Do-it-yourself installation of sewerage inside a private house. Proper laying of sewerage in a private house with your own hands. Septic tank with biofilter

Regardless of whether you connect a private house to a central or autonomous sewer, the sewage disposal system on the street must be equipped independently. Before starting this work, it is necessary to develop an installation scheme that allows you to get by with the minimum size of the pipeline and sewer wiring.

This will reduce the cost of purchasing material and increase the efficiency of the wastewater disposal system. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the depth of pipe laying, the angle of their inclination and the reliability of flange connections, since the performance of the sewer depends on these parameters.

Connecting a private house to the sewer

Circumstances and layout of external sewage

The outer part of the sewer system in a private house connects the outlet of the internal drain with a waste storage tank located on the site, or with a central sewer, with a pipeline network. Read about the internal wiring in the house in the article. Laying of external sewer pipes is carried out according to a scheme developed in advance, taking into account the following circumstances:

terrain features;
weather;
remoteness of wells and reservoirs;
the total volume of effluents, depending on the number of people permanently residing in the house;
the depth of soil freezing and its composition;
ways of access of the car of a vacuum truck if necessary.

In the laying plan external sewerage it is imperative to provide for its ventilation, otherwise, over time unpleasant odors will enter residential areas. Read about the rules for the sewer ventilation device in the article. Ventilation is equipped with a fan pipe, which can be placed on the lid of the septic tank or on the section of the pipeline that runs from the house to the wastewater storage tank.

Scheme of arrangement of autonomous external sewerage

The septic tank is equipped at the lowest point of the geological relief of the site. This arrangement allows you to most optimally perform the installation of external sewage. It should be laid in a straight line to the location of the outlet pipe of the internal sewage disposal system.

Choosing a drain location

When choosing the location of the drain, it is worth, first of all, to take care that bad smell did not enter the premises. As a result, it should be located no closer than five meters from the house. The optimal distance will be ten meters, it is also not worth placing a septic tank too far, since this significantly increases the cost of laying the pipeline network. The external sewage connection to the house should not be carried out at a right angle. In addition, the following must be taken into account:

water sources should be located no closer than thirty meters;
a septic tank cannot be installed on the border of a neighboring plot;
for the convenience of pumping out sewage, it is better to place drains near the road;
especially careful sealing of the storage tank is needed when the groundwater is located close;
the laying of the pipeline network facilitates the natural slope of the terrain.

Rules for placing a septic tank on the site

A cesspool for sewerage has been used since ancient times. Previously, they did not waste energy on sealing its walls, and when the pit was filled, it was covered with earth and a new one was dug out. Now the walls are laid out of brick, from concrete rings and other building materials.

Liquid waste fractions seep through the soil at the bottom, being filtered, solid components gradually fill the mine, and after a while they need to be pumped out.

The arrangement of a cesspool is advisable if the volume of wastewater in a private house does not exceed the value of one cubic meter per day. If this limit is exceeded, pollution will occur. environment.

Instead of a cesspool, you can equip a sealed container for the accumulation of wastewater. In this case, a thorough waterproofing of the bottom and walls of the shaft is performed. Thus, the possibility of contamination of the soil and drinking sources is prevented. The disadvantage of this system is the need for frequent cleaning, since the sealed container fills up rather quickly.

Decide on the type of treatment plant

Treatment facilities for a private house are equipped in the form of a simple cesspool without a bottom or a sealed wastewater tank. To improve wastewater filtration allows a single-chamber septic tank with soil cleaning or two-chamber septic tank with filter well. A variant of the construction of three chambers with a filtration field, as well as with the use of a biofilter and an air supply system is possible.

Tire filtration septic tank

A single-chamber septic tank, in essence, is cesspool with drainage layer. Crushed stone or gravel mixed with sand is poured at the bottom of the well. Passing through the filter layer, the liquid fractions of the waste are cleaned before entering the soil. After some time, the drainage layer must be replaced, as silt deposits are deposited on it. A single-chamber septic tank is suitable for a private house with a small amount of wastewater.

A two-chamber septic tank consists of a storage tank and a filter well, which are connected by an overflow pipe. In the sump, the faeces are partially clarified, then they fall into the mine with a drainage layer at the bottom. They seep into the soil already sufficiently cleaned.

A two-chamber septic tank is a popular sewerage option for a private house, as it does not require large financial costs for its equipment and works efficiently.

Installing a septic tank of two or more chambers, as well as a filtration field, virtually eliminates the possibility of environmental pollution. Settling in the first tank, partially clarified effluents through the overflow pipe enter next camera with anaerobic bacteria that decompose organic residues. Read about how to make a septic tank with your own hands from improvised materials in the article

Having successively passed through all sections, the effluent enters the filtration field, which is an area underground of about thirty square meters where the final soil cleaning takes place. If there is free space on the site, this method of arranging sewage is optimal.

Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter

A septic tank with a biofilter is a station for deep sewage treatment. According to the principle of operation, it is similar to a treatment system with a filtration field, only in this case it is replaced by a water separator and anaerobic bacteria settled at the outlet of the overflow pipe into the fourth section, which cleans the wastewater by approximately ninety-five percent. Such water can be used for technical needs.

It is irrational to install deep cleaning stations in private houses with periodic residence, since if the sewage system of such a design is not constantly used, the bacteria that decompose organic residues die. In addition, they are quite expensive.

Sewer pipe laying depth

The depth of soil freezing is a fundamental factor when deepening sewer pipes into the ground. They must be laid below the freezing point, otherwise they will freeze in winter, and it will be impossible to use the sewer until the spring thaw. The appearance of even small ice growths on the internal surfaces of pipelines leads to a decrease in their permeability and the formation of blockages.

Map of normative freezing depths

In the southern regions, the depth of laying sewer pipes is fifty or more centimeters, in the central regions - seventy or more centimeters. You need to know exactly the depth of soil freezing in your area in order not to go deeper into the ground than necessary, since in this case the cost of doing the work will increase.

Organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house

The organization of the withdrawal of the sewer pipe from the house depends on the stage of readiness for operation of the building. If the house has just been built, shrinkage of the foundation is possible, therefore, drilling a hole in it for the outlet of the sewer pipe must be noticeably larger in diameter than the cross section of the pipe itself.

Variants of schemes for the withdrawal of sewerage from the house

In the event that the house is just being built, the outlet pipe can be walled up during the laying of the foundation. The foundation of a house built several years ago will no longer settle, so the diameter of the hole drilled for the outlet pipe does not need to be increased. Plumbing fixtures should be located at a short distance from the general drain, since in this case it is easier to connect them to general conclusion. If the house has two or more floors, the bathrooms should be placed one above the other, in which case one riser can be dispensed with.

Do-it-yourself installation of external sewage in a private house

The external sewage system consists of a cleaning tank and a piping system connecting the septic tank to the house. Before performing installation work, an external sewerage scheme is applied on the site plan.

Practical Options sewerage out of the house

Then special pipes with a diameter of at least 100 mm are selected, intended for outdoor use. They are usually orange in color. A trench is dug to lay the pipeline. Its depth is selected depending on the climatic features of the area, the composition and characteristics of the soil, as well as other factors. If necessary, the pipeline network is insulated.

The most time-consuming part of the work when installing a sewer with your own hands in a private house is digging a pit for a cesspool or septic tank. The optimal distance at which the septic tank is removed from the house is about ten meters.

The volume of the storage capacity directly depends on the number of people permanently residing in the house and the frequency of their use of plumbing fixtures.

It is best to connect the storage tank to the outlet of the internal sewer in a straight line, bends and turns of the pipeline system increase the likelihood of clogging. For the convenience of cleaning, a long line in places of change of direction must be equipped with inspection hatches.
This is what a properly equipped external sewer looks like

Wastewater moves through the pipeline system by gravity, under the influence of gravitational forces, so you need to maintain the correct angle of inclination. If it is too small, large fragments of waste will be retained and the sewer will become clogged.

If the slope is too great, solid fractions will be thrown to the walls of the pipe, and again it will become clogged. Information on the correct sewer slope can be found in the article.

The desired angle is maintained and controlled by the building level when digging a trench, its depth increases as it approaches the storage tank or central sewer. A shock-absorbing cushion is laid at the bottom of the ditch, which is a sand mound, pipes are laid directly on it. If it is necessary to change the slope of the pipes, the sand in right place sleeps.

An important operational parameter of the sewer system is the depth of the pipeline network. It must necessarily be below the freezing point of the soil in the region. Otherwise, in winter, frozen sewage can break the pipeline network and disable the sewer. For repair work will have to wait for the spring thaw.

How to properly equip pipe insulation

To prevent the occurrence emergencies in the cold season, it is better to perform thermal insulation of the sewer. Many modern materials, such as polyurethane foam, fiberglass or mineral wool, have good thermal insulation qualities. You can properly equip the thermal insulation of the pipe by simply wrapping it with insulation and placing it in a sheath made of a mixture of asbestos and cement.

Options for insulation of external sewerage

You can also fix a plastic film over the thermal insulation. In cold northern regions, to protect sewer pipes from freezing, the insulation layer is additionally equipped with an electric heating system. In any case, the pipeline network must be laid below the freezing depth of the soil, especially if snowdrifts melt in the spring on the surface. An interesting experience in laying outdoor sewer pipes can be gleaned from the following video.

A separate section of the design of engineering communications is the planning of the sewer system. Cottage owners and country houses often you have to independently draw up a diagram and install equipment, so knowing the nuances of organizing work is simply necessary.

The efficiency of the system largely depends on whether the wiring of the sewerage system in a private house is done correctly - internal system pipes and equipment connected to them. For competent design, it is important to take into account everything: from the choice of components to the material for the manufacture of individual elements. And we will tell you how to do it right.

Unlike systems of electricity, gas, water supply, which are installed in accordance with documentation certified by certain authorities, sewerage on their own land plot and it is allowed to equip the house without permit papers.

However, one cannot do without a project, as it will insure against errors associated with violation of generally accepted requirements.

For example, one of the frequent violations is non-observance of boundaries sanitary zone during installation drain pit. The supply and drain systems must not come into contact with each other.

The internal wiring device is often associated with errors in the organization of ventilation, the wrong choice of pipe diameter or angle of inclination.

The construction of an axonometric scheme is usually done by specialists. They also make hydraulic calculations of the internal network and the highway located on the outside of the building. Now there are more interesting option– creation of a sewerage model in 3D format.

3D modeling programs allow you to create an accurate and complete project that simplifies the selection of pipes, fittings, fasteners, and installation methods as much as possible.

For a project, they turn to specialists when they want to reduce risks. But there is another option - to study sanitary and technical standards, get acquainted with the internal wiring diagrams, learn how to understand the quality of plumbing equipment and draw up a project on your own.

Placement of important system nodes

The peculiarity of autonomous sewage is that the principles of its arrangement depend on each component in the overall system.

For example, the criterion for choosing a storage tank for wastewater is not only the number of people living in the cottage, but also the number of connected sources for draining technical and domestic water - from the house, garage, bathhouse, summer kitchen.

Approximate scheme of interaction between internal and external systems sewers with the obligatory installation of a fan riser. The cleaning function is performed by a factory-made septic tank

According to the place and main functions, sewerage is divided into 3 categories:

- a network of pipelines from plumbing equipment to the exit outside, outside the walls of the house;
outdoor- highway from buildings (houses, baths) to treatment equipment;
cleaning systems-, storage tanks, wells, settling tanks, biological treatment plants.

When considering the layout of the internal sewerage wiring in the house, you need to take into account the location of the external main and cleaning (accumulative) equipment.

Work planning and scheme selection

The installation of sewer pipes is usually carried out together with the installation of a water pipe, respectively, and it is better to design these two systems together.

If we summarize all the documents that make up the project and try to follow the rules, we get the following list:

General data - description and conditions for the installation of water supply and sanitation systems based on regulatory documents.
Explication of the premises (explanation to the diagram) indicating wet areas and the method of their waterproofing.
Calculation of volumes of water consumption and wastewater disposal, taking into account the norms.
Floor plan of the location of the water supply and axonometric diagram.
Floor plan of the sewer.
Specification - a listing of all constituent elements with an indication of the quantity or footage.

You can refuse to install additional ventilation equipment, but on condition that the private house is not higher than 2 floors, and the load on the sewer network is minimal.

If a lot of people live in the building, the number of bathrooms is more than 2, the effluents are discharged to the treatment plant, then the installation of a fan pipe is mandatory. Thanks to her, the atmosphere in the house will be healthy, and the water from the water seals will not disappear anywhere due to the pressure difference in the network.

Features of wiring in a multi-storey building

The number of risers due to the presence of the 2nd or 3rd floors does not increase, but the connection scheme becomes more complicated, since taps are present on all floors. For multi-storey buildings, there is a “code” set out in the SNiP documents.

It is difficult to call a comfortable private house that is not equipped with a well-thought-out, well-functioning drainage system. It is as much a part of civilized existence as electricity, ventilation and heating. Such an important component of the home communications network is subject to environmental and efficiency requirements; The drainage system of a private house should be simple to arrange and easy to use.

Schematic diagram of sewerage in a private house Source projject.ru

One of the main issues of improvement is sewerage for a private house; how to design it correctly and what to focus on during installation, the rules verified by experience will help you figure it out.

Varieties of sewerage systems in a private house

All houses located in the private sector are conventionally divided into two categories:

Houses with the ability to connect to the city (central) network. In most cases, the best option, with a long service life and no maintenance problems, unplanned expenses and water quality control.
Houses in which connection to centralized system impossible. What urban network unavailable - no reason to give up comfort. Under such conditions, the sewage system in a private house is reduced to an autonomous option, where water treatment and waste disposal takes place in locally installed treatment facilities.

You can also combine the sewer and drainage systems Source sovet-ingenera.com

Autonomous sewerage system includes:

internal sewerage responsible for the collection of wastewater and their output to the outside. It includes internal wiring (piping system), as well as plumbing and Appliances.
External sewerage . Its elements are external piping and a water treatment device (septic tank or autonomous sewer installation).

The most suitable (in terms of performance) type of individual treatment equipment is selected, taking into account several factors:

seasonality of living in the house;
intensity of water use;
plot size, soil type and structure;
level groundwater;
climatic conditions of the region.

The first stage of sewerage installation is the development of a preliminary project scheme.

Rules for drawing up a sewerage scheme in a house

The sewerage scheme in a private house is tied to the plan of the house. It should contain the key elements of the system - a riser (if the building has more than one floor), pipe markings (internal wiring, corners and turns), water drainage points.

When designing, it is important to remember that an overly complicated circuit will cause problems during operation and repair in the future.

Internal wiring is laid during the construction of the house. Its installation begins when the roof of the house and floors are installed, but the finishing work of the premises has not yet been carried out. External sewerage is mounted after the internal system is fully equipped. Below is a sewerage scheme for a private two-story house:

General scheme internal sewerage in two-story house Source strojdvor.ru

The order of drawing up the scheme:

All drawings are built to scale, the place of installation of the riser, pipe laying lines, the number of drain points (connection of plumbing and household appliances) are applied to the plan.
The size of the riser is determined, the total length of the pipeline is calculated (including the outlet), the exit point from the structure of the main riser.
In places of possible formation of blockages, cleaning and revisions are provided.
A separate drawing is built for each floor.
The size and location of the installation of the vent pipe is calculated (in large sewer systems, it prevents the occurrence of vacuum in the sewer pipe)
The scheme of external communications is built on the same principle.

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of design and installation of sewerage and water supply. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

Video description

About the sewerage scheme with a fan pipe on the video:

The choice of pipes for internal sewage

Building codes allow the following categories of pipes:

Cast iron. Traditional (until recently) solution. Cast iron products are strong, corrosion resistant and durable. The disadvantage is the weight and roughness of the inner surface. The latter quality contributes to the formation of deposits and the appearance of blockages. Pipes are ideal for laying in the ground.
Plastic. They are lighter and cheaper than cast iron counterparts, have a smooth surface, but are less durable. Pipes for house wiring have grey colour; intended for external use are made of orange plastic. The most popular options include:

Pipes from PVC(polyvinyl chloride). Frost-resistant and wear-resistant, main disadvantage- high hardness. They soften from heat and are mainly used in outdoor applications.
Pipes from PP(polypropylene). Elastic, lightweight and durable. Valued for their heat resistance (they soften only at 140 C°), they are therefore ideal for indoor use.

plastic pipes for inner and outer contour Source cyberportal.ru

Less common are ceramic and asbestos-cement analogues.

In practice, the installation of sewerage in a private house in most cases is carried out using products from polymer materials(plastic). The choice is determined by the absence of corrosion (plastic is resistant to aggressive wastewater environments), and easy installation of structures.

How is sewer wiring done

The most time-consuming part of the work is considered to be the wiring of sewers for a private house; how to carry it out correctly is indicated in the design and installation rules.

Inside the house

Elements of the sewerage system for a private house are mounted parallel to the construction of the building. Holes for internal wiring are laid during the construction of walls, partitions and ceilings.

Sewer installation technology provides for several types of pipes:

Sewer riser, 100 mm in diameter.
Main (between riser and outlet); diameter 70 mm.
Diverting (connected to a washbasin, bathtub, washing machine) - 50 mm.

Completed piping installation Source repair-pro.com.ua

The spillway system inside the house is gravity (non-pressure). To avoid blockages, pipes are mounted with a slope, the value of which is controlled by the level and depends on the diameter. A sewer pipe with a diameter of 40–50 mm is given a slope of 30 mm per running meter, with a diameter of 100 mm - 20 mm.

Completed ceiling wiring Source vodavdom.msk.ru

Horizontal wiring is performed using oblique tees and adapters (crosses) for connection. Turns are carried out using two knees with a smooth bend at an angle of 45 °; this arrangement reduces the risk of clogging. After each turn, revisions (cleanings) are provided. Right angles are allowed only in vertically arranged structures.

fan pipe

With a sharp entry into the sewer of a large amount of wastewater, the latter can completely fill the entire diameter of the pipe. At the same time, when the drains go down, an area of low atmospheric pressure (vacuum) is created behind them, into which water from the siphon and air from the room are sucked in with characteristic sounds.

When the pressure equalizes, then without a water plug, the smell from the sewer enters the room back through the siphons. To prevent the occurrence of vacuum, a fan pipe with an air valve is installed - they are responsible for maintaining atmospheric pressure in all parts of the sewer system.

Fan pipe features:

It is designed and displayed 50-70 cm above the roof.
It must not be combined with a chimney or ventilation.
It is not placed near windows or balconies.

Conclusion of the exhaust (fan) pipe through the roof Source zen.yandex.ru

outdoor part

Installation of the outer part of the sewer system begins after determining the location of the septic tank.

The outlet (the connecting link between the external and internal sewerage at the boundary of the room) is laid at the base of the house below the freezing point of the soil and is thermally insulated. If it was not provided during the laying of the foundation, it is necessary to drill a hole for the protective sleeve, 200-250 mm wider than the pipe diameter. Its edge should protrude from each side of the foundation by 15 cm. The space between the sleeve and the outlet pipe is filled with foam.

Laying of external communications Source mastez.ru

It is reasonable to place wet rooms (kitchen, bathroom) side by side and at the same time as close as possible to the central riser. This will help to reduce the length of sewer communications to the riser, which will facilitate installation and further maintenance.
A voluminous project (pool, bath, sauna), additional plumbing means a large amount of waste. A carefully designed water supply and drainage scheme, additional risers and septic tanks, and a pump connection will be required.
Sewer pipes in a private house can be placed under the floor, in the walls or laid on top. Near the sink, in the shower and in the toilet, a water seal is arranged, thanks to which extraneous odors cannot enter the premises.
It is unacceptable to arbitrarily change the slope. Its increase will lead to a deterioration in the self-cleaning of the system and the appearance of strong noise. When the slope decreases, the flow of water slows down, which is fraught with blockage.

Slope control when laying sewers Source remontik.org

The complex terrain of the site creates additional problems for laying a pipeline with a slope. In this case, an axonometric diagram is built that allows you to determine the position of the sewer elements in space. If difficult places cannot be bypassed, the solution will be to install a pump.

Video description

Clearly about some of the nuances of sewerage in the video:

Conclusion

A well-designed and organized sewerage system will help create the necessary minimum comfort for the inhabitants of the house. The achievement of this worthy goal is facilitated by the involvement of specialized specialists. And it does not matter whether it is a wooden house or a brick one - the principles of the system are the same everywhere.

The system is one of the most important and expensive engineering communications of a private residential building. The efficiency of functioning, the complexity of installation, the number and cost of elements of this system depend on the development of the project. The graphic part of the project documentation, in accordance with which the sewerage system is installed in a private house with your own hands - the layout of plumbing devices, connections and revisions. This article provides information on regulatory requirements and the main problems of drawing up layout diagrams, selection criteria sewer equipment and features of its installation.

Read in the article

Rules for drawing up a sewerage scheme with your own hands in a private house

When drawing up a sewerage scheme, it is necessary to take into account regulatory requirements, both sanitary and construction:

TCP 45-4.01-51-2007"Water supply and sewerage systems of manor houses";
SanPiN 42-128-4690-88 « Sanitary regulations maintenance of populated areas”;
SanPiN 4630"Sanitary rules and norms of protection surface water from pollution";
SNiP 30-02-97"Planning and development of territories of horticultural associations of citizens, buildings and structures."

When determining the volume and capacity of sewer pipelines, it is necessary to focus on the average water consumption per person. Sumps and cesspools should not be located closer than 4 m to the border of the neighboring plot and 15 m to drinking water.

The scheme should describe the mechanism for connecting the internal and external sewage, the type and structure of the septic tank, what products and equipment will be used, its technical parameters. Based on the list of materials used, the cost is calculated. The graphic part should be linked to the plan of the house and the backyard, where the places for laying pipelines and installing plumbing products will be indicated.

Key Factors Affecting Layout and Design

In addition to calculating the average daily water consumption, the following factors influence the design of the sewerage scheme:

The magnitude of the volley discharge- peak load on the sewerage system (as a rule, falls on the morning and evening hours), which depends on the number of plumbing fixtures installed in the house;
Performance treatment facilities . Depending on this indicator, one of three options for the disposal of treated wastewater is selected:

up to 5 m 3 / day - discharge into the soil. Provided that the soil filtration coefficient has comparable indicators, and the discharge point is 1 m above the groundwater level;
up to 0.3 m 3 / day - periodic removal by a special vehicle is allowed;
The discharge of wastewater into a reservoir is regulated not only by their quantity, but also by the degree of treatment in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 4630.

M material for the manufacture of sewage treatment plants:, fiberglass, metal, various polymers (, polyethylene). From specifications material depends design structures, method of installation, further maintenance and operation;
Power supply. Modern highly efficient treatment facilities are equipped with various types of compressors and aerators. They are based on electronic control units to which temperature and liquid level detectors are connected;
Building site topology- terrain, slope direction, proximity to water bodies and the presence of potential disposal sites for treated sewage water;
Geodesy of the construction site- the type and structure of the soil, the depth of its freezing, as well as the depth of groundwater are determined. The complexity and cost of installation work, the need for additional or the purchase of a sealed septic tank with a closed cleaning cycle depend on these factors.

Varieties of sewer facilities and features of their functioning

In accordance with TKP 45-4.01-51-2007, the following types of treatment facilities are allowed for the arrangement and laying of sewers in a private house:

septic tank;
filter well;
underground filtration field;
filter trench;

Important! In most cases, the listed facilities should be used in conjunction with a septic tank, which performs primary rough cleaning.

septic tank

The most common, when arranging a sewer for a private house with your own hands, are two types of septic tanks:

Cumulative - are sealed plastic containers. They are affordable, do not require connection to the power supply network, and can be installed in close proximity to sources / wells. drinking water. A significant disadvantage is the need for constant pumping of wastewater, therefore, constant payment for sewage services.

With soil cleaning. Primary treatment of sewage water is carried out in sealed containers, where large fecal fractions settle to the bottom and are exposed to anaerobic bacteria. “Clarified” wastewater, the degree of purification of which does not exceed 40%, is pumped forcibly or falls by gravity into the filtration facilities, from which, after the final stage of cleaning, they seep into the ground.

Filter well

Effluent entering the tank passes through a gravel filter and seeps through it to the bottom and perforated walls, and from there into the ground.

pipe;
Plate chipper;
Pipe for the flow of waste.

For arrangement, solid or perforated reinforced concrete rings 0.9 m high, with an internal diameter of at least 1.0 m and a wall thickness of 8 cm. The filter layer is medium-sized gravel, which must be periodically removed, washed and returned to the tank in order to avoid excessive soil contamination. As a material for the manufacture of walls, it is often used (with holes in the masonry), plastic of large diameter or car tires. Such options are much cheaper, but significantly reduce the life of the structure.

Underground filtration field

On the site lay with perforated walls. Through them, runoff is distributed over a large drainage area and soaked into the soil, passing more evenly and in small quantities through the gravel pack. This method is associated with a significant amount of earthwork. When determining the depth of the pit, it is necessary to take into account:

Gravel filter thickness - 20÷50 cm;
Diameter of perforated pipes - 20÷50 cm;
The distance from the soil surface to the upper edge of the filtration pipeline is 50 cm.

In addition, when forming the bottom of the pit, it is necessary to provide for a slope from the septic tank along the flow direction of 2 cm per linear meter. The distance between the pipes depends on the type of soil. For sand with a filtration coefficient of 5 ÷ 25 m / day - 2.5 m. For coarse sand filler with a filtration coefficient of 25 ÷ 100 m / day and a gravel filter with a filtration coefficient of 75 ÷ 300 m / day - a distance reduction of up to 2 m is allowed.

At the ends of filtration pipelines, it is mandatory to install a 100 mm diameter, at least 70 cm high above the soil surface.

filter trench

The filter trench performs the same functions as the underground filtration field, collecting wastewater after a septic tank, their additional treatment and discharge into the ground. A significant difference is the vertical arrangement of the pipes. This method is no less effective and can be implemented on a much smaller area. Allowed only in areas with a deep water table, since the trench must also have a significant depth.

The total length of the pipeline and the number of pipes and the depth of the trench is calculated according to the same methodology used for underground filtration fields. The width of the trench is taken according to the standard of 0.5 m, the distance between the upper and lower pipes is 0.8 ÷ 1 m, the maximum length of the pipeline is 30 m. If it is necessary to arrange from 2 or more trenches, the distance between them must be at least 3 m.

STP scheme components

The most effective for a private house are sewer systems related to deep biological treatment plants. They are sealed containers, divided into several functional compartments. As a rule, they have a vertical orientation, can be installed by hand and do not take up much space. The principle of operation of such installations is the interaction of fecal matter and organic pollutants with anaerobic bacteria in an environment saturated with air using aeration installations.

Important! Biological treatment plants require some maintenance. First of all, it is necessary to maintain an optimal population of anaerobic bacteria by periodically adding a special concentrate to the appropriate compartment. In everyday life, do not use overly aggressive chemicals that can destroy bacteria. The unit must be connected to the power supply.

The cleaning process is carried out in stages:

In the first section, which occupies the largest volume, the pollutants are separated into fractions. Heavy and insoluble substances sink to the bottom. This chamber must be periodically cleaned with a car vacuum cleaner;
In the second section (aerotank), wastewater is enriched with atmospheric oxygen by aeration. This is where the active phase of cleaning takes place by biodegradation by bacteria;
In the third section - a sump, activated sludge is settled;
From the fourth section, where water enters with the help of a jet pump from the secondary clarifier, completely purified water is discharged from the treatment device through an overflow pipe or a drainage pump.

Internal sewerage device in a private house - diagram and recommendations

The composition of the internal sewerage includes the following elements;

Plumbing fixtures:,;
Sewer riser and ventilation pipe attached to it;
Branch lines;
Check valve.

Horizontal pipelines are installed with a slope. When distributing sewerage in a private house normative indicators the slope is often neglected, making it “by eye”, significantly exceeding the recommended coefficient. As a result, solids sewage drains do not have time to be washed out of the pipes along with water, they accumulate inside, creating traffic jams.

Table of dependence of the slope on the diameter of sewer pipes for a private house of pipes

Diameter, mm	Optimal slope	Minimum allowable slope
50	0,035	0,025
100	0,02	0,012
150	0,01	0,007
200	0,008	0,003

Connection to the riser of branch pipelines is carried out using oblique tees and crosses. Installation of sewer pipes, utility and technical rooms is allowed to be carried out open way. Fastening is carried out with special couplings with dowels, or pipes are located on supports. In residential premises, as a rule, hidden installation is performed. Sewer pipelines are located in technical niches and shafts, ducts, under the floor. For maintenance - periodic cleaning, the main riser and drainage sewer lines are equipped with revisions in accordance with the standards:

Sewer riser on the lower and upper floors of a private house;
Branch lines to which three or more plumbing fixtures are connected;
At the bends of the pipeline (this is where solid insoluble waste residues most often accumulate);
On leprous horizontal areas every 8 m.

Video of arranging a sewer in a private house with your own hands, the correct laying of pipes with a slope:

Which pipes to choose

The optimal material for pipes for sewerage of a private house are polymers. Products made from them are lightweight and can be installed by hand without the involvement of assistants. Industry releases a large number of, adapters, tees, crosses and couplings for the entire range of used diameters. Installation is carried out without the use of specialized equipment and does not require long-term training and special skills. Sample material not subject to corrosion and aggressive effects household chemicals, has a long service life. For the sewerage of a private house, the following polymers are most often used:

PVP (high density polyethylene)- Affordable, but sensitive to temperature changes. The maximum operating temperature should not exceed +40°С;
PP()– has good performance, maximum operating temperature +100°C, withstands aggressive chemicals and significant mechanical stress, has a rather high cost;
PVC (polyvinyl chloride)- material with the best combination of cost and quality. It can be used for both external and internal sewerage. Resistant to ultraviolet radiation, mechanical impacts of medium intensity, temperatures up to +70°C. However, during long-term operation, plaque may appear on the walls, which leads to clogging.

Pipe connection

The most common way to install a plastic pipeline is a socket connection. It is performed if the pipe or fitting has a corresponding structural element - a socket. The connection process is as follows:

The bell and the smooth end are cleared of pollution;
A rubber seal is inserted into a special recess inside the socket, ensuring the tightness of the joints;
Lubricate the smooth end of the other pipe with silicone grease or ordinary liquid soap, after which it can be easily inserted into the socket until it stops;

Important! It is necessary to provide for the possibility of thermal expansion. To do this, a marker is made on the smooth part of the pipe, after which it is pulled 1 cm out of the socket.

Do-it-yourself stages of work on sewerage in a private house

The sequence of arranging the sewer system of a private house can be divided into several stages:

Determination of the amount of wastewater, the volume and performance of the septic tank;
Determination of the location of the septic tank on personal plot in accordance with sanitary standards;
The device of the internal sewer network;
Installation of external treatment facilities;
Laying of the pipeline and connections of external treatment facilities and internal sewerage.

Calculation of the volume of a septic tank

Table of water consumption standards for a private residential building.

Type of housing and type of life	Consumption, l / day for 1 person
Residential building equipped with plumbing and sewerage system without bath	125÷160
Residential building equipped with plumbing and sewerage system with bathroom and local	160÷230
Residential building equipped with a sewerage system and a centralized hot water supply system	230÷350
Taking a shower (average 15 min)	150
Use of the toilet	8
Usage	40÷70
Usage	15

The calculation formula looks like this:

V = n × Q × 3 / 1000 , where

V - the volume of the septic tank in m 3;

n – number of permanent residents;

Q - average water consumption per person in m 3;

3 - the number of days of the complete cleaning cycle (according to SNiP).

For example, with an average consumption of 0.2 m 3 / person / day, taking into account a three-day reservation, a family of 4 will need a septic tank with a volume of 2.4 m 3. To facilitate calculations, we have developed a handy calculator especially for our readers.

Table of the volume of domestic wastewater per 1 m 2 of the filter surface of the well:

Composition of the filtrate	The maximum volume of sewage to be cleaned, m 3 / day per 1 m 2 of the filtering surface
Composition of the filtrate	For year-round operation of a private residential building	During seasonal operation of a country house
gravel, crushed stone	0.15÷0.20	0.18÷0.24
coarse sand	0.10÷0.15	0.12÷0.18
	0.05÷0.10	0.06÷0.12

Table of the volume of domestic wastewater per 1 linear meter of the pipeline of the underground filtration field:

Composition of the filtrate	The maximum volume of treated sewage, m 3 / day per 1 m linear drainage pipeline
Composition of the filtrate	Up to 500	500÷600	Over 600
Gravel, crushed stone, coarse sand	0.012÷0.025	0.0096÷0.0225	0.0084÷0.02
Fine sand, sandy loam	0.006÷0.020	0.0048÷0.18	0.0042÷0.016

Table of the volume of domestic wastewater per 1 linear meter of the filtration trench pipeline.

Do-it-yourself internal sewerage wiring in a private house

The efficiency of the sewer system of a private house, as well as the ease of arranging it with your own hands, depends on the layout of the entire structure. It is considered optimal if the kitchen and bathroom are located as close as possible to each other, this minimizes the length of the sewer pipeline and allows you to connect all plumbing fixtures to one riser. When installing the internal sewerage system of a private house with your own hands, the following factors must be considered:

it is necessary to connect directly to the main riser of the sewer system at the minimum possible distance from the pipe, this will reduce the likelihood of blockage of the plumbing fixture;
It is recommended that other plumbing fixtures be connected to the sewer network above the toilet connection level, this will exclude the possibility of fecal masses entering the outlet lines;
Piping must be rotated using several angled elbows. For example, two 45° or three 30°, this will provide a smoother turn and avoid clogging;
The sewer riser is necessarily displayed on the roof, where a fan hood is mounted on it, providing a sewer inside;
The maximum distance for connecting plumbing fixtures to the riser should not exceed 3 m, and the toilet bowl 1 m.

Installation and equipment of the sewage tank

For the installation of a septic tank, regardless of its model, a pit breaks out with dimensions slightly larger than the dimensions of the tank. At the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion about 10 cm thick is arranged. It is compacted and leveled as much as possible. To install septic tanks in the pit, it is recommended to use lifting construction equipment, since some models have a rather significant weight. In most cases, fasteners are provided on the case. After installation, the container must be leveled. Neck extensions may be required depending on the design.

Article

Modern man is spoiled by civilization. Sewerage, which not so long ago seemed to be a component of elite housing, today has become an integral part of almost any apartment. Those who live in multi-storey comfortable houses do not have to think about the design and installation of this system, but the owners of individual buildings have a harder time. Domestic sewerage is a rather complex system. The efficiency and reliability of its operation directly depends on the design and installation of the structure. How to avoid errors in the process of arranging the system? Let's figure it out.

Where to start construction work?

Arrangement of internal sewerage involves the installation of risers of fan pipes and the installation of piping in the premises. It is best to take care of the drainage system at the design stage of the building and place all the "wet" rooms at a minimum distance from each other. Ideally, make them adjacent, so you can significantly simplify the arrangement of internal sewage. It is also important to correctly determine the location of the collector pipe, to which all pipelines will converge.

Now you can begin to develop a scheme for future sewage:

Observing the scale, we draw a plan of the building.
We mark on it the location of the risers.
We put on the diagram all the plumbing fixtures that are planned to be installed. We note for ourselves the features of their connection.
We draw pipelines that will connect risers and plumbing equipment. We mark all the necessary turns, joints, etc. Be sure to indicate the connecting elements that will be required for the installation of tees, bends, etc.
We determine the parameters of the riser and the fan pipe.

In accordance with the scheme, the installation of the system will subsequently be carried out, in addition, it will help determine the amount of materials needed.

Internal sewerage includes risers of fan pipes and piping in all indoor areas private house

Now you need to choose a pipe laying method. There can be two of them: hidden and open. In the second case, the trunk is mounted on a wall or floor. The first is more time-consuming and involves the execution of strobes in structures into which pipes are subsequently laid. When choosing this option, experts advise internal plumbing and sewer pipes lay in one strobe. Plumbing is on top and sewage is on the bottom. This is very convenient, as it reduces the time required for installation work, and their volume. In addition, much less material is required to seal the strobe.

Here is an example of such work:

Important points when designing a system

When designing internal sewerage, the following aspects must be taken into account:

For a gravity system, and internal sewage is such, it must be maintained. For pipes with a diameter of 50 to 80 mm, it is 2 cm per meter; for products with a diameter of 80-100 mm, the slope increases to 3 cm per meter.
Drain pipes dishwasher and kitchen sink must be equipped with grease traps.
The toilet must be connected to the riser only by a pipe with a diameter of at least 100 mm.
For a house with several floors, the diameter of the riser should be 100-110 mm. It must be equipped with hatches for cleaning.
It is best if there is only one in the house sewer riser. All branches of the internal sewer system will approach it.
The location of the outlet of the pipeline is determined by the location of the collection well, which must be installed at the lowest point of the site. The outlet is located in the wall closest to the well.

By following these simple rules you will avoid many problems.

Internal sewerage can be laid in a hidden or open way. The first option involves the implementation of strobes in which pipes are laid, which makes it quite difficult to arrange. The second one is much simpler in execution, but less aesthetically pleasing.

Choosing parts for the pipeline

First of all, we determine the material from which the elements are made.

Option #1 - cast iron pipes

Some time ago, there was simply no alternative to such details. Their advantages include durability, such pipes serve more than half a century, high strength and fire resistance. At the same time, cast iron is not sufficiently resistant to impact point loads, from which it must be protected as far as possible. The disadvantages of the material include a very large weight, high cost and complex installation. In addition, the inner surface of such pipes is rough, which contributes to the deposition of layers, which, after time, can completely block the path of sewage.

Option #2 - polypropylene products

The advantages of such elements are resistance to all types of corrosion and solutions of salts, alkalis and acids, durability, high heat resistance. The latter quality allows the details to easily endure both low and high temperatures which makes it possible to lay them in almost any conditions.

Another advantage is increased fire resistance. Polypropylene is able to withstand the effects of fire for quite a long time without releasing toxic substances. Attractive and affordable price. Some difficulty is the installation of parts, which requires special equipment.

The most popular are plastic pipes for sewerage. They are lightweight, easy to install and have a smooth inner surface that prevents build-up on the inner walls of parts.

Option #3 - PVC parts

They can be made from non-plasticized or plasticized PVC. The characteristics of products made from these materials are similar. The advantages of PVC pipes include a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which allows products not to increase or sag when heated, as well as resistance to UV radiation. In addition, a very large assortment of shaped elements is produced, which makes it possible to assemble a pipeline of any configuration.

The disadvantages of products include fragility at low temperatures, low resistance to fire and the release of toxic substances during combustion, as well as sensitivity to certain chemicals.

General installation rules

Internal sewerage in a private house is equipped with a number of rules:

Riser elements with a 90° turn are assembled from two plastic elbows rotated by 45°. If a cast-iron pipeline is installed, two 135 ° bends are used.
In order to be able to eliminate possible blockages in pipeline sections, an oblique plastic or cast-iron tee is installed at 45 ° with a plug and one elbow or a cast-iron branch. Cast-iron fitting differs from plastic in names and gradations. For example, a 45° plastic elbow will fully match a 135° cast iron elbow.
Branch pipelines, which are located in the basements, under the ceiling of the premises, are connected to the risers using crosses or oblique tees.
The height from the lower section of the horizontal socket of the tee or straight cross to the floor should be no more than 20 mm.
The length of the pipeline from the toilet to the riser should not be more than 1 m. For other plumbing fixtures - no more than 3.5 m.
90° crosses or straight tees can be used to make turns on risers or transitions to horizontal runs.
To prevent the appearance of odors from the sewer in the room, an exhaust hood must be equipped. the so-called fan pipe lead out through the roof to a height of about 0.7 m. It is unacceptable to connect it to a chimney or ventilation.
If not possible, a special air valve for sewerage is mounted.
The diameter of the riser must be equal to the diameter of the exhaust part. With one hood, you can combine two or even more risers on the top floor or in the attic. The horizontal sections of such a pipeline are fixed with hanging brackets or simply wire to the rafters.
On risers that do not have indents in the upper and lower floors, revisions for the sewer are installed. standard height revision arrangement - 1000 mm from the floor level. If the part has to be installed in the corner of the room, it should be turned at an angle of 45 ° relative to the walls.
When installing the internal sewage system, all plastic pipes passing through the floors are installed in special metal sleeves. The height of the element depends on the width of the overlap. The top of the part should protrude 20 mm from the floor level, and the bottom should be flush with the ceiling.
The riser is installed with a sleeve on. In order for it not to fall from the pipe, it is tied with a thin wire to the superior socket of the cross or tee, or bursting with pieces of foam.
If it is assumed that a toilet bowl and other plumbing fixtures will be connected in series on a horizontal section, a sewer adapter must be installed between them. Plastic parts must not be turned high. This threatens with problems with the subsequent connection of equipment, especially with a shower or bath. On average, the turn should be carried out at half the socket of the tee in height with a direction towards the wall.
Clamps are used to secure the sewer. Plastic pipes are fixed in horizontal sections as necessary, so that no fractures occur. On average, one clamp is installed per half meter - a meter of the length of the line.
Cast iron pipes are mounted on steel brackets with a bend at the end, which prevent the pipeline from moving. Fasteners are installed under each pipe near the socket.
The risers are fixed to the side walls with 1-2 clamps per floor. Fasteners are installed under the sockets.

It is important to note that at the end of the installation work, tests for tightness are mandatory.

The fan pipe can be brought to the roof different ways. The diagram shows three possible design options.

For the arrangement of internal sewage, various connecting elements are used. It should be borne in mind that the same cast-iron and plastic elements may differ in names and markings.

Sewerage - necessary element any well-maintained home. Its arrangement does not require special special knowledge, but, at the same time, it cannot be called a simple matter. There are many nuances and features of the arrangement of the system. You should start with the development of a pipeline laying scheme, which will become the basis for subsequent work and help to correctly calculate the amount of materials needed. Already at this stage, you can evaluate your strengths and understand whether you will be able to cope with the work on your own or you will need to look for assistants. Many companies specialize in providing plumbing services. Professionals will quickly and competently carry out the installation of a sewer system of any complexity.