Oktyabrsky settlement
« medicinal plants native land"
Research work.
Vova Rozhentsev - 4th grade student
Bokhan Zinaida Aleksandrovna - primary school teacher
2010 - 2011
Study plan .
1. Introduction.
2. Information about medicinal plants.
2.1.History of the use of medicinal plants.
2.2 Proper collection of plants.
2.3. Herbarium.
3. Medicinal plants of our region.
4. Making a collection:
Collection of plants;
Decor.
5. Conclusion.
Purpose of the study:
To get acquainted with the variety of medicinal plants of the native land.
Research objectives:
Find out the features of the external structure, the beneficial properties of medicinal plants;
Learn to recognize plants in herbarium samples, photographs;
Make a conclusion on the work done.
Introduction.
I live in the countryside. Around our village Beautiful places. I like being in a pine forest. It is so clean, it seems that someone is doing the cleaning there. There are many mushrooms and berries in this forest. And there is white moss-lichen in the forest, it grows right on the ground, which makes it seem that someone has spilled milk. My grandmother jokes: "These are forest men." There is also a moss swamp near our village. It grows a completely different moss, not the same as in a pine forest, it is always wet.
Our village stands on the banks of the Ob River and beyond the river meadows are visible, cattle graze on them, and grass is cut there for hay. Every summer I go to the mowing with my relatives. There I noticed that in flood meadows near large rivers, only grasses grow: clover, mouse peas, timothy, horsetail, sedge. Very rarely you will find bushes in the meadow, and there are no trees at all. Mom picked some herbs. They smelled good. She explained that these herbs are healing, help from various diseases. They should be properly dried and preserved. So I first heard that there are medicinal plants. It's time, I went to school. Often with the whole class we go on excursions to the forest, on hikes, on walks. Once upon a lesson The world» The teacher said that we are going on a tour, we need to take a notebook and a pen, we will write down and draw plants. And you don't have to go far for that. Plants grow right on the porch of our school. They were right under our feet. We walk on them, cars pass by, and they grow as if nothing had happened.
How many are here, around us, different plants! Many of them are very helpful. They are called medicinal: for example, plantain, dandelion, knotweed. The teacher offered to look through the "School Atlas-determinant of higher plants." It contains colorful drawings by which you can determine the type of plant and their description. I wanted to know as much as possible about them. My grandmother, a great lover of nature, knows many plants that are medicinal. She uses many of them in the treatment of various diseases. I myself drank various herbal infusions prepared by her more than once when I was ill with colds. That's how I decided to investigate the problem associated with medicinal plants of our region in my work. It is difficult to meet a person who would not have seen and did not know medicinal plants, for example, plantain, dandelion, but they know little about what diseases they help. the result of my research work will be a collected collection of medicinal herbs of our region.
I started my work with the theoretical part, reading the popular science and fiction about medicinal plants. First I got acquainted with the history of their use in ancient times.
History of the use of medicinal plants.
"Medicine is the art of imitating the healing effects of nature"
Hippocrates.
Medicinal plants have been used in medicinal purposes from ancient times. For thousands of years, herbs have served man. On the own experience primitive people comprehended their healing knowledge from generation to generation. Since ancient times, healing has been a sacrament, so healers chose their students very meticulously. The collection, manufacture of medicines and treatment were accompanied by magical techniques and spells. Already an outstanding ancient Greek physician and thinker Hippocrates described 236 plants that were used in medicine of that time. Among them are henbane, elderberry, mint, almonds and others.
Hippocrates believed that the juices of medicinal plants optimally combined biologically active, organic and mineral substances that miraculously affect the human body. Therefore, he recommended the use of plants in the form in which nature created them. In Russia, herbal treatment is known and popular. Since ancient times, even kings and princes were interested in the cultivation and use of medicinal plants. At the beginning of the 17th century, under Alexei Mikhailovich, the Pharmaceutical Order was created, which supplied the court and the army with herbs.
Peter I ordered the creation of pharmaceutical schools and vegetable gardens - the first plantations of medicinal plants in Russia.
Much has changed since then, but interest in healing herbs has not faded away - on the contrary, now it is especially great. In our time, people are increasingly resorting to the help of phototherapy - evidence-based treatment with medicinal plants, and folk remedies. Juices, decoctions, infusions taken orally, external lotions and rinses help the sick body cope with many ailments, get rid of suffering. Medicines from the forest pharmacy will speed up wound healing, stop bleeding, heal a sick heart, restore lost appetite, improve digestion, heal stomach ulcers, and increase the tone of life. Sometimes they help in cases where even medicine is powerless.
Collection of medicinal plants.
After getting acquainted with the history of the use of medicinal plants, I decided to get acquainted with the correct collection of plants, as they are an important raw material for many medical preparations. In order for the drug to have the best effect on the body, it is very important to collect the plants at certain times, properly dry them and store them.
It is necessary to collect grass, leaves, flowers only in dry weather, it is better in the morning, as soon as the dew subsides. If you collect raw plants affected by fungi, eaten by insects, they will deteriorate. In tall plants, only flowering tops are cut off, no longer than 20-40 cm, or flowering branches are broken off. Collect only blooming flowers, wilted should not be taken.
So , roots dug in the fall after the leaves fall or in early spring, cleaned with cold water.
Aboveground part plants containing volatile aromatic substances are harvested in early summer, when the leaves have fully blossomed and the buds have started.
Green leaves and grass can be harvested all summer, but better in spring.
flowers tear fully blossomed and only in clear weather.
Fruits and seeds- only mature.
The collected plants are dried in a well-ventilated room, and especially succulent ones - in a slightly heated oven or a special dryer at a temperature of 40 - 50 degrees. It is better to store dried plants in glassware.
In the course of my work, I learned that the plants, collected according to a certain plan, carefully dried and provided with labels, are called herbarium.
Herbarium.
"The flower is withered, earless,
Forgotten in the book I see;
And now a strange dream
My soul is filled with
Where did it bloom? When? What spring?
And how long did it bloom? And torn off by someone ... "
A. S. Pushkin.
Herbarium is collected to study the external appearance of the plant; to compare samples found in different areas; find out what grew in any locality in the past; change in flora.
Since ancient times, travelers have sought to bring plants unknown in their homeland from distant countries. But was it easy to deliver the plant when it took months, and sometimes years of a hard journey to get home? Even then, they began to dry the found samples of flora in order to preserve them for a long time. Collections of dried plants began to be called "herbarium". The word "herbarium" appeared in the Middle Ages in Europe and then meant books about plants, their useful properties(in Russia they were called herbalists).
The oldest herbarium was collected at the beginning of the 16th century and is still kept in Rome. At the same time, a collection of dried medicinal plants was created, which were pasted on paper and bound into large format volumes. In Russia, the first scientific herbarium appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, during the reign of Peter I.
Medicinal plants of our region.
The next step in my research was getting to know the plants of our region. The flora of our region is rich and diverse! You will leave the outskirts of the village, plunge into the green thicket of the forest, breathe in the aroma of meadows and fields, and the feeling of love for your land becomes even stronger. You will feel the beauty of Siberian nature even more strongly. More than 40 species of medicinal plants grow in the vastness of our region. According to their therapeutic use, they are divided into a number of groups. For example, motherwort has an effect on the cardiovascular system, wild rosemary- as an expectorant; burnet, sphagnum moss- hemostatic agents; chamomile, cumin, plantain, St. John's wort- with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; wild rose, mountain ash, currant, lingonberry, cranberry- Valuable vitamins.
Collection making.
After I read the necessary literature, I moved on to the practical part. Before starting the production of the collection, we began to collect the plants we needed. The work was carried out under the guidance of a teacher. It took a lot of time, as the plants began to grow, bloom, bear fruit in different time. We collected them in the vicinity of the village: in the forest, on the banks of the Ob River, near human habitation, in glades.
During the collection, I always photographed the plant I needed, made sketches and notes.
Arriving home, he transferred the sketches to the album sheet.
Lily of the valley Rosemary. Rose hip.
Then he proceeded to prepare the materials for storage. Plants were dug up with roots, carefully removing the earth from them, and placed between sheets of paper, while carefully spreading the leaves, flowers, stems. Sheets with samples were alternated with blank ones. large plants cut into pieces and dried separately. Branches with flowers were cut from trees and shrubs.
While the copies were drying, he put things in order in his notes. Together with the teacher, he indicated the correct name of the plants, described the appearance; for example, what was the color of the petals of the corolla of a flower, since after drying the color changes. They indicated when, by whom, where the plant was cut, how it is used in scientific and folk medicine.
But now the plants have dried up, and I started to design my collection. I chose a white A4 sheet as a background for all copies. I placed the dried plants on the sheets and glued them.
On the next sheet, I wrote down all the data about this plant, relying on the scientific literature and my own observations, pasted a photograph. On the 3rd sheet, a drawing made with colored pencils. I put all the sheets in perforated inserts and put them in one folder.
Conclusion.
Many wild medicinal plants have not yet been studied, and therefore their beneficial properties and qualities for humans have not been known. Scientific research carried out by scientists will allow in the future to introduce new plants into the culture, which today can only be found as wild plants. The forest pantry of health is open to all. However, it is necessary to handle its diverse gifts with care. Indeed, among the plants that are harmless and attractive in appearance, there are many poisonous ones, although they are healing when used correctly. They need to be well known to avoid poisoning. The most dangerous in this respect henbane, wolf's bast, milestone poisonous. Procurement of medicinal raw materials is still produced in small sizes.
But man, invading deeper and deeper into natural processes, sometimes causes irreversible changes. As a result of human activity, the habitats of medicinal plants and they themselves are being destroyed. Therefore, the protection of nature should now become a national task. I would like to believe that people will come to their senses and will live in harmony with nature, without harming it. And then there will be no Red Books!
Conclusion.
But now the work is done. The most important result of all the work done is the collection made by me under the guidance of senior mentors. During the study, I learned to observe; ask questions about the topic of work; identify the problem. I got great pleasure from my work. It is valuable that knowledge and skills were obtained as a result of one's own labor. I shared my experience in organizing research work with my comrades. The collection is in our classroom and anyone can get acquainted with it.
I enclose some types of specimens from my collection.
Wormwood.
Description appearance.
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perennial herbaceous plant with a thick branched stem. Stem erect, up to 120 cm high, thick, branched. The leaves are alternate, the flowers are small, yellow, tubular, collected in almost spherical baskets, forming a paniculate inflorescence at the top of the stem. The fruits are small brown oblong achenes. It grows like a weed in pastures, wastelands, along roads, near housing. It is called differently - not sick, bylnik. As a weed, it is distributed almost throughout the country. The grass has a peculiar smell and a bitter taste. Collect it until the end of summer, and the roots in the fall.
And
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tarn enhances the activity of the digestive organs, stimulates and improves appetite, so it has long been prescribed for sluggish digestion and decreased appetite. In medicine, it is used as a sedative. The drugs are prescribed for insomnia and neuralgia, as well as bronchial asthma and diabetes, hypertension. Wormwood roots are used for epilepsy, convulsions, convulsions, disorders of the nervous system. For kidney and bladder stones, wormwood is used in a mixture with bearberry leaves, horsetail grass and carrot and dill seeds. Externally used in the form of infusions for inflammation of the mucous membrane, for the treatment of wounds and ulcers.
Our observations.
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Stag blossoms in June-August, bears fruit in September-October. It grows like a weed in pastures, wastelands, along roads, near housing. In early spring, a plant growth appears, and flowering begins in mid-July, and at the same time the wormwood was plucked and dried for a herbarium.
Bitter grass And fragrant itself,
And the stomach is corrected, And it sweeps quickly.
Chickweed.
Description of appearance.
H 
our delicate flowers Suddenly, among insects
The petals are unfolding. There was a commotion:
The breeze breathes a little, Pushed back the family of asterisks
The petals sway. Giant thistle.
In the damp forest lower reaches, among the shady thickets and in the bushy meadow, these herbs are sure to be found. White five-petal corollas on thin, low stems, green small leaves resemble stars. Hence the name - starfish. In the people it is called wood lice. There are more than 50 types of them.
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asthenia is used for bleeding, hemorrhoids, vitamin deficiency, heart disease and hernias. Steamed grass is applied to sore joints, to pain points with radiculitis, rheumatism. The juice of the plant is washed with inflamed eyes. A decoction of the herb is used for aching bones and coughing. Woodlice are used for diseases of the liver and lungs, with endemic goiter and hemorrhoids. External baths from a strong decoction of the herb of wood lice are taken with swelling of the legs; general baths, lotions, compresses are done for various skin diseases, acne, rashes, wounds and ulcers. The whole fresh plant without roots is used for food, salads are prepared.
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asthenia is added to borscht, vinaigrettes. Woodlouse is considered both a medicinal plant and a honey plant. There are also simply annoying weeds, shamelessly squandering in the fields and in the garden.
Starworm is distributed throughout the country.
Cowberry.
Description of appearance.
Gathered berries Two berries in the mouth.
And we kept count of the many berries in the forest!
Berry - in a mug, I'll take them to my mother ...
In the autumn, crimson tassels burn on a moss carpet in the forest. This is lingonberry. Sometimes it's red all around. Cowberry is a small shrub, from 7 to 25 cm high. The leaves are leathery, curved at the edges, shiny, the size of a fingernail. At the top of the branches are located in early June, pale pink flowers, collected in small clusters. The berries ripen in the second half of summer, on an August day, with insufficient heat even in September. The area of growth is quite large.
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lingonberry preparations act astringent, disinfectant and choleretic. Cowberry leaves and berries contain many useful substances and are used in folk medicine for gastritis, diabetes, gout, and rheumatism. An infusion of the leaves is drunk for inflammation of the kidneys and bladder. Cowberry berries are a valuable dietary product and remedy. Assign inside with sugar or honey, as well as dried or soaked. dried berries are part of vitamin teas. Soaked, crushed and boiled lingonberries are served with various dishes with stews and food. Fruit drinks, jelly are good from lingonberries, they are also added when sauerkraut is sauerkraut.
Our observations.
Cowberry bears fruit abundantly in coniferous and coniferous-deciduous forests. The observation of the plant was carried out outside the village. For medical purposes, lingonberry leaves are used, which are harvested in the spring after the snow melts and before flowering. The shrub blooms at the end of June, and by mid-July, collective flowering begins. At this time, the plant was plucked and dried for a herbarium. But then the flowering passed, and the fruits appeared, at first green, sour. By the end of August, the fruits ripen and become red - burgundy, juicy.
Valerian.
O 
appearance writing.
"Cat grass" - sick amendment:
Spine in the first aid kit to help the heart.
The most widely represented and great importance valerian pharmacy. it perennial has a vertical short rhizome, from which numerous thin roots depart. The root has a bitter taste that causes a burning sensation in the mouth. The stem is straight, full, furrowed. The flowers are white or white-pink, small, collected at the top of the stem in a lush panicle. The smell is strong, peculiar. The taste is bitter-sweet.
And 
use in scientific and folk medicine.
Valerian rhizomes contain essential oil, esters of acetic, formic and butyric acids, sugar. Valerian preparations are used as a sedative for nervous excitement, insomnia, they relieve spasms of smooth muscle organs, dilate blood vessels in case of neurosis, angina pectoris, palpitations, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Valerian preparations increase blood clotting. Prolonged use of high doses causes headaches, anxiety and disrupts the function of the gastrointestinal tract. The use of valerian should be under the supervision of a physician.
in 
For medicinal purposes, various preparations of valerian are used: water infusion, alcohol tincture, in the form of tablets, coated with a hard shell. The plant was plucked on July 5, 2010.
Our observations.
The roots of plants are dug up in the fall, when the aerial part turns brown and dried in the open air beforehand. The smell is strong, peculiar. The taste is sweet-bitter, spicy. Valerian blooms from mid-June to mid-August. The plant is found on wet and waterlogged soils: in damp meadows, in river valleys.
Kalina.
O 
appearance writing.
As if snowball white, and when the time has come,
In the spring she bloomed, she became at once
A gentle smell exuded, All of the berries are red.
Kalina is one of the most beloved berries from Siberians. About 80 species of viburnum are found in our country. It is a shrub up to 4 meters tall with grayish-brown bark. The flowers are white, located at the ends of the branches. From time immemorial, viburnum has regularly served a person - it gave food and medicine, and was used in everyday life. Fruit juice with honey is drunk at elevated blood pressure, it is also used as a prophylactic, prevents the appearance of a malignant tumor. Kalina helps with colds of the upper respiratory tract, including coughing, hoarseness and bronchial asthma.
FROM 
Fresh fruits weaken and help with headaches. An infusion of berries is drunk with peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, with pain in the heart, metabolic disorders, with eczema and skin ulcers. Viburnum berries have been studied by pharmacologists who have found that they reduce the heartbeat and are considered a vitamin, tonic and diuretic. In medicine, preparations from the bark of viburnum are used as a good hemostatic agent. An infusion of flowers is drunk for hoarseness and cough, inflammation of the respiratory tract, as well as for cholelithiasis and kidney stones. A decoction of young shoots is used for scrofula in children. An infusion of flowers and fruits is an excellent cosmetic product.
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your observations.
Observation of viburnum was carried out both at the school site and at a private personal plot. Kalina bloomed much later than usual, as it was late spring. The flowering of the shrub was plentiful. The primrose appeared in mid-June, and the berries appeared in mid-July. By mid-August, the fruits have acquired an orange color. During the flowering period, leaves and flowers were taken to the herbarium and dried according to all the rules.
Currant.
O 
appearance writing.
Was green, small,
Then I became scarlet.
I turned black in the sun.
And now I'm ripe.
On a hot summer day, blackcurrants smell fragrant on the bank of the stream. Numerous brushes of black fruits, juicy, fragrant, hang down. The smell is far away. Fishermen, hunters, tourists are drawn to currants. Who will pick berries, who will throw in a wonderful drink - forest tea - a fragrant currant leaf. There are 36 species in our country, but the most valuable is black currant.
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black currant shrub up to 1.5 meters tall, with brownish branches and very fragrant leaves.
Application in scientific and traditional medicine.
Rich chemical composition fruits determines their beneficial effect on the human body in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. In medicine, fresh currant fruits or their juice are taken for beriberi, and also as a tonic after chronic diseases. The people are used in the treatment of hypertension, severe headache, kidney - and urolithiasis, tuberculosis of the lymph glands, anemia and other ailments. Currant berries are widely used for fresh food, they are used to prepare juice, compote, fruit drink, jam, jam, marinades.
H 
your observations.
The observation of the plant was carried out on a private plot of household plots. This bush is cultivated by man. The first leaves on the currant appeared in mid-May. Flowering was plentiful, reached in the last days of June. Fruit picking was carried out in early August, in the period of their full maturity. It grows along the banks of rivers and streams, in wet meadows and on the banks of lakes and oxbow lakes, among willow and viburnum bushes. For the herbarium, the plant was taken on June 25, 2010, in dry, clear, sunny weather.
Horsetail.
O 
appearance writing.
Chamomile grows in the meadow
Buttercup is caustic, clover is porridge!
What else? carnation, resin,
Bluebell, horsetail - like a Christmas tree.
A magnificent sight is the green cover of horsetails in the forest. Their thin, graceful, often drooping or upward directed branches, covered with dew drops, sparkling in the sun with a multi-colored rainbow, are unusually picturesque. Popular names are field pine, pusher. The horsetail has 2 shoots, up to 20 cm high. The rhizomes of the horsetail are horizontal. This plant looks like a ponytail. The old Russian names "horse", "horse", "horse", "horse" also mean "tail".
And 
The grass contains many useful substances and vitamins. It has a hemostatic effect, removes salts, has an astringent, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing effect, is part of a diuretic tea. In case of kidney diseases, the infusion is used together with a liquid extract of the shepherd's purse, in addition, the horsetail preparation is prescribed as a strong diuretic for edema and congestion, especially for patients with heart disease, for lung diseases, pleurisy, gout, rheumatism, kidney - and cholelithiasis. Outwardly, with a decoction of horsetail, wounds and ulcers are washed, and the oral cavity is rinsed in case of inflammatory processes. In dental practice, an infusion of the plant's herb is used, which is used to rinse the mouth with periodontal disease.
H 
your observations.
The plant was observed in a forest clearing near the village. The first shoots appeared in early June. Horsetail grows on sandy slopes, cliffs, shallows. In dry weather from July to September, only summer green branched stems are harvested. There is no smell. The taste is slightly sour. Horsetail is distributed throughout the country in the plains and mountains. The plant was cut on June 30, 2010 at 12 noon, in sunny warm weather.
Marsh marigold.
Description of appearance. 
Flowers disappear on the ground, Revelation of meadow flowers.
This is more noticeable every year. We hardly understood.
Less joy and beauty, we carelessly trampled them
Leaves us every summer. And madly, ruthlessly tore
Marsh marigold is a common perennial plant with a creeping stem and a fibrous stem. The stem is smooth, hollow, slightly branched. The leaves are dark green, heart-shaped. The flowers are bright yellow.
And 
use in folk and scientific medicine.
For cooking medicines the whole plant harvested during the flowering period is used. The marigold, like all buttercups, is poisonous. Taking it orally causes nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and when used externally, it irritates the skin and mucous membranes. However, marigold preparations are used in scientific and folk medicine. Decoctions and infusions are taken orally in case of metabolic disorders, fever, colds, anemia, antitumor. The juice of fresh leaves is used as a wound healing, the leaves are applied to burnt places. Sometimes the infusion is taken as an analgesic and cold remedy. It is impossible to use marigold on its own.
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your observation.
Observation of marigold was carried out in a small swampy area, near the village. The flowering of the plant began in early June, which is much later than usual. This is due to the fact that it was a long spring. Abundant flowering began in the third decade of June and lasted until the beginning of July. The plant was plucked on June 23 at 12 noon. Kaluga is found in wet and swampy forests and meadows, shallow waters and banks of reservoirs.
Tansy.
O 
appearance writing.
Many herbs grow useful
On the land of the native country.
Can cope with illness
Mint, tansy, St. John's wort.
People call tansy wild rowan. This is a perennial plant. The leaves of tansy resemble mountain ash, the stem is lignified with yellow-golden flower baskets. The fruit is an oblong achene. Tansy has a peculiar smell, reminiscent of camphor. The taste is bitter-spicy.
And 
use in scientific and folk medicine.
For medical purposes, tansy flower baskets are used. Tansy preparations have an antiseptic, antispasmodic choleretic effect. Their beneficial effect on the body in acute intestinal diseases, liver disease, gallbladder, in the treatment of lambiosis, hepatitis, and also improves appetite, digestion. Infusions and decoctions of inflorescences have an antihelminthic effect. Dry extract is used for hypertension. In folk medicine, tansy is used for jaundice, as an antipyretic, and for peptic ulcer. In folk phototherapy, tansy is used for cardiovascular and nervous diseases (for headaches, as a sedative and hypnotic, for hysteria, for noise in the head, for epilepsy, dropsy, palpitations.
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your observations.
The plant was observed at the school site. The first leaves appeared in mid-May. Tansy leaves grow quite quickly. In early July, the plant began to pick up buds, which bloomed in the second decade of July and bloomed until mid-August, forming a fruit in the form of an oblong achene. The plant was cut on June 22 at 12 noon. The weather was cloudy, the air temperature was +17 degrees. Tansy grows on forest edges, clearings, meadows, near dwellings. It is found everywhere in Russia.
Plantain.
O 
appearance writing.
Plantain is a tested orderly,
Healer of the feet, wounded on the way, -
Got to the road, got ready
Maybe he thinks who needs me.
Surprisingly accurate name for this plant: along the road there are wide ovoid leaves spread flat on the ground. They are collected in a rosette, from the center of which a leafless stem grows with a spike-shaped inflorescence of small brownish flowers. Fruits - greenish nuts 1-2 mm in size - secrete a sticky substance that allows them to stick to the clothes and shoes of people passing by or to the fur of animals.
And 
use in scientific and folk medicine.
The healing effect of plantain leaves has been known for thousands of years. Leaves gruel is applied to scuffs on the legs, to wounds, abscesses, burns, swelling after bee and wasp stings. Infusion and decoction of the leaves are recommended as an expectorant, but are successfully used in the treatment of stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis with low acidity. A decoction of the leaves will rinse the mouth with inflammation. The juice of fresh leaves also enhances the secret activity of the stomach, and the extract has a calming effect. Appreciated him and healers Ancient Greece and Rome. Plantain is also appreciated in cosmetics. It improves the processes of skin regeneration, improves its tone, relieves inflammation. Plantain is of great importance in dietary nutrition. It is also part of various fees.
H 
your observations.
The plant was observed along the roads of the village. The first leaves appeared in the last days of May. At the end of June, flower arrows appeared. It blooms throughout the summer. Fruited in August. The plant was plucked from the herbarium on June 23, 2010. The day was cloudy, the air temperature was 15 degrees. Plantain grows in the village and along the roads, and near housing. There are more than two hundred species of plantain. About thirty species grow in our country.
Buttercup.
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appearance writing.
A poisonous plant with bright yellow flowers, popularly nicknamed "night blindness". The people have long noticed this quality of the flower and called it "buttercup". In the first half of summer, now and then catch the eye of oily - yellow flowers on thin straight stems. Buttercup is a perennial herbaceous plant with fibrous roots and a branched stem up to 70 cm high.
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use in folk and scientific medicine.
In folk medicine, dry and fresh grass is used, which contains: carotene, ascorbic acid, anemonol. All buttercups are poisonous. Buttercup decoction is used for myositis, neuralgic and headaches, edema, gout and rheumatism, as a tonic nervous system and increasing blood pressure. Outwardly - for the treatment of wounds, burns, skin diseases. Fresh leaves reduce warts. Buttercup preparations, and especially inside, cannot be used without consulting a doctor. Especially poisonous during flowering. In the old days, buttercup juice was rubbed against aching legs, and the decoction was used instead of mustard plasters.
H 
your observations.
In the first half of summer, oily yellow flowers on thin straight stems catch the eye every now and then. They are found everywhere: along roads, in gardens, on forest paths. These are buttercups. They bloomed in early summer, June 10th. The plant was plucked from the herbarium on June 20 at 12 noon. It was a clear sunny day, 22 degrees Celsius. The plant grew in the schoolyard. The plant is distributed almost throughout Russia.
References.
N.S. Evseeva, L. N. Okisheva. Geography of the Tomsk region. Nature, natural resources. Tomsk - 2005. No. 3.
Rudsky V.G. Ecology. World around us. 1.3 class. Tomsk - 1998.
V.S. Novikov, I.A. Gubanov. "School Atlas - a guide to higher plants." Moscow "Enlightenment" 1991. No. 3.
L.I. Barinov. Forest pharmacy. In the world of medicinal herbs. Kharkov - 1991.
G. Sviridov. Forest garden. Tomsk - 1987.
V.V. Petrov. The flora of our Motherland. Moscow "Enlightenment" 1991.
A.A. Camp. Green pharmacy. Medicinal plants of Siberia. Tomsk - 1991.
Project stage:
Project underway
Objective of the project:
Creating conditions for children to get acquainted with the world of medicinal plants of their native village, to form ideas about the importance of plants in the improvement and preservation of human health. Explore the possibility of using plants instead chemicals. Education in children the basics healthy lifestyle life. Activate children's initiative, attention, memory, vocabulary enrichment.
Project objectives:
educational tasks. Clarify and expand children's knowledge about the names of medicinal plants, their history and value for health, the rules of use. Get to know diversity medicinal plants, their significance for all life on the planet, as well as with fiction to create a holistic image of the object under study. Find out which medicinal plants are in the immediate environment: on the territory kindergarten and native village. Involve preschoolers in conservation activities.
Developmental tasks: To develop curiosity, observation, speech, as well as the ability to compare and analyze in preschoolers. Develop children's vocabulary and their knowledge of medicinal plants. To develop the feelings and emotions of preschoolers obtained in the process of learning through the organization of productive activities.
Educational tasks: To develop communication skills, independence, diligence of preschoolers, as well as respect for nature.
Achieved results for Last year:
Consciously right attitude children to plants that help human health.
The children developed a cognitive interest, expanded ideas about nature.
Knowledge of medicinal plants has been formed.
The experience of children in the field of environmental education has been enriched.
A respectful attitude towards the native nature and a careful attitude towards it have been formed.
The rules of behavior in the forest have been studied.
Developed interest in nature.
Social significance of the project:
Usually we do not think about where medicines come from. It's simple: if a person gets sick, we go to the pharmacy and buy. It is known that there are special factories that produce various drugs. But it turns out that plants can also be used as a pharmacy. Medicinal plants have been known to man almost from the moment of his appearance on Earth. Ancient people knew about healing properties many plants and skillfully used them to treat various diseases. Herbal treatment has been known in Russia since ancient times and was so popular that even the kings paid great attention to the cultivation of medicinal plants. Peter I ordered the creation of pharmaceutical schools and "pharmaceutical gardens" - the first plantations of medicinal plants in Russia. Much has changed since that time in Russia, but interest in medicinal herbs has not faded, on the contrary, now it is especially great.
With the onset of winter, we began to get sick more often: a cough, a runny nose, and a sore throat appeared. We don't like taking medicine. And we had an idea: medicinal plants will help us to recover. We realized that we needed additional theoretical information, and decided to search for the necessary information. There are many types of plants growing on our planet: wild, cultivated, useful and poisonous, herbaceous and tree-like. We want to talk about those plants that are called useful, medicinal. These are plants that grow most often wild in nature, they are beneficial to humans because they have healing properties, which is why they are called medicinal herbs or shrubs. Due to their healing properties, these plants are widely used in folk medicine, for the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases, many of the plants are even used in the pharmaceutical industry, for the manufacture of medicines. Caring for the health of the child currently occupies a priority position in preschool education. One of the means of maintaining and strengthening health are the healing forces of nature.
Observing and examining plants in a group, on the street, and learning that ordinary plants of the immediate environment can help human health, we decided to learn about their significance in people's lives, their healing properties. Therefore, together with the pupils, an ecological project "Medicinal plants of the native village" was developed.
Activities carried out within the framework of the project:
Events held from October 2017-March 2018 (the educator and children of the preparatory group for school participated):
- Conversations about medicinal plants: “What did the coltsfoot flower tell about?”, “Fragrant mint is pleasant for all diseases!”, “Plantain is a great traveler!”, “Ordinary calendula”, “Modest dandelion”, “ Useful nettle"," Chamomile - "white shirt", "How good our burdock is today!".
- NOD “Plants around us. Medicinal plants”, “Pharmacy on the windowsill: medicinal plants”. - Didactic games: “What does this plant heal?”, “What part of the plant is healing?”, “Mathematical puzzles”, “Green pharmacy”, lotto “Plants”, “Top-roots”, “Find out by description”, “Guess, what kind of plant are you?
- Reading fiction: riddles, poems, proverbs, works - T. Kryukov "Forest Pharmacy", M.A. Kuznetsova, A.S. Reznikova "Tales of Medicinal Plants", M.M. Prishvin "Golden Meadow";
N. Pavlova "Cunning Dandelion";
G. V. Lebedev "Dandelion";
"Legends of the Dandelion"; V. Bianki "About herbs"; A. Strizhov "Garden at the edge." - --Observation of medicinal plants.
- Growing and planting seedlings on the site of the kindergarten, caring for it. - Keeping a diary of observations of plants.
- Drawing medicinal plants.
- Application "Dandelion", "Chamomile field"
Events held in April 2018 (the educator, children of the preparatory group for school and their parents participated):
- Creation of an album of medicinal plants, made up of children's drawings, "Health in a basket."
- Card file "Pharmacy on the windowsill: medicinal indoor plants."
- Little books "Medicinal Plants" made by parents with children.
- Quiz "Connoisseurs of medicinal plants."
- Theatrical performance "Journey to the Fairy Forest".
Project scope:
The project is aimed at older children preschool age, age 6-7 years
One of the main tasks of teaching biology and ecology is to link learning with life and practice; socially useful work. In the education of a careful, responsible attitude to nature, instilling skills in the proper use of natural resources, the study of medicinal plants at school plays an important role: students get to know the nature of their native land better, acquire knowledge on the morphology, taxonomy and ecology of plants, their use in practice, begin to study information on these issues, which raises the cultural level, enriches knowledge of botany and biology in general, introduces them to work and nature protection. The study of medicinal plants of the native land (determination of habitats, species composition and stocks of raw materials) makes it possible to develop a steady interest in biology. The natural reserves of wild plants are a great national wealth of our country. But these resources are not unlimited. The issues of their accounting and protection are becoming more and more acute. It is necessary to strictly regulate or completely exclude the collection of plants, the resources of which are currently limited. More than 200 species of higher plants are used in Russian scientific medicine. Now more than 40% of drugs used in medicine are made from raw materials of medicinal plants, and in the treatment of cardiovascular, gynecological diseases, liver and gastrointestinal tract - 77%. Thus, the natural reserves of wild-growing medicinal plants are the main raw material base for the chemical-pharmaceutical industry and the pharmacy network (more than 70%). Work on the study of medicinal plants at school can be carried out in the following forms: a lesson, an excursion, an exposition, growing and setting up experiments with medicinal plants in an educational and experimental area, public useful work collection of medicinal plants; when performing summer assignments, when organizing circles, electives, class hours, quizzes, conferences, etc. This tutorial contains information about the most common medicinal plants in our area, describes their medicinal properties. Medicinal plants with large reserves in the region have maps indicating the places of their concentration in the region. Currently, more and more school graduates choose the professions of a physician and pharmacist. Schoolchildren are interested in human health issues, methods of treatment, and other effects on the body, including the effect of medicinal plants on human health, etc. This manual will help the teacher in conducting and organizing lessons and extracurricular activities, it will be especially useful when conducting elective courses and electives in natural disciplines, local history work. Students can independently prepare for classes on this topic using the information in the manual. This tutorial is best studied in a block with study guide"Poisonous plants of the Chelyabinsk region" because. among medicinal and wild plants there are poisonous plants. Each student must distinguish between poisonous plants. This will prevent cases of improper collection of raw materials, poisoning among schoolchildren, will give more complete description flora of your area.
Lesson "Plants of the native land"
Goals:
generalization and systematization of students' knowledge about the diversity of plants;
repetition of the distinctive features of different groups of plants;
expanding knowledge about the plants of the Kemerovo region;
formation of an idea of the value of the world of plants for humans;
upbringing careful attitude, love for the nature of their land;
development of attention, thinking, cognitive interest and speech of students, development of the ability to compare, analyze, generalize.
Equipment:
a computer;
presentation for the lesson "Plants of the native land";
Plants of the Kemerovo region.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Guess the riddle: Breathes, grows, but cannot walk.
What's this? (Plant).
What do you think the lesson will be about? (About plants.) - So, the topic of our lesson: "Plants of the native land." We will remember known facts, we will learn new ones, we will learn about the plants of the Kemerovo region listed in the Red Book, we will perform interesting exercises.
III. Generalization about plants. 1) Groups of plants. - First we need to remember what we already know. Tell me, what groups are all plants divided into? - Plants are divided into three groups: trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants.
Let's remember features different groups of plants. Describe the tree.
2) Trees. - A tree is a plant with one well-developed lignified stem - a trunk, branches begin at some distance from the ground and form a crown.
In the forest-steppe zone of the Kemerovo region, forests consisting of birch, aspen, and other trees grow.
it deciduous trees, the leaf shape is a wide plate.
By guessing the following riddle, you will find out what other trees grow in our area. What in summer and winter in one shirt? (Fur tree, pine tree).
What are these trees?
Coniferous trees, leaf shape - needles.
What other representatives coniferous plants you know? (Fir, larch, cedar.).
Right. They only grow in taiga forests. - Do you think trees are needed in our city? Why?
You can’t do without trees in the city, because they not only give us oxygen, but also protect our houses from dust, harmful substances taking it all on your foliage.
Right. See how many kilograms of dust per year the trees planted under the window take on their crowns.
Oak - 54 kg per year.
Maple - 33kg per year.
Pine - 35kg per year.
Spruce - 32 kg per year.
3) The game "Guess the trees." -Now guess the riddles and name the trees
She lowered her curls into the river and felt sad about something. (Willow.)
Sticky buds, green leaves, with white bark stands under the mountain. (Birch.)
In the middle of summer, a blizzard: its fluff flies and spreads. (Poplar.)
Which of these trees is often called the symbol of Russia?
Birch.
Why? (Children's answers.)
4) Shrubs.
And now let's remember which group of plants the lilac belongs to?
Lilac is a shrub.
Describe the bush.
A shrub is a plant with several small lignified stems, with branches starting immediately from the ground.
Name the shrubs you know. (Rosehip, elderberry, lilac...)
5) Herbaceous plants.
What group of plants does chamomile belong to? (Chamomile belongs to herbaceous plants.) Describe herbaceous plants. How are they different from trees and shrubs?
Herbaceous plants have a soft green stem with leaves and flowers. They are almost always lower than trees and shrubs. The exception is a banana, which has a height of 7 meters.
Name herbaceous plants. (Children's answers.)
In the meadows, along the roads, along the slopes of the ravines of our region, you can see wheatgrass, wormwood, timothy grass, and feather grass.
6) The plant is an ornament of the earth.
They say: "The plant is the decoration of the earth." How do you understand the meaning of this saying? (Children's answers).
green plants decorate cities, towns and dwellings. It is impossible to imagine city streets or ancient palace ensembles without flowers and trees. And on weekdays, and on holidays, plants are next to us.
7) The game "Guess the flowers". - Yes, flowers delight us with their beauty and aroma. But the trouble is, the letters in the words are mixed up, think and guess the names of the flowers.
AKM (MAK), LPTyuan (Tulip), RTSINASS (Narcissus), ONPI (Peony)
III. Acquaintance with the plants of the Red Book of the Kemerovo region.
The role of plants in human life is significant. He uses them both as food and as construction material. Plants adorn human life. And we must take care of nature in order to keep it healthy. "To protect nature means to protect the Motherland." These words should be remembered by every person.
Many plant species are beginning to disappear from our planet. To prevent this from happening, people thought about preserving the disappearing and rare species. For this, the Red Book is maintained. The Red Book is a special book. She warns: “Caution! There might be trouble!"
And indeed it is. If we do not protect the plants included in the Red Book, they will die. The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region contains information about plants in need of urgent assistance and protection. Some plants suffer from trampling. Many troubles flora brings an immoderate collection of medicinal raw materials, when everything is cut off to the last flower. Some herbs disappear due to the fault of amateur gardeners. They dig up plants in the forest and try to grow them in their gardens. Most of the dug up plants do not take root, they die. A person who picks a flower probably does not think that he may have killed another plant of an endangered species.
Let's get acquainted with some plants from the Red Book of our region.
The water lily is pure white.
Adonix Spring.
Did you know that during the day the water lily basks on the water. And people admire her, And at night she dives under water. The water lily will squeeze the white petals into a fist and dive headlong. Sleeps all night deep. The morning will be clear - it will emerge from the water again. Again, the water lily will unfold its petals towards the sun and will delight everyone.
VII. Summary of the lesson.
Did you like the lesson? Continue the sentence by choosing the beginning with the words ... "I found out (a)", "I repeated (a)", "I was surprised (s)", "I remembered (a)".
The world around The test "Plants of the native land" Grade 3 1. Which plant has fruits equipped with hooks and trailers? a). burdock b). goose onion c). sleep grass d). mother - and - stepmother 2. This shrub is often found in our spruce forests. It is often transplanted from the forest to city parks and squares for its beauty: the leaves are oval, located oppositely on dark gray branches, bright green above, and pale green below. When it blooms, it seems that the whole bush is strewn with stars. a). blueberries b. blueberries c. honeysuckle d). barberry 3. Guess the riddle about the most common tree in our region: The Green Beauty is famous in the area. Sundress like a bell, On the ground and dragged. A cap - with an edge, With a sharp crown. a). pine b). larch c. birch d. spruce 4. amazing plant spruce forest. It could be called a flower - a seven-flower. a). blueberries b. miner c). weekday d). oxalis 5. This delicate herbaceous plant of the spruce forest does not tolerate harsh light, blows, loud screams. Blooms in May - June. And when it fades, in place of the flowers, fruits are formed - boxes, and in them are very small, almost like dust particles, seeds.
a). sour b). weekday c). miner d). blueberry 6. A plant with dark green leaves is shaped like a hoof. a). anemone b).hoof c). lungwort d). goose onion 7. Guess the riddle about the plant listed in the Red Book. We smell the freshness of the forest Brings in late spring A fragrant, delicate flower From a snow-white brush. a). bathing suit b. primrose c). lily of the valley d). oxalis 8. This plant is never green, most often grayish-white, grayish-greenish, and sometimes yellow. Grows very slowly. This plant has no stems, leaves, roots. a). cat paws b. heather c). thyme d. lichen 9. This plant is also called backache. Its flowers are very beautiful. Each plant has only one - a large bright lilac bell with bright yellow stamens. The flower appears before the leaves. a). cat paws b. thyme c). sleep grass d). lichen 10. This plant looks the most ordinary, but if you touch it, it’s such a miracle: one side of the leaves is warm and covered with soft fluff, and the other is smooth and therefore cold. a). cat paws b. goose onion c). sleep grass
G). mother - and - stepmother 11. Where there is a lot of this plant, from a distance it seems that curly, in large curls, skin lies on the ground. Hence the other name - rams. a). primrose b). goose onion c). sleep grass d). mother - and - stepmother 12. Guess the riddle about the most common plant of the region: Slender beauty is famous in all countries: White clothes, Gold - earrings, With a braided scythe Washed with dew. The wind stirs the strands - It does not order to braid them. a). maple b). birch c. willow d). aspen 13. Evergreen shrub. a). blueberries b. cranberries c). honeysuckle d). blueberry 14. This plant is beautiful, but poisonous. a). goose onion b). bathing suit c. lily of the valley d). lungwort Keys to the test: 1 - a, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 c, 5 - a, 6 - b, 7 - c, 8 - d, 9 - c, 10 - d, 11 - a, 12 – b, 13 – b, 14 – b.