Plant growth is highly dependent on temperature and can occur from zero to 35°C.

The growth rate at temperatures above 35-40° decreases, and with a further increase it turns.

Different plants have different attitudes to temperature. Some plants are thermophilic and require higher temperatures for their growth. Other plants are more tolerant of low temperatures and sensitive to excessive temperatures.

By regulating the temperature regime in conjunction with other living conditions, it is possible to control growth, that is, to suspend it or bring it to an optimal level. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that it is impossible to act with heat to accelerate or slow down growth without providing the plant with light and moisture.

To quickly get stocky plants, you need more light, heat and moisture (up to optimal sizes).

The effect of temperature on the plant is very often used in greenhouses. For accelerated cultivation, plants from the early phases of development to flowering are provided with elevated temperature. This technique accelerates the growth and development of the plant, but it is not always taken into account that plants grown at a higher temperature turn out to be weaker in vitality than those developed at a lower temperature. Plants grown in greenhouses at a higher temperature quickly lose their decorative effect in living quarters.

When cultivating plants in greenhouses, you need to pay attention to this and not release products for sale that quickly die in the rooms.

An example of an erroneous temperature effect on plants can be the cultivation of summer seedlings at elevated temperatures. Seedling is obtained by appearance good, but poorly adapted to the hardships of open ground (short-lived).

If the plant finishes its growth earlier than the scheduled time, it is placed in a room with a low temperature to retard growth. If the plant is not squat, but rather stretched out, it is placed in a cooler room for the night. For greater decorativeness of plants, it is always necessary to lower the temperature in the rooms at night. A gradual and temporary decrease in temperature, repeated several times, increases the resistance of heat-loving plants to low temperatures.

An increase in the cold resistance of plants is achieved by sowing seeds directly into open ground. In this case, seedlings withstand frosts of 2-3 °. Seedlings of many plants grown in greenhouses and greenhouses die in the soil at -1, -2 °.

Increasing the resistance of plants to low temperatures can be achieved by breeding cold-resistant varieties, "cooling" the seeds, etc.

The temperature regime also affects the exit of seeds from dormancy (stratification), as well as their subsequent germination. This mode is also important for passing the dormant period. Plants that come from northern latitudes need organic rest. Without going through dormancy low temperatures they will not grow and develop well in the future. To speed up the passage of organic dormancy, you need to provide the plant with a low temperature.

If it is necessary to postpone the onset of dormancy or extend its period, the plant is provided with conditions unfavorable for the passage of organic dormancy, i.e., they do not give an appropriate low temperature.

If organic dormancy has passed, in order to retard growth or prolong forced dormancy, the plants are again placed in conditions of low temperatures.

An increase in temperature during forced rest reduces the latter.

To delay the germination of some tubers, bulbs and seeds, snow is used or trenches with frozen soil are used to keep them.

seed aging in early spring at a temperature of 5-20 °, especially in sunlight, it ensures their ripening within 7-10 days; at temperatures around 0 this process is very slow. The elevated temperature in August promotes the ripening of the bulbs.

For plant growth retardation open field in spring, trampling down snow and covering it with manure around the plant affects.

The air temperature also affects the respiration of plants, which becomes more intense at elevated temperatures.

In winter, when there is almost no accumulation of organic matter in insufficient light, it is necessary, by providing the plant with a slightly lower temperature, to reduce the intensity of respiration. This also applies to bulbs, tubers and rhizomes stored in winter.

The life and development of indoor plants depends on many factors, and the main one is temperature. The influence of temperature on plants can be both positive and extremely negative. Of course, it all depends on the type of plant and its preferences in the wild, but some species lose their original habits and fully adapt to apartment conditions.

Each type of plant needs a different amount of heat, some of them can endure deviations from acceptable temperature conditions, while others suffer and are inhibited in development.

An important factor is not only the amount of heat received by the plant, but also the duration of the heat exposure. At different stages of a plant's life, the amount of heat required often varies, so at the stage of active growth, most plants need a warm atmosphere, but when the plant goes into a dormant period, it is recommended to reduce the amount of heat received.

Comfortable temperature for each plant is determined based on the values ​​of the maximum and minimum temperature at which the plant develops normally or feels comfortable at different stages of life. A drop in temperature below acceptable values, as a rule, leads to the attenuation of all processes, inhibition of development and weakening of the photosynthesis process. An increase, on the contrary, activates and accelerates these processes.

In the cold season, the effect of temperature on plants is slightly different. Plants will be comfortable at lower temperatures, this is due to the fact that most plants go into a dormant phase during this period. At this time, the growth process slows down or stops altogether, the plant seems to be sleeping, waiting for more favorable conditions. Therefore, there is no reason to maintain a high temperature during this period, the need for heat by plants is much less than in summer.

• able to withstand sudden changes in temperature
• thermophilic
• cool content lovers

The first group includes aspidistra, aucuba, clivia, monstera, ficuses, tradescantia and even some types of palm trees. To lovers warm conditions in winter, orchids, coleus, and others are included. These plants suffer from a lack of heat and can die, so their maintenance must be approached responsibly. The third group includes jasmine, cyclamen, boxwood and others. These plants will feel good in cool rooms at average temperatures of 8-12 degrees.

Usually representatives of the third group cause difficulties, because in the cold season it is problematic to create cool conditions. Yes, yes, no matter how ridiculous it may sound, but it is exactly so. People themselves are by nature thermophilic, and not many of them want to live in cool conditions for the sake of indoor plants, and besides, heating sometimes fries, so at least open the windows for plowing =)

To create cool conditions, you can put such plants on window sills, but in this case it is necessary to protect them from the heat of heating systems, for example, by fencing off with a protective screen or by slightly reducing the heating

If the effect of temperature on plants can be different, then sharp temperature fluctuations will definitely have a negative effect. This often happens, especially in winter. Rapid changes in temperature can adversely affect the root system of the plant, supercool the roots and leaves, as a result of which the plant can become sick. Most of all, plants standing on window sills are subject to such drops, where they are in the position “between the hammer and the anvil”. On the one hand, heat from the battery presses, and on the other hand, cold when airing and frozen windows.

Of course, tropical plants are most sensitive to drops, but cacti endure even strong jumps. By nature, their cacti are in conditions where day and night temperatures can differ by tens of degrees.

When airing rooms, plants must be protected, especially those that are on the windowsill. For this purpose, you can use a sheet of cardboard, if there is nothing to protect the plants - it is better to remove them away from the window for the time of airing.

The article gives general information Naturally, the effect of temperature on plants of specific species can vary greatly. See recommended temperatures for certain types plants are better in the catalog.

When caring for indoor plants, it is important to observe the temperature regime that is suitable for them. After all, in wild nature each of them grows in a certain climatic zone and is adapted to these conditions of existence.

At home, it is almost impossible to create a climate for them in the tropics, subtropics or semi-deserts, but you should try to observe a similar temperature regime, otherwise the plant may lose its decorative effect, and even die.

In the article we will consider the effect of temperature on plant growth and development.

The effect of temperature on plants

If a plant is provided with the temperature to which it is adapted, it grows well, develops and blooms profusely. But often flower growers have difficulty in providing the right temperature regime.

Despite the fact that many indoor flowers come from the tropics, they do not tolerate high temperatures.. In their native climate, the summer heat is accompanied high humidity unlike the climate middle lane. Therefore, often with an increase in temperature, drying is observed first of the tip, and then of the entire sheet.

As well as an increase in temperature, for many plants its lowering is harmful.

Low temperatures in the room, accompanied by an increase in humidity, are typical for the autumn and spring periods before turning on and after turning off the heating. At this time, cases of decay of the root system of plants become more frequent, and if the temperature drops significantly, their leaves can curl up and fall off. Plants also respond to sharp decline temperature.

High temperature for plants

Not all houseplants tolerate summer heat well. Many of them suffer from high temperatures and low humidity in temperate regions. To protect indoor flowers from unusual temperatures, apply abundant watering, spraying and shading.

Tropical summer is different high humidity air. At the same time, plants easily tolerate temperatures up to 30ºС. Increases indoor humidity good hydration earthy coma and spraying the leaves of the plant.

For residents of the tropics, except frequent watering, fit the installation of the pot in a tray with moistened sand. Spraying can be done daily with water at room temperature.

Often a plant in summer suffers not so much from high temperature, but from the action of direct sun rays. In order to avoid burns on the leaves, and at the same time to reduce the temperature of the air in which the plant lives, you need to put it in the shade or cover it from the sun with white paper.

The effect of low temperatures on plants

Winter maintenance of indoor plants is always different from summer.

In winter, most plants need it, because in their homeland the temperature regime is changing. Usually indoor flowers should not grow in winter, and for this they are kept at low temperatures and weak watering.

There are species that are insensitive to temperature changes and do not have a pronounced dormant period. The rest should hibernate at temperatures to which they are adapted.

Plants tolerant of temperature extremes

Some unpretentious species almost completely do not react to a decrease or increase in temperature. They are very resistant to temperature influences and do not require the maintenance of any particular temperature in winter period.

These are such decorative leafy plants:,. They can be kept in winter room temperature, but they withstand its decrease to plus 5-10ºС.

Many coniferous species growing in withstands even short frosts. Pelargonium is also very hardy, which sheds leaves only when the temperature drops below 0ºС.

Consider the groups of plants in relation to temperature.

This article is often read:

heat loving indoor plants

There are many species that do not tolerate low temperatures. If the air temperature drops to 10-13ºС, their leaves curl up and fall off.

Such heat-loving tender plants include:,, fittonia. The optimum temperature for their wintering is 15-20ºС.

Plants that need cool

Cool wintering is needed mainly for flowering plants, which, after a dormant period, begin to grow intensively and bloom. It , .

Among those wintering in coolness there are also ornamental leafy plants.. These are some types of ficuses, ferns, Kalanchoe. All these plants are recommended to be kept in winter at a temperature of 8-15ºС.

Plants requiring cold storage

Among indoor flowers, there are those grown at low room temperature. These are mainly succulents, which should not grow in winter. The growth of succulents with a shortened light day leads to elongation. They weaken, lose decorative look, do not bloom.

Almost all types of cacti require wintering at a temperature of 5-8ºС with very rare watering once a month or less. At the same temperature, some species, aeoniums, hibernate.

Agave can also be kept at lower temperatures - up to 0ºС.

Many bulbous crops and gloxinia tubers also contain in winter at temperatures around 8ºС, which stimulates their growth and flowering in spring.

We examined the classification of plants in relation to temperature.

Protection of flowers during airing

Airing is necessary for indoor plants, as they need fresh air. They especially experience this disadvantage in winter, when the windows are closed due to the winter cold. However, winter ventilation must be carried out very carefully so as not to lower the temperature in the room sharply and not harm the plants.

You can do a gradual ventilation of the room through the intermediate room, the air of which has already been updated.

In this case Fresh air will gradually move into the room with plants and will not lead to a strong decrease in temperature.

The easiest way to air the room is to take the flowers to another room..

Especially you need to take care of those plants that are closer to the window, because there the temperature can reach the limit values ​​​​for them. It is recommended to bring them back only after the temperature regime returns to normal.

In addition to lowering the temperature during ventilation, there is also a risk of drafts. Many species react negatively to drafts by dropping leaves, and this can happen even in summer. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that indoor flowers do not end up in a draft, remove them when opening windows.

Plant adaptation to high temperatures

The ability of plants to adapt and tolerate stress high temperatures called heat resistance. Heat-loving flowers can withstand prolonged overheating, while moderately heat-loving - short-term.

To protect against high temperatures, plants use different kinds adaptation.

Morphological and anatomical devices are a special structure that helps prevent overheating. These traits include:

• Shiny surface of leaves and stems, reflecting sunlight;
• Dense pubescence of the plant, which enhances the ability of the leaves to reflect and gives them a light color;
• The meridional or vertical position of the leaves, which reduces the surface that absorbs the sun's rays;
• General reduction of leaf surface.

All these features also help the plant lose less water.

Physiological adaptations include:

Plant resistance to low temperatures

There are no special properties of plant adaptation to low temperatures. However, there are devices that protect against the complex adverse conditions- wind, cold, the possibility of withering. Among them are:

• Pubescence of the renal scales;
• Thickening of the cork layer;
• leaf pubescence;
• Thickened cuticle;
• Resining the kidneys for the winter in conifers;
• Special forms of growth and small size, for example, small leaves, dwarfism, close internodes, horizontal growth pattern;
• Development of thick and fleshy contractile roots. At the end of autumn, they dry up and decrease in length, drawing bulbs, roots, wintering buds into the ground.

Physiological adaptations help lower the freezing point of cell sap and protect water from freezing. These include:

• Increased concentration of cell sap;
• Anabiosis is the ability to suspend life processes in a plant under extreme conditions and reduce productivity.

Which plants are affected by temperature fluctuations?

Both throughout the year and throughout the day there are natural fluctuations in temperature. How do different plants tolerate such drops?

Most indoor flowers do not tolerate strong temperature fluctuations.. So when it gets colder by 6-10 degrees, the leaves of dieffenbachia begin to turn yellow and fade, and growth stops. The same "symptoms" can be observed in other plants. Therefore, when airing a room in winter, it is better to remove the flowers from the windowsill.

It is important to know that a gradual change in temperature, at a rate of no more than 0.5 degrees per hour, can tolerate most plants.

However, there are plants that normally tolerate even large temperature fluctuations. These include aloe, sansiviera, clivia, aspidistra, and others.

The most thermophilic, and therefore poorly tolerated by strong temperature changes, are flowering and decorative-deciduous representatives of the aroid, begonia, mulberry and bromeliad families.

The most heat-loving variegated guests from the tropics: caladium, codiaum.

Natural temperature fluctuations at home

In nature, there is a rhythmic change in temperature: at night it decreases, and during the day it rises. The same changes occur throughout the year, when the seasons smoothly change one after another.

Plants, in their natural environment, adapt to such changes.. Indoor flowers, which natural conditions grow in temperate latitudes, tolerate changes in the amount of heat well, while for guests from the tropics such temperature fluctuations are more painful.

Therefore, in the cold season, tropical plants have a pronounced dormant period. For them, it is very important, because it has a positive effect on further growth and development.

It is important to know that indoor plants will be beneficially affected when the temperature during the day is several degrees higher than at night.

Completed by: Galimova A.R.

The effect of extreme temperatures on plants

In the course of evolution, plants have adapted quite well to the effects of low and high temperatures. However, these adaptations are not so perfect, so extreme extreme temperatures can cause certain damage and even death of the plant. The range of temperatures acting on plants in nature is quite wide: from -77ºС to + 55°С, i.е. is 132°C. The most favorable temperatures for the life of most terrestrial organisms are +15 - +30°C.

High temperatures

Heat resistant - mainly lower plants such as thermophilic bacteria and blue-green algae.

This group of organisms is able to withstand temperatures up to 75-90°C;

Plant resistance to low temperatures is divided into:

Cold resistance;

Frost resistance.

Cold tolerance of plants

the ability of heat-loving plants to tolerate low positive temperatures. thermophilic plants suffer greatly at positive low temperatures. External symptoms of plant suffering are wilting of leaves, the appearance of necrotic spots.

Frost resistance

the ability of plants to tolerate negative temperatures. biennial and perennials growing in the temperate zone are periodically exposed to low negative temperatures. different plants have different resistance to this effect.

frost-resistant plants

The effect on plants of low temperatures

With a rapid decrease in temperature, the formation of ice occurs inside the cell. With a gradual decrease in temperature, ice crystals are formed primarily in the intercellular spaces. The death of a cell and the organism as a whole can occur as a result of the fact that ice crystals formed in the intercellular spaces, drawing water from the cell, cause its dehydration and at the same time exert mechanical pressure on the cytoplasm, damaging cellular structures. This causes a number of consequences - the loss of turgor, an increase in the concentration of cell sap, sharp decrease cell volume, a shift in pH values ​​in an unfavorable direction.

The effect on plants of low temperatures

The plasma membrane loses its semi-permeability. The work of enzymes localized on the membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria, and the processes of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation associated with them, are disrupted. The intensity of photosynthesis decreases, the outflow of assimilates decreases. It is the change in the properties of membranes that is the first cause of cell damage. In some cases, membrane damage occurs during thawing. Thus, if the cell has not gone through the hardening process, the cytoplasm coagulates due to the combined effect of dehydration and mechanical pressure of ice crystals formed in the intercellular spaces.

Plant adaptations to negative temperatures

There are two types of adaptations to the action of negative temperatures:

avoidance of the damaging effect of the factor (passive adaptation)

increased survival (active adaptation).

Temperature is the most important factor determining the possibilities and terms of cultivation of agricultural crops.

The biological and chemical processes The transformation of batteries is directly dependent on the temperature regime. The heat supply of crops is characterized by the sum of average daily air temperatures above 10°C during the growing season. Both high and low temperatures disrupt the course of biochemical processes in cells, and thus can cause irreversible changes in them, leading to the cessation of growth and death of plants. An increase in temperature to 25–28°C increases the activity of photosynthesis, and with its further growth, respiration begins to noticeably predominate over photosynthesis, which leads to a decrease in plant mass. Therefore, most agricultural crops at temperatures above 30 ° C, wasting carbohydrates on respiration, do not, as a rule, give an increase in yield. Temperature drop environment from 25 to 10°C reduces the intensity of photosynthesis and plant growth by 4-5 times. The temperature at which the formation of photosynthesis products is equal to their consumption for respiration is called the compensation point.

The highest intensity of photosynthesis in plants of a temperate climate is observed in the range of 24-26°C. For most field crops, the optimum temperature during the day is 25°C, at night - 16-18°C. When the temperature rises to 35–40°C, photosynthesis stops as a result of disruption of biochemical processes and excessive transpiration (Kuznetsov and Dmitrieva, 2006). A significant temperature deviation from the optimal one in the direction of increasing or decreasing significantly reduces the enzymatic activity in plant cells, the intensity of photosynthesis and the supply of nutrients to plants.

Temperature has a great influence on root growth. Low (< 5°С) и высокие (>30°C), soil temperatures favor the surface location of the roots, significantly reducing their growth and activity. In most plants, the most powerful branched root system formed at soil temperature of 20-25°C.

When determining the timing of fertilization, it is important to take into account the significant effect of soil temperature on the supply of nutrients to plants. It has been established that at temperatures below 12°C, the use of phosphorus, potassium and microelements from the soil and fertilizers by plants deteriorates significantly, and at temperatures below 8°C, the consumption of mineral nitrogen also noticeably decreases. For most crops, a temperature of 5-6°C is critical for the entry of essential nutrients into plants.

The heat supply of the growing season largely determines the structure of sown areas and the possibility of growing more productive late-ripening crops that can be used for a long time. solar energy for crop formation or re-sowing after early-harvested crops.

In the conditions of the Nonchernozem zone of Russia, there is a direct dependence of the productivity of agricultural crops on the sum of temperatures. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, under irrigated conditions, no reliable relationship between the number of positive temperatures and crop yields has been established. In central and southern regions countries, an increase or decrease in temperature by 2-3 ° C does not have a significant effect on plant productivity.

Temperature also has a great influence on the vital activity of soil microflora, which determines the mineral nutrition of plants. It has been established that the highest intensity of ammonification of organic residues in the soil under the action of microorganisms occurs at a temperature of 26-30°C and soil moisture of 70-80% of HB. Temperature or humidity deviation from optimal values significantly reduces the intensity of microbiological processes in the soil.

The moisture content of plants has a great influence on the intensity of photosynthesis and the efficiency of fertilizers. The degree of opening of stomata, the rate of CO 2 entry into the leaves and the release of O 2 depend on the turgor state of plants. In conditions of drought and excessive moisture, the stomata usually close and the assimilation of carbon dioxide (photosynthesis) stops. The highest intensity of photosynthesis is observed with a slight water deficit in the leaf (10-15% of full saturation), when the stomata are maximally open. Only under conditions of an optimal water regime, the root system of plants shows the highest activity in the consumption of nutrients from the soil solution. Moisture deficiency in the soil leads to a decrease in the rate of movement of water and nutrients through the xylem to the leaves, the intensity of photosynthesis, and a decrease in plant biomass.

Not only the amount of precipitation is important, but also the dynamics of their distribution during the growing season in relation to individual crops. The productivity of agricultural crops is largely determined by the availability of moisture in the most critical phases of plant growth and development.

For the Non-Chernozem zone, a dark correlation was established between the yield and the amount of precipitation in late May - early June for cereals, in July - August for potatoes, corn, root crops and vegetable crops. The lack of moisture during these periods significantly reduces the yield of plants and the effectiveness of fertilizers.

The use of nitrogen and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers significantly increases the moisture deficit, since water consumption also increases in proportion to the increase in the yield of the aboveground mass. It has been established that on fertilized fields the drying effect of plants on the soil begins to manifest itself earlier and to a greater depth than on unfertilized ones. Therefore, with a moisture deficit, fertilized fields are sown as early as possible, so that by the time the drought sets in and the topsoil dries up, the roots reach the lower, more moistened horizons. The most important measure of moisture accumulation in the steppe regions is snow retention, early harrowing to cover moisture, and early sowing.

In the forest-steppe and dry-steppe zone, moisture supply is one of the most important factors in the productivity of agricultural crops.

In zones of sufficient and excessive moisture, the leaching water regime has a great influence on the supply of plants with nutrients, since a significant amount of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and soluble humic substances are removed from the root layer of the soil with a downward flow of water. This regime is created, as a rule, in autumn and early spring.

Great influence on crop yield, fertilizer efficiency, string and agricultural practices field work is provided by the exposition and topography of the fields, since the slopes of different exposure and steepness differ significantly in the content of humus in the soil, nutrients, thermal and water regimes, and the responsiveness of agricultural plants to fertilizers. The soils of the northern and northeastern slopes, as a rule, are more humus-rich, better supplied with moisture, have higher snow cover, thaw later than those on the southern slopes, and, as a rule, have a heavier granulometric composition. The soils of the southern and southwestern slopes are warmer than those of the northern ones, they thaw earlier, and are characterized by intense flood runoff of thawed and storm water, hence, as a rule, are more eroded, contain less silty particles. In the soils of the southern slopes, the mineralization of stubble and root residues and organic fertilizers flows more intensively, so they are less humus. The higher the snow cover, the lower the depth of soil freezing, it better absorbs spring melt water and floods destroy the soil less.

It is important to take into account the characteristics of soils of different exposures when planning the timing of field work and the need for equipment for applying fertilizers, since after completion of field work on the southern slopes, it is used in the fields of the northern exposure.

Despite the great dependence of plant growth and development on their provision with moisture and heat, soil fertility and the use of fertilizers play a decisive role in the formation of crop yields in the Non-Chernozem Zone and many other regions.

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