov.
key
- a sign at the beginning of a musical line that determines the height of the notes SpecExample: Musical k. Violin k. Bass k. The poem is written in an optimistic key (trans.: sounds optimistic).
***
2. - the upper stone that closes the vault of the building Spec
***
3. - a metal rod with a special combination of cutouts for unlocking and locking the lock
Example: Lock on k. Pick up keys (find suitable keys; trans., to whom: find the right approach to someone; colloquial).
***
4. - a device for unscrewing or screwing, uncorking, actuating a mechanism
Example: K. for hours. Wrench box. Telegraph box (for transmission in Morse code).
***
5. - something that serves to unravel, understand something, master something
Example: K. to solve the mystery. K. to the cipher. K. terrain (dominant position; special).
***
6. - a source flowing from the earth, a spring
Example: The keys are beating in the ravine. To beat with a key (to flow out in a swift stream). Life is in full swing (trans.: boils in 2 meanings).
Efremova T.F. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
key
1m.1) A device for locking and unlocking the lock (usually in the form of a metal
rod of a special shape).
2) a) A tool, a device for screwing or unscrewing something.
b) A device for actuating various mechanisms.
c) A tool for stringing musical instruments (harp, piano,
harp, etc.).
d) A device for opening, uncorking something.
3) A device for quickly closing and breaking the transmitter circuit during telegraph
and radiotelegraph communications.
4) a) trans. A means for understanding smth., for mastering smth.
b) Conventional system of characters (letters, numbers, etc.) on which the method is based
reading encrypted, ancient, etc. texts.
c) An appendix to the study guide containing answers to tasks.
5) During hostilities - terrain, point, height, etc., possession
which changes the situation, ensures victory.
6) A sign (usually at the beginning of a musical line) that defines the name and pitch
notes following it.
7) The upper wedge-shaped stone, which closes the vault or arch of the building (in
architecture).
8) Regaliaworn on a blue ribbon as a sign of chamberlain rank (in
Russian state until 1917).
2. m.
1) The natural outlet of groundwater to the surface of the earth; source, source.
2) trans. What gives rise to, serves as the basis for something, from where it comes,
is taken, something is taken.
S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
key
, -a, m, I. Metal rod with a special combination of notchesfor unlocking and locking the lock. Lock on to. Pick up the keys (find
suitable keys; trans., to whom: find the right approach to someone; open).
2. Device for unscrewing or screwing, uncorking, bringing into
mechanism action. K. for hours. Wrench k. Telegraph k. (for transmission over
Morse code).
3. trans. That which serves to unravel, understand something,
mastering something. K. to solve the mystery. K. to the cipher. K. terrain
(dominant position; special).
4. Sign at the beginning of a musical line,
determining the pitch of notes (special). Musical k. Violin k. Bass k.
The poem is written in an optimistic vein (trans.: sounds optimistic).
5. The upper stone that closes the vault of the structure (special).
6. In Tsarist Russia:
hallmark of a chamberlain in the form of a golden key worn on the coattail
dress coat or at the waist of a tailcoat or uniform. Kamergersky k. t-Pod
the key (to build, hand over a building, structure) - in full readiness. Rent a house
key. II decrease. key, -a, m. (to 1 and 2 values). II adj. key, -th,
th.
***
2., -a, m. A source flowing from the earth, a spring. They beat in the ravine
keys. To beat with a key (to flow out in a swift stream). Life abounds
(trans.: boils in 2 values). II adj. key, -th, -th. Spring water.
New word-formation technique. Of course, if it were necessary to etymologize a word from a root and a suffix, for example, the word “key”, classical etymology would apply a derivational approach and say that the word “key” consists of the root KEY and the diminutive suffix -IK, that is, KEY = “ small key. However, the word “key” is already a root and, from the point of view of modern Russian word formation, is indecomposable.
Already in 1975, I realized that this barrier (indecomposability) is quite surmountable, if we assume that in ancient times there were prefixes and suffixes that were quite similar to ours, but now considered part of the root. So, in ancient times there could be not only the prefix C (CO), but also its Latin counterpart, which is spelled the same way, but pronounced K (KO), for example, CO-OPERATION = CO-OPERATION. On the other hand, the root must be three-letter, and if it is two-letter, then the dropped sound must be inserted. As you know, starting from the 10th century, reduced sounds, b and b, gradually began to fall out of the Russian language, so, judging by the presence or absence of mitigation (palatalization), b or b should be inserted into the root.
Taking this into account, we get: for the word KEY in the sense of “opener of the lock”, the structure KЪKlyuch (I highlighted the root in capital letters), where the suffix -YUCH was formed from -UK, that is, at first the word was really KЪLyuk-a. And another word KEY in the sense of “water source” is just a homophone, having a different structure: KEY, that is, the ancient prefix Kb (reduced KO-) and the root LUCH, related to the root LUCH (radiation, radiance, etc.), associated with water and originating from the BOW root (for example, LUKomorye). Thus, the issue unresolved by classical etymology turned out to be resolved, that is, the existence of homophone roots not only received an explanation, but also led to new, non-classical word-formation models, KEY and KEY. Accordingly, the word KEY in the sense of “water source” must be considered in the socket RAIS, and not KL-KOL. The word Klyuka can be further etymologized: it is a “malnky stake”, that is, a “small round” and can be considered after the KOL nest (KNEE, FLASK, SAUSAGE, WHEEL, etc.). Indeed, the prototype of all keys is a bent wire to unlock the latch.
But now the relationship between the Russian root KOL (kruglyash) and the words found by etymologists like “cling”, “tilt”, “nail” becomes directly opposite: they all have the original semantics of the round, and hence - KOLA; it can be a small stake - a nail; a driven nail can cling or bend - now the Russian root explains foreign words, and not vice versa.
The use of a new word-formation technique (NSM) led to the fact that roots with 4 or 2 sounds were reduced to a three-letter form, which significantly reduced the number of Russian roots. The very procedure of etymologization became clear: the decomposition of the modern root into ancient morphemes. Thus, the clarification of the meaning of the word turned out to be clearly divided between two disciplines: word formation and etymology. For example, the words “hammer” and “key” are divided into components in the section of linguistics “word formation”: the word “hammer” on the root HAMMER and two diminutive suffixes -OC and -EK, so “hammer” is “very small hammer” , and the “key” (KEY + -IR) is the “small key”. Finding out the meaning of the roots (and other morphemes) is the task of another section of linguistics, “etymology”: the root HAMMER (KUZ, p. 214) consists of the ancient root MOL and the suffix OT, MOLot, and means “grinding tool”; the root KEY (KUZ, p. 153) consists of the ancient root KЪL and the suffix -YUCH, KЪKlyuch, and means “a tool in the form of a bent rod”; the root KEY (source) (KUZ, p. 154) consists of the ancient root LUCH (not in the dictionary KUZ, a kind of root LUCH) and the prefix Kb, klYUCH, means “a water source as a water emitter”.
Mythological and other checks. Etymologies have always needed verification, since it is far from clear in all cases which of the meanings of similar words in other languages should be preferred. The absence of a reliable objective criterion has led etymologists to rely on the opinions of researchers, who, however, often differ. So, for example, in the most recent and still far from being completed “Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages”, regarding the word MOLOT, it is said that Bernecker, Mikloshich, Bruckner, Holub-Kopechny, Mladenov, Vasmer spoke out in favor of its origin from the verb “melty”. and others, while Meye and Mahek opposed (TRU, pp. 198-199). The basis was a different meaning - on the one hand, a military weapon, on the other hand, lightning. In my opinion, the meaning of “military weapon” is on a par with the meanings of “tinsmith’s tool”, “carpenter’s tool”, “locksmith’s tool” and is just a variation of the meaning of the word “hammer” as “grain processor’s tool”, that is, here the distance of everything in two steps (military weapons are no longer used for grinding grains). As for the word LIGHTNING, it is in the same nest as the word HAMMER, but has a different ancient structure: LIGHTNING, so in this case we are not talking about a different meaning of the word HAMMER, but about replacing the word HAMMER with its ancient paronym LIGHTNING. Here the distance is in values of more than three steps. Thus, the objections are based on the fact that later new meanings developed from the original meaning, which, however, does not cancel the original meaning.
However, accounting different opinions scholars confuse the reader. Generally speaking, in any science there are always skeptics who deny some established provisions, and the enumeration of the names of researchers who spoke “for” and “against” is mainly of historical and scientific interest. For example, over a century and a half, more than a thousand variants of the periodic system of elements in chemistry have been proposed, and if instead of a chemical description of the element, the views of each researcher on its place in the periodic system were given, it would be almost impossible to use such a system. In addition, this dictionary of Slavic languages lists all modern meanings words in all Slavic languages, which greatly blurs the modern meaning of the Russian word, so that in some cases it generally becomes incomprehensible which word is being studied. So, for example, Zh.Zh. Warbot etymologizes the word WOMB, referring to the female organ; in the dictionary of O.N. Trubachev (Issue 16) gives 58 meanings of this word in modern Slavic languages, including such as CHEST, KNEE, and even ARM (TRU, Issue 16, p. 33). It becomes unclear what word is being investigated. I expressed this surprise in one of my papers (NC1). It is clear that for the dictionary of Slavic languages it is necessary to fix the word in all modern languages, but the lack of distinction between major and minor also confuses the reader. For comparison, we can take modern bilingual dictionaries, where the main meaning of the word in question is highlighted first, then all secondary ones in descending order, and for each word mother tongue one, rarely 2-3 foreign words are put in correspondence. To the average reader, everything is clear and understandable. Thus, the etymological dictionary is gradually moving away from the mass consumer and becomes very vague both in terms of the original word and the result of etymologization by a collection of philologists' opinions over the past two centuries. It is this uncertainty that forces amateurs to engage in less qualified etymologization.
Meanwhile, for a number of words there is a more objective criterion than the opinion of scientists - this is a picture of the world at the time the words were created; it was mostly mythological. This means that 1) the words were not called arbitrarily, not according to the impression of objects, but according to their place in the mythological picture of the world, and 2) words, in addition to purely morphological connections (which made them belong to the same nest), also had mythological, semantic connections. This allows in many cases to check the correctness of the found semantic values. Etymologizing a number of Russian words based on mythological ideas, I was able to write a separate brochure on this subject (CH2). So, for example, with regard to the word SUN already considered, I did this: I split the modern root SOLN into the ancient prefix CO and the root LЪN, so that the formula of this word turned out to be the sun. Then I performed the “clarification” operation, that is, I put the root LN in correspondence with another close root of the same root base LN, namely the LUN in the word MOON, and it turned out that the sun is “small (the meaning of the suffix -C) co- Moon". Obviously, this is how our daylight was understood in the era of domination lunar calendar i.e. in the Paleolithic. The very same word MOON I clarify through the word LONO - “child-bearing organ”. In other words, the Moon is the mother of all life; We find confirmation of this in a number of mythologies of the world, including the Slavic one. In addition, this etymology is confirmed by the consideration of the word “hole”. On the one hand, a “hole” is any depression in the earth, as it were, a “small earthly womb”, on the other hand, the word LUNk-a can be understood as a “little moon” by word formation. It follows from this that our ancestors understood the Moon not only differently than we do, but not even as a convex body, but as a hole resembling a female organ in the sky. Finally, a poetic comparison of the most beautiful and desirable women with the Moon is known. The original meaning of this comparison is the recognition of such a woman as the most wonderful womb. Note that women were not compared with the Sun, and in Russian the Sun's gender is not masculine, but neuter, like an inanimate object.
As we can see, not only the mythological criterion actually works, but also two others - the semantics of a single-rooted word and the semantics of a poetic metaphor.
From such comparisons, in particular, it follows that the word LUNA was not borrowed by the Russians from the Romans, which Vasmer also emphasizes, saying “ This word is not borrowed from Latin, nor is it a Church Slavonic element in Russian, contrary to Brückner” (FAS, volume 2, p. 533). However, they are given a different etymology: the ancient Prussian word “lauksnos” - “lights”, the Greek “lyukhnos” - “lamp” and even Slavic word"Ray". Thus, the idea is carried out that the Moon is a lamp. In my opinion, however, the LON root is closer to the LUN than the LUCH root, because in the LON root we have the same root base LN, while in the root LUCH the root base changes to LP. Therefore, in addition to the mythological, word-formation and poetic criterion, the number of morphological criterion also comes into force: the identity of the root base. One does not need to be an etymologist to recognize the clarity and accuracy of such criteria.