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THE CONCEPT OF "ARCHITECTURE"
3 THE WORD “ARCHITECTURE” COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD “ARCHITECTON”, WHICH MEANS “MASTER BUILDER”. ARCHITECTURE IS A CONSTRUCTION ART, A KIND OF CREATIVITY THAT FORMS REALITY ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF BEAUTY. ARCHITECTURE EXPRESSES THE CHARACTER OF AN ERA. IT IS INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL FACTORS: THE CHARACTER OF THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, THE DOMINATING IDEOLOGY. AT ALL TIMES AND ALL PEOPLES THERE HAD SPECIAL IDEAS ABOUT THE BEAUTY AND ARTISTIC HARMONY OF ARCHITECTURE NO STYLE.
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ANTIQUE ARCHITECTURE
4 THE TERM “ANTIQUE” WAS INTRODUCED BY ITALIAN HUMANISTS DURING THE RENAISSANCE TO DETERMINE GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE, THE OLDEST KNOWN AT THAT TIME. THE PERIOD OF ANCIENT BEGINS IN THE 3rd MILLENNIUM BC AND ENDS IN THE V CENTURY AD (LAT. antiquus - ANCIENT).
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5 THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD IS USED TO BE DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL PERIODS: ANCIENT PERIOD ARCHAIC PERIOD CLASSICAL PERIOD HELLENIC PERIOD
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE
7 At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Representatives of other Greek tribes came to the Peloponnesian Peninsula - the Dorians, Ionians and Aeolians. The country in which they found themselves abounded in materials - clay suitable for firing, wood, but above all stone, from coarse limestone to fine-grained marble. In these territories with an indented seashore, city-states were formed that zealously defended their independence. Above all, citizens put the prosperity of the state and the improvement of its well-being, building public buildings and installing statues.
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8 Greek architecture was temple architecture. The Greek temple served exclusively as a room for the statue of the deity. It originated from the Mycenaean megaron. The Greek temple became the main type of public building. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
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TEMPLES OF GREECE.
9 The Greeks imagined their gods as anthropomorphic beings, immortal and more powerful than ordinary men and women, but the interests, passions and weaknesses of the gods were completely “human” in nature. Being the home of a deity, the temple had to have a clear and rationally constructed form. The prostyle, where a portico with free-standing columns was placed in front of the temple in anta, and the amphiprostyle, in which such porticos were located at both ends, had complex architectural structures. In larger temples, a colonnade was added to one of the listed architectural forms, surrounding the building on four sides.
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TEMPLES OF GREECE
10 TEMPLE OF HERA PARTHENON ACROPOLIS
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TEMPLE OF HERA
11 One of the earliest temple buildings known to us was the Temple of Hera at Olympia. But in its place only marble ones were found architectural details and debris, but it is known that the columns were originally wooden, and there is evidence that the replacement of wood with marble was carried out gradually, as the wooden parts of the building rotted, losing their strength. However, the rather heavy proportions of the most ancient marble columns that have survived to this day indicate an understanding of their role specifically in the work of the stone structure. Craftsmen polished every detail until centuries of experimentation led to the sophistication and perfection of the PARTHENON
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12 The Parthenon's undeniable simplicity and design amazes everyone. This world-famous structure, full of beauty and harmony, is actually the Temple of the Virgin (parthena in Greek) of Athena. It is built in the Doric style from marble quarried from Mount Pendeli, on the same spot where its two predecessors stood. The Parthenon took 15 years to build (447-432 BC). The delicate balance of the Parthenon's white columns against the blue sky has delighted generations and generations, and serves as an eternal symbol of the soul and genius of humanity. PARTHENON
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13 PARTHENON. ATHENS.
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14 ACROPOLIS No one and nothing can resist the beauty of the Acropolis - the 156-meter limestone rock, the graceful crown of the city of Athens. Archaeological excavations on the slope and top of the Acropolis have revealed to us that this Sacred Rock was first inhabited in the Neolithic period, 6000 years ago. The first stone temple was built on the Acropolis at the beginning of the 6th century BC. , replacing the wooden one, and it served the cult of the Goddess Athena. Some sculptures from its pediment are housed in the Acropolis Museum. During the Persian Wars, the Acropolis was sacked (480-479 BC). The luxurious monuments that we see today date back to the great era when the reconstruction of the sanctuaries took place under the leadership of Pericles (460-429 BC). From this time and throughout the Middle Ages, the Acropolis remained untouched, and only in 1687 some buildings were partially destroyed.
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16 The architecture of Ancient Rome is divided into several periods: Republican period (V - I centuries BC) Imperial period (31 BC -V century AD) The time of Emperor Constantine (306-337 AD) ANCIENT ROME
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17 PANTHEON (Greek temple dedicated to all gods), the only one preserved in Rome (43 m high), the greatest ancient domed structure. The Pantheon was built in 115-125. under Hadrian on the site of a similar temple of 27 BC, erected by Agrippa, but destroyed in 110 by a lightning strike. From the 7th century is in the possession of the pope and is a Christian church (Santa Maria Rotunda). It contains, among others, the tomb of Raphael. In honor of the Pantheon in 1791 classic church of St. Genevieve, patroness of Paris, was renamed the French Pantheon (since then - a temple of honor). It got its name because, along with the statues of Mars and Venus, statues of many other gods were installed there. Among the gods a statue of the deified Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Agrippa was placed. PANTHEON
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19 V construction work The sculptor Diogenes from Athens and, undoubtedly, other Greek sculptors and architects participated. The Pantheon was erected as a temple to the gods of the house of Julia (and they, in addition to Mars and Venus, were almost all the Roman gods). After the Forum and the Colosseum, the most majestic monument of Roman architecture and the only ancient Roman temple whose walls and vaults remained intact is the PANTHEON. PANTHEON
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20 COLISEUM IN 70-90 GG. AD THE LARGEST AMPHITHEATR IN ANCIENT ROME WAS BUILT, AN OVAL COLOSEUM, DESIGNED FOR 56 THOUSAND SPECTATORS. ITS DIAMETERS ARE 188 AND 156 M, HEIGHT 48.5 M. THE ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEM OF THE COLISEUM REPRESENTS THREE TIERS OF BRACKET CONCRETE SUPPORTS SUPPORTING MARBLE-COVERED SEATS FOR SPECTATORS. THE GALLERIES OF THE TWO LOWER TIERS ARE TRADITIONAL CYLINDRICAL VOXES, IN THE THIRD TIER BUILT LATER, CROSS VOXES ARE USED, FORMED BY THE INTERSECTION OF TWO CYLINDRICAL VOXES. THE WALL IS COMPLETED WITH A HIGH ATTICA - THE WALL ABOVE THE CORRESPONDING CORNICE. THE GIANT TRAVERTINE WALL SURFACE OF THE COLISSEUM PRODUCED AN IMPRESSION OF POWER AND STRENGTH.
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22 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE SOPHIA IN CONSTANTINOPLE SOPHIA IN CONSTANTINOPLE IS AN OUTSTANDING WORK OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE. THE MAIN CATHEDRAL OF THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE, BUILT BY THE MASTERS ANTHIMIA AND ISIDORUS. THE MAIN DIFFICULTY THAT THEY FACED THE CHALLENGE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE OF HAGIA SOPHIA WAS THE GRAND SCALE OF THE CONSTRUCTION ORDERED BY THE EMPEROR JUSTINIAN.BYZANTINES THEY DID NOT HAVE THE RAW MATERIALS AT HAND FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE, SO THE GIANT HEMISPHERE OF THE MAIN DOME, SUPPORTED BY THE “SKELETON” OF INTRICALLY woven NUMERIOUS ARCHES AND VOUCHES, BECAME A MASTERPIECE OF ANTHYMY AND ISIDORA’S ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHT WE HAVE THE MAIN LOAD. THE MAIN CATHEDRAL OF THE EMPIRE COULD NOT STAY WITHOUT INNER DECORATION - SPARKLING MOSAICS.
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23 RUSSIAN ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES SINCE THE 10th century. AND UNTIL THE END OF THE 17TH CENTURY, IT WAS INSEPARALLY CONNECTED WITH THE CHURCH AND THE CHRISTIAN FAITH. IN KIEVAN Rus' IN THE 11TH CENTURY, MANY MAGNIFICENT TEMPLES WERE CREATED, DECORATED WITH MOSAICS AND FRESCOES. ALL ANCIENT RUSSIAN BUILDINGS OF THAT TIME WERE WOODEN OR WOODEN-EARTH. THE FIRST MONUMENTAL CHURCHES IN Rus' WERE BUILT ACCORDING TO THE BYZANTINE MODEL. THE ARCHITECTURE OF WOODEN CHURCHES WERE OF THREE TYPES: CELL CHURCHES, OCTAGONAL AND STORY CHURCHES. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY. A NEW STYLE OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED: DOUBLE AND TRIPLE DECORATIVE TENTS PUT ON A CLOSED Vault. THE FIRST STONE AND BRICK BUILDINGS IN Rus' WERE CONSTRUCTED IN Kyiv IN THE 90s OF THE 10th century. RUSSIAN MIDDLE AGES
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24 CHURCH OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES ON THE CHAPTERS. 1454 CHURCH OF SIMEON THE GOD-RECEIVER ZVERIN MONASTERY. 1467
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25 THE TERM “ROMANESK ART” APPEARED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY. THE FORMATION OF ROMANESK ART IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND AREAS OF EUROPE WAS UNEVEN. THE MASSIVE CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF CHURCHES BEGAN. THE FIRST PAN-EUROPEAN STYLE: ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE WAS BORN. IT IS ARCHITECTURE, AND ABOVE ALL MONASTERY, THAT TOOK LEADING POSITION IN ROMANESK ART. IN ROMANESCH ARCHITECTURE CASTLE AND CHURCH ARCHITECTURE CAN BE DISTRIBUTED. ROMAN STYLE
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CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
26 LARGE MONASTERIES POSSESSED INCREDIBLE POWER AND WEALTH. BEAUTIFUL WORKS OF ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, AND PAINTINGS WERE CREATED IN THE MONASTERIES. PEOPLE EXPECTED HELP AND MIRACLES FROM THE SAINTS - BELIEVED THAT THE RELICS OF THE SAINTS COULD TO EAT DISEASES AND PROTECT FROM ACCIDENTS. THE MAIN CHRISTIAN SANCTIES WERE LOCATED IN JERUSALEM, ROME, IN THE NORTH OF SPAIN ETC.
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27 THE ARCHITECTURE OF CHURCHES WAS SUBJECT TO THEIR MAIN TASK - TO ACCOMMODATE A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE. THE SIZES OF CHURCHES INCREASED, WHICH RESULTED IN THE CREATION OF NEW DESIGNS OF Vaults AND SUPPORTS: CYLINDRICAL AND CROSS Vaults, MASSIVE THICK WALLS, LARGE SUPPORTS, AN ABUNDANCE OF SMOOTH SURFACES - CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE ROMANESC CHURCH . CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
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CASTLE ARCHITECTURE
28 IN THE ROMANE PERIOD, THE SECULAR ARCHITECTURE CHANGED. THE CASTLES BECAME STONE AND TURNED INTO IMPRESSIBLE FORTRESSES. A WATCH WAS SET AT THE TOP OF THE TOWER. BEHIND THE FORTRESS WALL THERE WERE NUMEROUS ECONOMIC BUILDINGS. AS A RULE THE IOC WAS SURROUNDED BY A DEEP DITCH. LIKE NO WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRY, IT HAPPENED IN SPAIN CONSTRUCTION OF CASTLES-FORTRESSES. THE KINGDOM OF CASTILLE BECAME THE REAL COUNTRY OF CASTILLA. ONE OF THE EARLIEST CASTLES OF THE ROMANE PERIOD, THE ROYAL PALACE OF THE ALCAZAR, WAS BUILT IN THE 9th CENTURY IN SEGOVIA.
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30 THE NAME “GOTHIC ART” APPEARED IN THE RENAISSANCE. GOTHIC WAS NAMED TO ART THAT DID NOT FOLLOW ANCIENT TRADITIONS. IN DIFFERENT EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, GOTHIC HAD ITS ITS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES AND CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK , BUT ITS DAY AWAY IN THE 13th-14th centuries. GOTHIC CATHEDRALS WERE LIGHT AND POINTED UP , THIS IS DUE TO THE fact that GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE BEGAN TO USE A NEW VAULT CONSTRUCTION. GOTHIC ART ORIGINALLY ARISED AND DEVELOPED IN THE FRENCH PROVINCE OF ILE-DE-FRANCE. TO THE OUTSTANDING WORKS OF THE MATURE GOTHIC THIS ARCHITECTURE IS THE CATHEDRAL IN AMIENS (1218-1268) - 145 LONG AND WITH A HEIGHT OF 142.5 METERS - THE LARGEST IN FRANCE. GOTHIC ART IS ONE OF THE BRIGHTEST ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. GOTHIC STYLE
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31 TOWER SPEECH WESTERN TOWER PINNACLE (DECORATIVE TOWER) MIDDLE NAVE WESTERN PORTAL
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32 CATHEDRAL IN AMIENS. WESTERN FACADE.1220-1236.
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33 In the XIII-XIV centuries. in the city-republics of Italy, a new secular culture began to form, imbued with the humanism of antiquity. The movement for the revival of ancient civilization was called the Renaissance (French - renaissance). The time of Renaissance architecture in Italy is the 15th-16th centuries, the main periods are the early, high and late Renaissance .The most characteristic monuments have been preserved in Florence, where the most prominent architect of the early Renaissance worked. Brunelleschi. RENAISSANCE
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34 In 1421 -1444. the first orphanage building in the history of architecture was built - Ospedale degli Innocenti (which translated from Italian means “hospital and shelter of the innocent”). clear plan, beautiful light proportions, simple shapes create the impression of balance and harmony. Brunelleschi’s building expresses one of the main features of early Renaissance architecture: intended for people, it is commensurate in scale with a person, close to his real height, in contrast to Gothic buildings with high vaults. RENAISSANCE
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35 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE The most characteristic features of Italian architecture of the 17th century. embodied in the monuments of Rome. This style united buildings from different eras into an architectural whole. In Roman Baroque architecture, new types of temple, city square and palace ensemble appeared. The main features of Baroque: emotional expressiveness, scale and richness of movement. The first example of the style can be considered the Church of Il Gesu, built in 1575 by the architects Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta for the monastic order of the Jesuits. Three masters made a huge contribution to the creation of Baroque church architecture: Carlo Maderna, Francesco Borromini, Lorenzo Bernini.
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36 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE In the 17th century, many palace ensembles were erected in Italy. Baroque masters sought to combine in them the features of urban and suburban buildings. A striking example of this approach is the Barberini palazzo (palace) (1625 -1663). Its construction was started by Maderna and completed by Borromini and Bernini. The Baroque style was based on religious ideas: “A person must repent of his sins, bring his soul into complete submission to the will of God and thereby get closer to the knowledge of the truth and reunification with God.”
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37 CARLO MADEON CATHEDRAL OF ST. PETER.1607-1617 ROME.
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38 CLASSICISM - IDEAL AND ARTISTIC DIRECTION AND STYLE IN EUROPEAN ART of the 17th century. CONSIDERED ANTIQUE AS AN ETHICAL AND ARTISTIC NORM. IT IS CHARACTERISTIC BY PLASTIC HARMONY AND CLARITY. LITERALLY, “CLASSICISM” CAN BE TRANSLATED AS “BASED ON THE CLASSICS,” IE, WORKS OF ART THAT ARE RECOGNIZED AS EXAMPLES OF PERFECTION, AN IDEAL. THE SYSTEM OF ART EDUCATION OF CLASSICISM WAS BUILT ON THE STUDY OF ANTIQUE AND RENAISSANCE ART. CLASSICISM
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39 CATHEDRAL HOUSE FOR THE DISABLED. 1680-1706. PARIS.
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40 IN THE FIRST HALF of the 17th century. THE CAPITAL OF FRANCE HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED FROM A FORTRESS CITY INTO A RESIDENCE CITY. THE APPEARANCE OF PARIS WAS NOW DETERMINED NOT BY FORTRESS WALLS AND CASTLES, BUT BY PALACES, PARKS, AND A REGULAR SYSTEM OF STREETS AND SQUARES. THE TOP OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DIRECTION IN ARCHITECTURE STALLERSAL IS THE GRAND GRAND RESIDENCE OF THE FRENCH KINGS NEAR PARIS. GRADUALLY, CLASSICISM BEGAN TO PROMOTE POLITICAL IDEALS, AND ART TURNS INTO A MEANS OF IDEALOGICAL PROPAGANDA. THE LOUVRE IS EMBODIED IDEAS AND MOODS CLOSE TO THE FRENCH: Strictness and Solemnity, Scaling and EXTREME SIMPLICITY. ARCHITECTURE OF CLASSICISM
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41 LOUIS LEVAU, JULES HARDOUIN-MANSARD, ANDRE LENAUTRE. VERSAILLES. 1669-1685
43 ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE IS THE HOTEL SOUBISE IN PARIS, BUILT FOR THE PRINCE DE SOUBISE IN 1705-1709. LIKE OTHER MANSIONS, IT IS SEPARATED FROM THE ADJACENT STREETS BY A HIGH WALL WITH A LUXURIOUS ENTRANCE GATE. IN THIS HOTEL ALL CORNERS ARE ROUNDED, THERE IS NOT A SINGLE STRAIGHT LINE. DURING THE ROCOCO ERA, ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CITY ENSEMBLES IN FRANCE WAS ALSO CREATED - THE ENSEMBLE OF THREE SQUARE IN THE VILLAGE OF NANCEY IN LORRAINE, BUILT IN 1752-1755. THE AUTHOR OF THIS PROJECT WAS EMANUEL HERE DE CORNY. ROYAL SQUARE IS LIKE A HUGE FRONT COURTYARD, ALMOST OVAL. IN THE CENTER IS THE EQUESTRIAN MONUMENT OF DUKE STANISLAV I. THE ENSEMBLE IN NANCE CHRONOLOGICALLY ENDS THE ROCOCO ERA.
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44 ECLECTISM IS THE CONDITIONAL COLLECTIVE NAME OF THE PERIOD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND APPLIED ARTS OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE USA IN THE MIDDLE AND SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY, OFTEN CHARACTERIZED BY THE MECHANICAL CONNECTION OF ELEMENTS OF DIFFERENT STYLES. THE MIXING OF FORMS OF DIFFERENT STYLES HAS RESULTED IN A DISRUPTION IN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FUNCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND APPEARANCE OF THE ARCHITECTURE.
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45 NEOCLASSICISM is an ideological and artistic direction and style in European art of the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries; direction in European art of the early 20th century, which considers the classical traditions of the art of antiquity, the Renaissance and classicism to be the highest artistic norm, ideal and unattainable model.
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46 The most important role in the architecture of English neoclassicism was played by two masters, William Chambers and Robert Adam. This style is often called simply “Adam’s style” in honor of its creator. Even during the master’s lifetime, many considered Adam’s interiors highest achievement English architecture of that time. History of English. Neoclassicism of the 18th century. completed by 2 architects: George Dance the Younger and Sir John Soane. John Soane was the chief architect of the Bank of England building and devoted a significant part of his life to its construction, and it was this architect who summed up the English neoclassicism of the 18th century. NEOCLASSICISM
MODERN
48 THE IDEOLOGIST OF THE NEW STYLE IN ARCHITECTURE WAS THE BELGIAN Van de VELDE, WHO WORKED IN GERMANY. IN THE WORK OF THE SPANISH ARCHITECT A. GAUDI (1852-1924), EVEN SUPPORTING STRUCTURES HAVE THE SILHOUETTE OF “FLOWING LINES.” CITY MANSIONS AND COUNTRY VILLAS WERE BUILT IN THE MODERN STYLE.
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FUNCTIONALISM
49 DIRECTION IN ARCHITECTURE OF THE XX CENTURY, APPROVING THE SUPREMEDIATION OF PRACTICAL FUNCTIONS, VITAL HUMAN NEEDS IN DETERMINING THE PLANS AND FORMS OF STRUCTURES. AT THE BAUHAUS-ART AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL OF WEIMAR, WHICH WAS FOUNDED BY THE ARCHITECT V. GROPIUS, A NEW TREND IN ARCHITECTURE IS BORN - FUNCTIONALISM, PROCLOSING THE IDEA OF THE SYNTHESIS OF ART AND TECHNOLOGY THE BASIC BASIS OF MODERN FORM FORMATION. FUNCTIONALISM REQUIRED STRICT COMPLIANCE OF BUILDINGS WITH THE PRODUCTION AND DOMESTIC PROCESSES OCCURRING IN THEM.
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CONCLUSION
50 SO YOU SHOULD ALREADY UNDERSTAND THAT THE FUNCTIONAL, CONSTRUCTIVE AND AESTHETIC FEATURES OF ARCHITECTURE HAVE CHANGED DURING THE HISTORICAL PROCESS AND ARE EMBODIED IN ARCHITECTURAL STYLES. HISTORY SHOWS US A CONSTANTLY DEVELOPING, CHANGING ARCHITECTURE IN THE PROCESS OF THE FIGHT OF THE NEW WITH THE OLD, CHANGES IN THE GENERAL ARTISTIC STYLE WITH THE NATIONAL IDENTITY OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF EACH COUNTRY. HOWEVER, IN EACH PERIOD THERE WERE STABLE SIGNS THAT DETERMINED THE STYLE. A STYLE REFLECTING A CERTAIN ERA DIES WITH IT AND CANNOT BE COMPLETELY RESTORED.
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Architecture – the stone chronicle of the world
Classicism (exemplary) artistic style and aesthetic direction in European art of the 17th-19th centuries.
Parthenon
Parthenon
Triumphal Arch of Constantine
The main feature of classicism architecture is the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, and rigor.
Classicism architecture - Clarity of volumetric form - Symmetrical axial compositions. restraint of decoration
2. Romanesque style
Romanesque (Roman) artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 9th-12th centuries. It became one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.
Cathedral of Notre-Dame la Grande, Poitiers
Notre-Dame la Grande. West wing
Royal Alcazar Palace
"More classically" this style will spread in the art of Germany and France. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and chivalry, and churches, monasteries, and castles became the leading types of buildings.
Norman fortress, X-XI centuries. France
A combination of clear architectural silhouette and conciseness exterior finishing- the building always fit harmoniously into the surrounding nature. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. Such walls had a defensive purpose. -The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. It is typical for Romanesque buildings
3. Gothic style
Gothic is the only style that created a completely unique system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. 12-15th century
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
Characteristics The Gothic style is characteristic of the Gothic style: the verticality of the composition, pointed arches, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault.
View of Notre Dame from the Ile Saint-Louis
Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France
4. Baroque
Contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for the combination of reality and illusion - for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque are characteristic
The Baroque style appeared in the 16th-17th centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Venice, Florence. Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of Baroque (“prone to excess”)
Catherine Palace
Tsarskoye Selo
active use of sculptural and architectural and decorative motifs; - creating a rich play of chiaroscuro and color contrasts
Church building of the Grand Palace
Rococo (crushed stone, decorative shell, shell) 18th century.
Interiors of the Winter Palace
Malachite Hall
Jordan staircase
Rococo features - decorative shell, fragments of stones, shell-ornament, decoration in the form of a joint natural stones with shells and plant leaves. - smooth curved stems, whimsical lines of the ornament fit into all the details of the interior, forming a single decorative background.
Field Marshal's Hall
St. George's Hall
Empire (“imperial style”) The Empire style is the final stage of classicism, which arose in the second half of the 19th century.
Arch of the General Staff
The Empire style is characterized by the presence of columns, pilasters, molded cornices and other classical elements, as well as motifs that reproduce almost unchanged ancient examples of sculpture, such as griffins, sphinxes, and lion paws. These elements are arranged in an orderly manner in the Empire style, maintaining balance and symmetry.
Palace Square
The main decorative motifs of the Empire style were precisely the attributes of Roman military history: massive porticos decorated with bas-reliefs, legionary badges with eagles, lions, bundles of spears, shields.
Art Nouveau (modern) Artistic direction in art in the 2nd half of the 19th century - the present 20th century.
Ryabushinsky's mansion
Distinctive features - Refusal of straight lines and angles - Interest in new technologies - Great attention was paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed.
Casa Batlló (1906, architect Antoni Gaudi)
8. High-tech
Guggenheim Museum
Hi-tech (high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s.
Main Features -Usage high technology in the design, construction and engineering of buildings and structures. -Use of straight lines and shapes.
Widespread use of silver metallic color. -Wide application of glass, plastic, metal. -Use of functional elements: elevators, stairs, ventilation systems.
Guggenheim Museum (project)
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CONTENTS ROCOCO EMPIRE ARCHETECTURE BAROQUE REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) GOTHIC ROMAN STYLE FOR CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE PHOTO OF THE EMPIRE ARCHETECTURE PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE PHOTO OF THE RENAISSANCE STYLE PHOTO OF THE GOTHIC STYLE PHOTO “ROM” AN'S STYLE" EXIT
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ROCOCO Rococo is a style of art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. He was distinguished by his grace, lightness, and intimate and flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous Baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the Baroque style by the desire for completeness of forms, but if Baroque gravitates toward monumental solemnity, Rococo prefers grace and lightness. More dark colors and the lush, heavy gilding of Baroque decor gives way to light colors- pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo has a mainly ornamental orientation; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: “baroque” and “rocaille” (an ornamental motif, intricate decorative finishing pebbles and shells of grottoes and fountains). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and he received further development in the work of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most prominent representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although his work was dominated by reliefs and statues intended for decorating interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta. By the way, Falconet himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (The factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in decorative decoration interiors. The most complex asymmetrical carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of the interior decoration contrasted with the relatively austere appearance of the buildings, for example, the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Originating in France, the Rococo style quickly spread to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad and the publication of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo reached its greatest flowering in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed traditional Baroque elements. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures and the solemnity of the Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and pictorial characteristics of Rococo. interior decoration, creating the impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. A supporter of Rococo in Italy, the architect Tiepolo, contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, furniture inlay and the production of silverware, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic style of painting are fully consistent with the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE
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Empire Architecture The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. Main Feature of this style– a combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. Ampir. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Important elements Porticoes become decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. Ampir. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was characterized by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The memorial Column Vendôme (Column of the Grande Armée), erected by Leper and Gondoin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. Empire style. did not develop for long, it was replaced by the time of eclecticism. CONTENTS PHOTO OF AMPERA ARCHITECTURE
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CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th and early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal example. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually there are two periods in the development of culture. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of a reasonable pattern of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals. K. architecture is characterized by rigor of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometric interiors, softness of colors and laconicism of external and interior decoration structures. Unlike Baroque buildings, K.'s masters never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture the so-called regular style, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.) CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE STYLE “CLASSICISM”
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BAROQUE A style in art that developed in European countries in the 16th-17th centuries (in some countries - until the middle of the 18th century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin. If during the Renaissance art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts about the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art has become reflection inner world person, revealing his feelings and experiences. This is how the main features of B. were determined - dramatic pathos, a tendency towards sharp contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency towards pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. The buildings were necessarily decorated with fancy facades, the shape of which was hidden behind the decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired a variety of forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, modeling, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and paintings expanded the true dimensions of the rooms, and colorful lampshades created the illusion of no roof. B.'s architects paid attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of the ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked by squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, and elliptical surfaces appear. PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the 15th century. In Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French revival) based on the ideologies of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word took shape for the first time, as opposed to the dependence of the medieval architect on the mason guild. There are early and high R.; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which introduced proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience into the appearance of the building. The first architect of R. was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446). His work most clearly reflected the main achievements of this era. He was the first to create a palace (palazzo), which formed the basis for all subsequent architecture, including ours. The main achievement of the Renaissance palace is the final design of the floor as a horizontal spatial layer intended for human life and activity. The wall is interpreted for the first time in the modern sense of the word, i.e. as a geometrically correct partition of constant thickness between the internal architectural space and the space outside the building. The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the façade as the face of the building; those. the outside expresses the interior architectural space. High R. is associated in architecture with the name of Bramante (1444-1514). His Tempietto, of all R.'s buildings, is closer to ancient architecture in its organic fullness of forms and harmonious completeness, based on the golden section of proportions. The main achievement of R. architecture is the humanization of the proportions of buildings. PHOTO OF THE REVIVAL STYLE CONTENTS
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GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture became the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose. PHOTO OF THE “GOTHIC” STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially durable and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch. PHOTO OF THE “ROMAN STYLE” CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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CONTENTS STYLE "ECLECTIC" STYLE "HIGH-TECH" STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" STYLE "ORGANIC" STYLE "NEOCLASSICISM" STYLE "MODERN" TO CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE STYLE "ECLECTIC" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "HIGH-TECH" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "OR" GANIKA" PHOTO OF THE STYLE “NEOCASSICISM” PHOTO OF THE STYLE “MODERN” AUTHOR EXIT
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Eclecticism Eclecticism is not a separate architectural style. This is a combination of several, earlier styles of architecture, from which only some elements are taken, with their subsequent harmonization due to texture and color. Eclecticism has become a completely natural phenomenon in some countries. After all, the Empire style, so beloved by some monarchs and in which entire cities were built, caused quite understandable protest, which is not surprising. After all, the Empire style is a ceremonial style. Cities built in this style were faceless, without their own unique architectural monuments. N.V. Gogol, who, by the way, had a very good understanding of architecture, harshly criticized the Empire style. All the houses built in this style resembled, in his words, barns, or barracks, and were so similar to each other that they merged into one solid wall. In eclecticism, the style and shape of buildings were almost directly determined by its practical function. For example, the style of K.A. Tona was recognized as official for the construction of temples, but was almost never used in the design of private mansions. In addition, the main difference from the Empire style, which dictated the conditions for the construction of a building of any type, eclecticism offered a choice. That is, the final appearance of the building was dictated by the chosen styles, its functional purpose, as well as the desire of the customer. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ECLECTIC” STYLE
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High Tech in Architecture Technical progress in the 70s of the 20th century began to have a fairly significant impact on architecture. He personified the entry into the age of high technology. Although high-tech resulted in a separate architectural style, it differed from them only in the methods of architectural design and materials used. Constructivism was distinguished by the use of structures based on glass and reinforced concrete. And high-tech uses various combinations of metal and glass, suggesting the use of engineering and technical structures of a building for decorative purposes. The use of different colors for painting pipelines and ventilation shafts allows them to look like structural and decorative elements of the building, which complement it functionally and aesthetically. By the 90s of the 20th century, one of the directions became dominant. There is a very noticeable departure from the complex compositions characteristic of the high-tech style of the 70s. One of the most striking examples of a high-tech composition is the building that now houses the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg). CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF “HI-TECH” STYLE
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Functionalism At the beginning of the 20th century, the architectural style of functionalism began to develop rapidly. Architects who designed in this genre used the thesis “form must correspond to purpose.” It was considered tasteless to install any decorations if they had no practical use. A significant contribution to the development of functionalism was made by Charles Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier. He formed five basic principles for designing buildings in the functionalist style. In addition, he found various functional and aesthetic solutions that have been widely used in building design for several decades. And some of his solutions are still used today when designing buildings in the functionalist style. In addition, some of the principles of functionalism could be used in almost any country, adapting them to national characteristics. So, for example, in England the city center was built up with multi-storey buildings, and cottages were preserved on the outskirts, while in Berlin and Paris they preferred to build multi-storey buildings on the outskirts of these cities. Several other architectural movements developed in parallel with functionalism, but they did not have any significant impact on the development of architecture as a whole. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE “FUNCTIONALISM”
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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, causes confusion. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building typically consists of finished blocks, a building designed based on organic architecture consists of many different blocks that are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies a rejection of strict geometric shapes. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building everything is subordinated to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which can be guessed at first glance. If you want to understand the difference between organic architecture and any other, just compare conventional multi-story building and, suppose, the hobbit hut in the film “The Lord of the Rings,” although only the external design is used there. The ideas of organic architecture have found extraordinary popularity recently. Partly due to the presence of new construction materials, allowing you to create the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the feeling of unity with nature that such a building gives. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF “ORGANIC” STYLE
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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some “eternal” values, contrasting them with an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they came to quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. Thus, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon in Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Ange Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. In accordance with these ideas, houses and private estates were built. Neoclassicism was practically not used for public buildings. The most famous English architects of the neoclassical style were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. The ideas of neoclassicism influenced various countries for a long time, such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE “NEOCASSICISM”
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Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings at the beginning of the 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality, and the Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and fit so organically into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if nature created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features Art Nouveau style is the patterned cladding of building facades, the use of stained glass, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. For windows and doorways characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. In the Art Nouveau style, dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are built and decorated. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE
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WORK COMPLETED BY: STUDENT OF MOUGYMNASIUM No. 2 Orekhov Kirill Slideshow on the topic “architecture styles” EXIT TO THE VERY BEGINNING TO CHAPTER I TO CHAPTER II
Development of a lesson "Architecture Styles" for 8th grade on MHC.
The purpose of the lesson: to systematize and clarify students’ knowledge about styles in architecture.
The material contains a complete lesson outline, which allows you to consolidate knowledge about architectural styles in the context of cultural and historical periods. The presentation for the lesson is quite complete and has a textual content of the topic. The presentation is divided into 4 parts. After downloading, the parts need to be connected. This is done in order not to compress the drawings, as this degrades their quality.
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Subject : Architecture styles.
The purpose of the lesson: systematize and clarify students’ knowledge about styles in architecture.
Tasks:
- To consolidate knowledge about architectural styles in the context of cultural and historical periods.
- Develop an interest in architecture as the basis of all arts.
- Develop skills to work with information.
Equipment: multimedia projector, screen, computer.
TsOR: presentations “Architectural styles”.
Slide captions:
Architectural styles
Contents 1. Unity of functional content and artistic image 2. The birth of architectural styles and their successive changes in the history of mankind 2.1 Canonical style of Ancient Egypt 2.2 Classical style of architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome 2.3 Romanesque style of Western European architecture of the Middle Ages 2.4 Gothic style of architecture 2.5 Architectural style of the Renaissance 2.6 Baroque style 2.7 Rococo style 2.7 Classicism style in architecture 2.8 Empire style as the style of Napoleon’s empire 2.9 Eclecticism 2.10 Art Nouveau style - a qualitatively new stage in the development of architecture 2.11 Architectural constructivism
Construction is one of the most ancient types of human activity, which means that many millennia ago the foundations for all further development of architecture were laid.
Arriving in any city, we see palaces, town halls, private cottages built in a wide variety of architectural styles. And it is by these styles that we determine the era of their construction, the socio-economic level of the country, the morals, traditions and customs of a particular people, its culture, history, national and spiritual heredity, even the temperaments and characters of the people of this country.
Architectural style is the unity of content and artistic image. Architecture is an art inseparable from Everyday life person. It serves our everyday needs and various social needs. And at the same time it gives us joy, creates a mood, affects people’s feelings.
Architecture is one of the most comprehensive areas of human activity, dealing with the organization of space and solving any spatial problems.
According to the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, architecture is based on three principles: lat. firmitas - strength lat. utilitas - benefit lat. venustas - beauty - and lies in a certain harmonious relationship to the proportions of the human body.
Ancient Egypt The history of Ancient Egypt spans several millennia - from the end of the 5th millennium BC. e. until the 4th century n. e. Over such a significant period of time, a huge number of magnificent buildings, sculptures, paintings, and decorative arts were created in Ancient Egypt.
The main building material in Egypt is stone. From stone, the Egyptians carved tall, slender blocks of stone in the form of obelisks, which were symbols of the sun - the great Ra, as well as huge pillars and columns. Individual carefully hewn stone blocks were fitted to each other perfectly, dry, without mortar.
The weight of the heavy floor beams was carried by walls, pylons and columns. The Egyptians did not use vaults, although they knew this design. Stone floor slabs were laid on the beams. The supports were very diverse; sometimes these are monolithic stone pillars of a simple square section, in other cases - columns consisting of a base, a trunk and a capital. Simple trunks had a square cross-section, more complex ones were polyhedrons and often depicted bundles of papyrus stems, sometimes having flutes (vertical grooves).
Egyptian architecture was characterized by the peculiar shape of the capitals, depicting a papyrus flower, lotus or palm leaves.
In some cases, the image of the head of the fertility goddess Hathor was carved onto the capitals
Ancient Egyptian temple. Section
Ancient art Masterpieces created by talented masters of the ancient world inspired poets, composers, playwrights and artists from all over Europe for several centuries, and today continue to give us artistic pleasure and serve as a norm and an unattainable example. Artistic heritage Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome - architecture, sculpture, painting, decorative and applied arts and jewelry - amazes with its richness and diversity. It clearly expressed the aesthetic ideas, moral ideals and tastes characteristic of the ancient civilization that ended its centuries-old history ancient world. The creators of ancient culture were the ancient Greeks.
Archaic period - up to V AD On the ruins of Mycenaean cities destroyed by the Doric conquering tribes, arose new culture. .The palaces and fortresses were replaced by numerous temple buildings. To the beautiful statues of the Olympian gods, more majestic and luxury homes than the old primitive idols. Secular construction receded into the background. During this period, a planning scheme was formed, which formed the basis for the subsequent architecture of Greek temples, which is characterized by surrounding the main volume of the temple with a colonnade.
The Doric order is associated with a masculine, heavy style (“masculine”). A strict and powerful Doric column, standing directly on a platform, without any lining, can be compared to the torso of an athlete holding a great weight on his head. From top to bottom, the column is hewn with vertical grooves - flutes. In the light of the sun, they create a play of light and shadow, thereby enlivening the stone trunk. To emphasize the upward direction of the column itself and the entire building, the top of the trunk is narrower than the base. It seems to be pulled together at the very top with horizontal grooves. Olympia, ruins of the Temple of Hera
Ionic order - associated with a soft and pampered style (“feminine”) The Ionic column was born in the Greek cities of the Asia Minor coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The pomp and luxury of the East had their influence on her. The column itself became slimmer, the flutes were deeper, it had a round base - the base, and the echin (a flattened pillow at the top of the column) received spiral curls at the edges. Temple of Nike Apteros (443-420, architect Kallikrates)
Corinthian order - appeared in the 5th century BC. the proportions were likened to a girl’s body (“maiden”) Represents a variant of the Ionic order, more saturated with decor. It is distinguished by a bell-shaped capital covered with stylized acanthus leaves. Ruins of the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. Started in 175-164 BC. e., completed in 129-132 AD. e.
Orders: 1 - Doric 2 - Ionic 3 - Corythian
Middle Ages The Romanesque style (from Latin romanus - Roman) developed in Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries. This artistic style is one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. Bamberg Cathedral
The Romanesque style is characterized by a desire for complete integrity, rigor and simplicity, and the absence of decoration and ornament. Its characteristic element is the arched shape of the door and window openings. The outlines are dominated by vertical and horizontal lines. The complex structure looks crisp and clear in appearance. Stone temples created simple volumes and forms. Chapel of Penitents, France
Thus, Romanesque buildings are characterized by: a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building always carefully fit into the surrounding nature; massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals; the presence of a stone vault; thick walls cut through by small windows; the predominance of horizontal divisions over vertical ones circular and semicircular arches.
Gothic Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which replaced Romanesque style, gradually displacing it. Gothic style originated in the 12th century in northern France. Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France
Gothic is characterized by: arches with a pointed top, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details and multi-color stained glass lancet windows, all elements of the style emphasize the vertical. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France
The architects of the Renaissance, in accordance with the humanistic worldview of their era, created a new style - the Renaissance, in which they used the heritage of ancient art and Greek architectural orders. they were used more freely, with deviations from ancient canons, in other proportions and sizes, in combination with other architectural elements. Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
Particular importance is attached to symmetry, proportion, geometry and order components, as is clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, and niches. Saint Paul's Cathedral. Rome
Baroque Baroque (Italian barocco - “strange”) is a style of European art and architecture of the 17th-18th centuries. It is born in Italy and spreads to most European countries, acquiring its own special national characteristics in each. Church of Saint Susanna in Rome
If buildings in the Renaissance style were strict in form, with clear straight lines, then buildings in the Baroque style, which replaced the Renaissance, are distinguished by an abundance of curvilinear forms. Zwinger Peppelmann, Permoser, beginning. XVIII century Germany, Dresden
There are almost no straight lines. Architectural forms bend, pile on top of one another and intertwine with the sculpture. This creates the impression of constant mobility of forms.
Rococo (1715 - XVIII century) Rococo style (French rococo, rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell) - replete with fancy decorations, curvilinear lines, curls, like the powdered wig of a noble lady or her gentleman / Pavilion "Skate slide" Rinaldi 1762-1774. Orannienbaum
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Empire Empire (from the French empire - empire) is a style in architecture and art (mainly decorative) of the first three decades of the 19th century, completing the evolution of classicism. Kazan Cathedral
The Empire style developed in the depths of classicism, in which the search for elegant simplicity of forms and decor is gradually replaced by the desire for their utmost lapidary and monumental expressiveness. Triumphal Gate
Eclecticism Eclecticism (eclecticism, historicism) in architecture is a direction in architecture that dominated in Europe and Russia in the 1830s-1890s. Eclecticism is inherent in the features of European architecture of the 15th-18th centuries. Eclecticism retains the architectural order, but in it it has lost its exclusivity. Private house-palace of the Beloselsky-Belozerskys in St. Petersburg
Various architecture of historical stylizations, common since the middle. XIX to the end of the XX century, is known as the architecture of the “historic period”. Stylizations at the customer's choice for classics, renaissance, baroque, rococo, gothic, etc., as well as for national styles
Modern Modern (from the French moderne - modern) is one of the architectural styles, more popular in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Its distinctive features are: rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, interest in new technologies in the construction of buildings.
Modern architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create buildings that are both aesthetically beautiful and functional. Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed.
Constructivism Constructivism is a Soviet avant-garde style, a direction that developed in 1920 - early. 1930s.
The functional method is a theoretical concept of constructivism, based on a scientific analysis of the functioning features of buildings, structures, and urban planning complexes. Each function corresponds to the most rational space-planning structure (form corresponds to function)
Conclusion: Architectural style is a set of main features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (techniques for constructing plans and volumes of building compositions, building materials and structures, shapes and decoration of facades, decorative design interiors; is included in the general concept of style as an artistic worldview, covering all aspects of art and culture of society in certain conditions of its social and economic development; a set of main ideological and artistic features of the master’s work.