Moss indicators. Lichens are indicators of the state of the environment. groundwater level

Lemyaskin Pavel Viktorovich, Malikov Mikhail Vitalievich, 6th grade

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2009 TOPIC "Indication of air purity with the help of epiphytic mosses" Grade 6 EDUCATIONAL PROJECT Moscow region Ramensky municipal area MOU Ganusovskaya secondary school

identification of the dependence of the growth of epiphytic mosses on the ecological state environment; conduct the necessary research through observation; create and present a multimedia project. OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVES: to assess the level of air pollution by the growth rate of epiphytic mosses

Material and technical and educational equipment: tape measure, square grid, magnifying glass; a computer with Internet access, a camera, a scanner, educational and educational literature

We were faced with the task of assessing the degree and level of air pollution in the territory of our village, located 4 km from the highway connecting Kashirskoye and Ryazanskoye highways. It is known that epiphytic lichens and mosses are biological indicators of aerotechnogenic pollution. They do not have a root system and absorb toxins not from the substrate, but from the atmospheric air. Mosses are good accumulators of sulfur and heavy metals. The methodology of the research was divided into 2 stages:  1st stage - field research,  2nd stage - processing of data and results of the work.

Survey sites were identified that were along a line perpendicular to the highway. In total, 3 sites were selected, located at different distances from the highway:  1st - near the road,  2nd - 2 km from the road (Ganusovo village),  3rd - 4 km from the road (Ryleevo village). 1 stage of work

On each tree, a description of mosses was carried out from the base to a height of 1.5 m. At the same time, the vitality of the moss cover was visually assessed. At each site, a trial plot of 30 * 30 m was laid and 10 separate old, but healthy, vertically growing trees were selected

To assess the vitality of mosses, a 3-point scale was used: 1 point - good (full) vitality - the moss develops well, has sufficient moisture to the touch; 2 points - satisfactory vitality (oppression) - the plant is oppressed, which is expressed in smaller sizes of adults; 3 points - unsatisfactory vitality (severe oppression) - the moss is oppressed so much that there is a sharp deviation in the appearance of adults.

On each tree, at least 4 counts were carried out using a grid: 2 at the base of the trunk (from its different sides) and 2 at a height of 1.4 m - 1.6 m. A square-grid 20*20 cm in size was used to carry out the counts. Applying the grid to the tree trunk, we calculated the area occupied by epiphytic mosses. First, we counted the number of small squares that completely covered the moss-covered areas (A). Then they counted small squares partially occupied by mosses (B). The area of ​​the stem colonization by mosses was determined by the formula: S = (A + 0.5B) / 4

The data obtained were presented in the form of a table. Stage 2 of work Ecological state and distribution of mosses on a birch Tree number Moss vitality, points Area covered with mosses (m 2) 1st plot 2nd plot 3rd plot 1st plot 2nd plot 3rd section 1 - 3 1 - 0.02 0.26 2 - 2 1 - 0.04 0.39 3 3 2 1 0.02 0.04 0.38 4 - 3 2 - 0.02 0.40 5 - 2 1 - 0.12 0.52 6 3 2 1 0.04 0.08 0.46 7 - 2 2 - 0.14 0.38 8 - 3 1 - 0.06 0.48 9 - 3 1 - 0.04 0.44 10 - 3 1 - 0.02 0.50

As a result of the conducted research, we made a conclusion about the degree of air pollution in the area of ​​the test sites. The air pollution level was assessed on a 5-point scale (see the table on the next slide).

Influence of air pollution on the distribution of epiphytic mosses Air pollution zone Occurrence of epiphytic mosses Air pollution assessment 1. _______ No mosses on tree trunks Very strong pollution 2. Plot No. 1 No epiphytic mosses. On the northern side of the trees there is a greenish coating of algae. Strong pollution 3. Plot No. 2 At the base of the trees there is an insignificant amount of moss. Medium pollution 4. Plot No. 3 The appearance of mosses on tree trunks throughout the surveyed height. Slight pollution 5. _______ High species diversity of epiphytic mosses throughout the surveyed tree height Clean air

Thus, at site No. 3 (Ryleevo village) there is moss on tree trunks throughout the surveyed height, which indicates low air pollution, while at site No. 1 (near the highway) there are no mosses on tree trunks, which is a consequence of severe air pollution . CONCLUSION: To assess the contamination of territories, it is possible to study epiphytic mosses, which, as can be seen from the results of the study, make it possible to clearly identify contaminated territories even with a “weak pollution category”.

Worked on the project: Pavel Lemyaskin - 6th grade student Mikhail Malikov - 6th grade student Project manager - biology teacher Milyaeva Maria Panayotovna

References: Nadein A.F., Tarkhanov S.N. Ecology of the Northern Territories of Russia // International Conference, Arkhangelsk, 2002. Litvinova L.S., Zhirenko O.E. Moral and ecological education of schoolchildren // M.: 5 for knowledge, 2007. Pasechnik V.V. Biology. bacteria. Mushrooms. Plants. M.: Bustard, 2005 . Erudite series. Plant world. M .: LLC "TD" Publishing House "World of Books", 2006.

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format

Target: Study and identification of lichens as an indicator of air purity.

Tasks:

- Determine the role of lichens as indicators of air purity.

- Compare experimental data.

Relevance:

Lichens are the pioneers of vegetation, but they are one of the most important determinants of air purity.

Novelty: Research on lichens is being conducted for the first time on the territory of the village of Tandy.

Introduction

The most acute environmental problem is air pollution, as pollutants are regularly released into the air.

Car fuel combustion products, boiler house emissions, fire combustion products, etc. enter the lowest (surface) layer of the atmosphere. The conditions for their dispersion are determined by the state of the atmosphere. decisive role at the same time, the wind plays: in windy weather it is well ventilated, the concentrations of pollutants are low. In calm weather, the "purity" of surface air is determined by the processes of vertical mixing. At favorable conditions they ensure the removal of impurities into the upper layers of the atmosphere and the entry of clean air from there.

Air pollution leads to a decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer and the formation of ozone holes. According to scientists, a 1% decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer will increase the intensity of UV radiation on the Earth's surface by 2%, which will increase the incidence of skin cancer in humans by 3-6%. In addition, air pollution leads to an increase in air humidity, to an increase in the amount of fog in the city and clouding of the atmosphere - a greenhouse effect is formed.

As well as atmospheric pollution affect the state of drinking sources and the state of flora and fauna.

But most importantly, polluted air has a huge impact on human health and well-being. With heavily polluted air, people become inflamed eyes, mucous membranes of the nose and throat, symptoms of suffocation, exacerbation of the lungs and various chronic diseases, for example: chronic bronchitis, and even lung cancer.

Thus, the problem of air pollution is relevant, and we decided to find out how badly the air in our country is polluted. There are various methods for studying the level of air pollution. There are also instrumental methods for determining the content of harmful impurities in the air, which are used by state environmental organizations to monitor the air environment. However, such methods are not available to us. We have chosen the most accessible method for assessing the degree of air pollution - lichen indication. That is, we have chosen lichens as indicators of the state of the air. The object of the study was the territory in the center of the village and on the outskirts of the village.

Characteristics of lichens

Lichens received the Russian name for visual similarity with the manifestations of some skin diseases, which received the general name "lichen". The Latin name comes from the Greek (lat. Lichen) and translates as a wart, which is associated with the characteristic shape of the fruiting bodies of some representatives.

Behind the dissonant name of these plants lies an amazing world in its originality.

As organisms, lichens were known to scientists and the people long before the discovery of their essence. Even the great Theophrastus (371 - 286 BC), "the father of botany", gave a description of two lichens - Usnea and Rocella. Gradually, the number of known species of lichens increased. In the 17th century, only 28 species were known. French doctor and the botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, in his system, singled out lichens as a separate group within the mosses.Although over 170 species were known by 1753, Carl Linnaeus described only 80, describing them as "a meager peasantry of vegetation", and included them together with liverworts in the composition "terrestrial algae".

Lichens are a group of symbiotic organisms in which two components are combined: autotrophic - algae or cyanobacteria and heterotrophic - fungus. Together they form a single organism. Each type of lichen is characterized by a constant form of symbiosis that has developed in the process of historical development - the mutually beneficial cohabitation of a certain fungus with a specific algae.

The division of lichens into classes and families is carried out in accordance with the affiliation of the fungus species - a component of the lichen - to a certain department of the fungi that make up the lichens, they are assigned to the Ascomycot department, and a small part - to the Basidiomycote department.

Lichens vary in size, ranging in size from a few to tens of centimeters. The lichen body is represented thallus, or thallus. Depending on the pigment formed, it can be gray, bluish, greenish, brown-brown, yellow, orange or almost black.

Now there are about 25 thousand species of lichens. And every year, scientists discover and describe dozens and hundreds of new unknown species. The appearance of these plants is bizarre and varied. Rod-shaped, bushy, foliose, membranous, ball-shaped, "naked" and densely covered with scales (phyllocdadiae) lichens are known, having a thallus in the form of a club and a film, a beard, and even "multi-story" towers.

Depending on the appearance There are three main morphological types: scale, leafy and bushy lichens. In nature, lichens occupy several ecological niches: epilithic, epiphytic, epixyl, ground and aquatic.

The thallus of scale lichens is a crust of "scale", the lower surface is tightly fused with the substrate and does not separate without significant damage. This allows them to live on bare soil, on steep slopes mountains, trees and even concrete walls. Sometimes scale lichen develops inside the substrate and is completely invisible from the outside.

Leafy lichens have the form of plates of various shapes and sizes. They are more or less tightly attached to the substrate with the help of outgrowths of the lower cortical layer.

Bushy have a more complex structure. The thallus forms many rounded or flat branches. Grow on the ground or hang from trees, wood debris, rocks. On the substrate, they are attached only at their base.

Lichens are attached to the substrate by special outgrowths located on the underside of the thallus - rhizoids (if the outgrowths are formed only by hyphae of the lower cortex), or rhizins (if these outgrowths also include core hyphae).

I.1 Lichens as environmental indicators

Lichens are a very peculiar group of spore plants, consisting of two components - a fungus and a single-celled, less often filamentous algae, that live together as an integral organism. At the same time, the function of the main reproduction and nutrition due to the substrate belongs to the fungus, and the function of photosynthesis belongs to algae. Lichens are sensitive to the nature and composition of the substrate on which they grow, to microclimatic conditions and air composition, due to the extreme "longevity" of lichens, they can be used to date the age various items based on the measurement of their thalli - in the range from several decades to several millennia.

Lichens were chosen as the object of global monitoring because they are distributed throughout globe and because their reaction to external influences is very strong, and their own variability is insignificant and extremely slow compared to other organisms.

Of all the ecological groups of lichens, epiphytic lichens (or epiphytes), that is, lichens growing on the bark of trees, are the most sensitive. The study of these species, in the largest cities of the world, has revealed a number of general patterns: the more industrialized the city, the more polluted, the less species of lichens are found within its boundaries, the smaller the area covered by lichens on tree trunks, the lower the "vitality" of lichens.

Lichens are an integral indicator of the state of the environment and indirectly reflect the overall "favorability" of the complex abiotic factors environments for biotic.

In addition, most chemical compounds, negatively affecting the lichen flora, are part of the main chemical elements and compounds contained in the emissions of most industrial productions, which makes it possible to use lichens precisely as indicators of anthropogenic pressure.

All this predetermined the use of lichens and lichen indication in the system of global monitoring of the state of the environment.

I.2. Lichen classification

There are three main types of lichen thalli: scale (crustal), leafy and bushy, between which there are transitional forms. The simplest - scale, And cortical, similar to the bark of a tree. They grow on the surface of the soil, rocks, on the bark of trees and shrubs, densely grow together with the substrate and do not separate from it without significant damage.

More highly organized lichens have leafy thallus in the form of plates, spread over the substrate and fused with it by means of bundles of hyphae. On the substrate, leafy lichens look like scales, rosettes, or large plates usually cut into lobes.

The most complexly organized thallus - bushy, having the form of columns or ribbons, usually branched and growing together with the substrate only at the base. The vertical growth of the thallus allows it to better use sunlight for photosynthesis.

In most lichens, the thallus has an upper and lower crustal layer of a dense plexus of fungal filaments, between which there is a core - a loose layer of fungi strengthens the thallus and protects algae from excessive lighting. The main function of the core layer is to conduct air to algae cells containing chlorophyll.

The symbiotic relationship between the fungus and algae is manifested in the fact that the filaments of the fungus in the body of the lichen, as it were, perform the function of roots, and the algae cells play the role of leaves of green plants - photosynthesis and the accumulation of organic substances occur in them. The fungus provides the algae with organic matter. Thus, lichens are autohelerotrophic organisms. Lichen, as a whole organism, has new biological qualities that are not characteristic of its components outside of symbiosis. Thanks to this, lichens live where neither algae nor fungi can live separately. The physiology of the fungus and algae in the lichen thallus also differs in many ways from the physiology of free-living fungi and algae.

Among lichens, there are groups of species growing on the soil, trees, sklah, etc. Within them, even smaller groups can be distinguished: living on neither calcareous or siliceous rocks, on the bark of trees, bare wood, on leaves (in evergreens), etc. Lichens are not found on cultivated lands due to their very slow growth, the accumulation of organic substances. They are very demanding on the purity of the air, they cannot stand smoke, soot, and especially sulfurous gases from industrial areas.

They are found in all biogeographic zones, especially in temperate and cold regions, as well as in the mountains. Lichens are able to tolerate prolonged drying. Photosynthesis and nutrition cease at this time. Tolerance to drought and low temperatures allows them to survive periods of sharp change in living conditions and return to life even at low temperatures and low CO2, when many plants die.

I.3. Lichen breeding

Lichens reproduce mainly vegetatively - in parts of the thallus. Fragile in dry weather, lichens break easily when touched by animals or humans; individual pieces, once in the appropriate conditions, develop into a new thallus. However, they can also reproduce by spores that are produced sexually or asexually.

The wide distribution of lichens is due to many factors, of which the main ones are their ability to withstand the adverse effects of the environment, lightness vegetative propagation, range and high speed of transfer of individual parts of the thallus by the wind.

According to the nature of sexual intercourse, lichens are classified into two classes: marsupials (reproduce by spores that ripen in bags), which include almost all varieties of lichens, and basidial (spores mature in basidia), numbering only a few dozen species.

Reproduction of lichens is carried out by sexual and asexual (vegetative) methods. As a result of the sexual process, spores of the lichen fungus are formed, which develop in closed fruiting bodies - perithecia, which have a narrow outlet at the top, or in apothecia, wide open to the bottom. Germinated spores, having met an alga corresponding to their species, form a new thallus with it.

Vegetative propagation consists in the regeneration of the thallus from its small sections (debris, twigs). Many lichens have special outgrowths - isidia, which easily break off and give rise to a new thallus. In other lichens, tiny granules (soredia) are formed in which algae cells are surrounded by a dense accumulation of hyphae; these granules are easily carried by the wind.

Lichens get everything they need for life from the air and precipitation, and at the same time they do not have special devices that prevent various pollutants from entering their bodies. Especially detrimental to lichens are various oxides, which, when combined with water, form acids of one or another concentration. Entering the thallus, such compounds destroy the chloroplasts of algae, the balance between the components of the lichen is disturbed, and the organism dies. Therefore, many species of lichens are rapidly disappearing from areas subject to significant pollution. But it turns out not all.

Either way, death certain types must be alarm signal not only for people living in any particular locality, but for all mankind.

Since lichens are very sensitive to air pollution and die at a high content of carbon monoxide, sulfur, nitrogen and fluorine compounds in it, they can be used as living indicators of the purity of the environment. This method was called lichen indication (from the Greek "lichen" - lichen)

I.4. The meaning of lichens

The value of lichens is great. As autoheterotrophic components of natural systems, they accumulate solar energy, forming a certain biomass, and at the same time decompose organic matter to mineral. As a result of their vital activity, the soil is prepared for the settlement of plants.

In the tundra, where there are especially many lichens, they serve as food for reindeer. Highest value in this regard, has reindeer moss - reindeer moss. Lichens and some wild animals are used as food, for example: roe deer, elk, deer. Lichens serve as indicators (indicators) of air purity, as they are very sensitive to air pollution.

Thanks to lichen acids (a joint product of a fungal and algal partnership), lichens act as pioneers of vegetation in nature. They are involved in the processes of weathering and soil formation.

But lichens have a negative effect on architectural monuments, causing their gradual destruction. As the lichen thallus develops, they deform and bubble, and a special microclimate arises in the resulting cavities, contributing to the destruction of the substrate. That is why the lichen mosaic on the surface of ancient monuments is of great concern to restorers and keepers of antiquity.

On peatlands, lichens inhibit the growth of shrubs. Sometimes areas of soil between lichen cushions and vascular plants are completely devoid of vegetation, since lichen acids act both directly and at a distance (confirmed by laboratory experiments).

Lichen acids not only inhibit, but also stimulate the growth of some organisms. In those places where lichens grow, many soil microscopic fungi and bacteria feel great.

Lichen acids have a bitter taste, so only some snails and reindeer, who are very fond of reindeer moss, tundra cladonia, eat them.

In severe famine years, people often added lichens crushed into flour when baking bread. To remove bitterness, they were first doused with boiling water.

Lichens have long been known as a source of useful chemicals. More than 100 years ago, lichenologists drew attention to the fact that under the influence of iodine solutions, alkali and whitewash turn into different colors. Lichen acids do not dissolve in water, but dissolve in acetone, chloroform, and ether. Many of them are colorless, but there are also colored compounds: yellow, red, orange, purple.

In medicine, lichens were used by the ancient Egyptians 2000 BC. Their acids have antibiotic properties.

Carl Linnaeus in 1749 mentioned seven medicinal forms lichens. At that time, tampons were made from rock parmelia to stop nosebleeds, and a cough remedy was prepared from red-fruited cladonia. Drugs were successfully used to treat skin diseases, burns, and postoperative wounds.

Medicinal preparations of Icelandic cetraria are used both in official and folk medicine for the treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, infectious diseases skin, purulent wounds and burns. In many countries, including Russia, they prepare medicinal syrups and pastilles.

Pharmacological studies have shown that the sodium salt of usnic acid has bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against staphylococci, streptococci and subtilis bacteria. Its decoction raises the tone of the body, regulates the activity of the stomach, treats diseases of the respiratory tract. medicinal product sodium usninate was developed at the Botanical Institute. V. L. Komarov in St. Petersburg and named binan in honor of this institute. Binan on fir balm heals burns, and an alcohol solution helps with sore throat.

The most unexpected use in perfumery, although it was known in the 15th - 18th century. In ancient Egypt, a powder was obtained from them, which was used to make powder.

Lichen acids, obtained from various types of parmelia, evernium and ramalin, have the ability to fix odors, which is why they are still used in the perfume industry today. An alcoholic extract from lichens (rhizinoid) is added to perfumes, colognes and soaps. The substances contained in Evernia Plum are good flavor fixers, so they are used for making perfumes and flavoring bread.

Some lichens are edible. In Japan, for example, edible gyrophora (gyrophora tsculenta), a leafy lichen growing on rocks, is considered a delicacy. It has long been known under the name "lichen manna", edible asticilia (Asticilia esculenna), which forms a kind of "wandering" spherical lumps in the steppes, deserts and arid mountainous areas. The wind sometimes carries these balls over long distances. Perhaps this is where the biblical tradition arose about the "manna from heaven", sent down by God to the Jews who wandered through the desert on the way from Egyptian slavery. And in Egypt itself, Evernia furfuracea was added to baked bread so that it would not stale for a long time.

According to the composition of lichens, using the developed scales and formulas, the concentration of various pollutants in the air is determined. They are classic biological indicators. Also, the entire surface of the lichens absorb rainwater, where a lot of toxic gases are concentrated. The most dangerous for lichens are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and fluorine compounds. The last decade has shown that the most negative impact they are affected by sulfur compounds, especially sulfur dioxide, which, already at a concentration of 0.08-0.1 mg / m, inhibits most lichens, and a concentration of 0.5 mg / m is detrimental to almost all species.

Lichens are successfully used in ecological monitoring. They serve as indicators of the environment, as they show increased sensitivity to chemical pollution. Resistance to adverse conditions contributes to the low growth rate, the presence various ways extraction and accumulation of moisture, developed protection mechanisms.

Russian researchers M. G. Nifontova and her colleagues found that lichens accumulate radionucleotides several times more than herbaceous plants. Fruticose lichens accumulate more isotopes than foliose and scale lichens, so these species are chosen to control radioactivity in the atmosphere. Ground lichens accumulate mainly cesium and cobalt, while epiphytes accumulate mainly strontium and iron. Epiliths growing on stones accumulate very little radioactive elements. The washing out of isotopes from thalli is strongly inhibited due to long periods of dehydration, so lichens serve as a barrier to the further spread of harmful radiation. Due to the ability to accumulate isotopes, lichens are used as indicators of radioactive contamination of the environment.

II. Main part

II.1. Establishment of trial sites

In each study area, five trees of the same species were selected, which were at a distance of 5-10 m from each other, were approximately the same age and size, and had no damage. Close to the trunk of each tree is a pallet, divided into squares, at a height of approximately 1 m.

The data obtained were processed according to the formula: R=(100a+50b)/s,

where: R is the degree of coverage of the tree trunk with lichens (%);

a - the number of grid squares in which lichens visually occupy more than half of the square area;

c - the number of grid squares in which lichens visually occupy less than half of the square area;

With - total number grid squares.

The results of air pollution are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Assessment of the degree of pollution of the atmospheric air of the territory

Experiment area

tree type

Number of lichens

Lichen species

Air purity

Solobut

(1 plot)

larch

More than half of the square is covered with lichen

Scale (yellow, gray)

Fresh air

(2 plot)

larch

Several squares are covered with lichen

Scale (yellow,

Fresh air

Village center

(3rd plot)

larch

Almost the entire square is covered with lichen

Scale (yellow), leafy (green)

little polluted

II.2. Projective cover measurement

To estimate the relative abundance of lichens on tree trunks, we determined projective coverage indicators those. percentages areas covered with lichens and areas free from lichens.

The projective cover of lichens was calculated using a transparent film, lined into 1x1 cm squares. The film was applied to a tree trunk and fixed with buttons. Measurements on one trunk were made with four corners of the world: the frame was applied and counted four times - from the north, east, south and west. Also, these measurements were made on 2 heights: 60,90.

Lichens were counted as follows. First, we counted the number of grid squares in which lichens occupy by eye more than half of the area of ​​the square (a), conditionally attributing to them a coverage equal to 100%. Then, the number of squares in which lichens occupy less than half of the area of ​​the square (c) was counted, conditionally attributing to them a coverage equal to 50%. This was recorded in a worksheet. After that, the total projective cover was calculated as a percentage using the formula:

R \u003d (100 * a + 50 * c) / C

In this formula, C is the total number of grid squares (when using a 10x10 cm grid with 1x1 cells, C=100).

1. Projective coverage measurement

The projective cover is calculated by the formula:

R=(100a+50b)/C, Where

A is the number of grid squares in which lichens occupy more than half of the square area;

V is the number of mesh squares in which lichens occupy less than half the area of ​​the square;

WITH is 100%.

R=100 * 50 + 50 * 15 / 100% = 57.5%

This means that in the first section the estimate of the projective coverage is 8 points.

R = 100 * 50 + 50 * 19 / 100% = 59.5%

And in the second section, the estimate of the projective cover is also 8 points.

R = 100 * 15 + 50 * 5 / 100 = 17.5%

And in the third section, the projective coverage score is 4 points.

Table 3 Measurement of the projective cover of lichens.

II.3. Calculation of the value of field tolerance indices

The calculated projective cover made it possible to calculate field tolerance index, reflecting the influence of air on lichens.

The field tolerance index (IP) is calculated by the formula:

IP = (A i C i )/C n

In this formula: n is the number of species in the described trial plot; A i - field tolerance class of the species (swelling hypohymnia belongs to the 3rd class of field tolerance, that is, this type of lichen occurs in natural and anthropogenically slightly modified places); C i - projective cover of the species in points; Cn is the sum of coverage values ​​of all types (in points). Field tolerance index (IP) and SO₂ concentration.

Table 4 Estimated projective coverage in points.

Coverage assessment, in %

Using the table "Assessment of projective cover in points", it was determined that the calculated projective cover in percent (57.8%, 59.5%) corresponds to eight (8) points. Having all the data, we calculated the field tolerance index using the formula. IP = 4 (mixed zone).

II.4. Results of the practical part of the study

3 km 2 were surveyed, found the following types lichens.

Family Parmeliaceae

    Hypogymnia swelling (Hypoqimnia physodes)

    Parmelia sulcata (Parmelia sulcata)

Family Usneaceae

    Evernia splayed (Evernia divaricata)

Family Teloschistaceae

    Xanthoria wall (Xanthoria pareitina)

Table number 5. Research results.

Very weak(Class 1) - the total number of species is up to six, including scale, leafy and bushy forms of gray and yellow.

Weak(Grade 2) - total number up to four, scale, leafy and bushy forms gray color, scale lichens of yellow color.

Average(Grade 3) - only two types of gray lichens, crustaceous and leafy forms.

Moderate(Grade 4) - only one type of crustaceous lichens of gray color.

Strong(grades 5-6) - complete absence lichens, "lichen desert".

So our locality according to our calculations belongs to the second class. This means that there are no industrial facilities in our territory. The main objects polluting the atmosphere are the central boiler house, heated with coal, fuel oil, private houses heated with wood.

Conclusion

    Simple accessible way determining the purity of the air is a method of lichen indication.

    Lichens are highly responsive to external influence, therefore, it is possible to clearly determine the state of the ecological situation.

    According to our research, the territory of the village is favorable in terms of air purity.

Literature.

1. Bogolyubov A.S. Evaluation of air pollution by lichen indication method: method. allowance / A.S. Bogolyubov, M.V. Kravchenko. - M.: Ecosystem, 2001.

2. Vorontsov A.I., Kharitonova N.Z. Protection of Nature. - M.: Higher school, 1977

3. Israel Yu.A. Ecology and control of the state of the natural environment. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979.

4. Kriksunov E.A. Ecology, M.: Drofa Publishing House, 1996.

5. Kushelev V.P. Protection of nature from pollution by industrial emissions. - M.: Chemistry, 1979.

6. Lyashenko O.A. Bioindication and biotesting in environmental protection: textbook. - SP: 2012.

7. Nikitin D.P., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and man. - M.: Higher school, 1980

8. Novikov E.A. Man and the lithosphere. - L .: Nedra, 1976.

9. Sinitsyn S.G., Molchanov A.A. etc. Forest and nature protection. - M.: Timber industry, 1980.

10. Internet site lishayniki.ru

Application

Xanthoria wall

Evernia splayed

Parmelia striated

Hypohymnia swollen

Indicator plants are in great demand in gardening, they will tell you how best to equip the site. Although almost any crop grown by the condition of the stems, foliage, root system or other organ can tell us about a shortage or an overabundance nutrients in the soil and its moisture content. The ability to correctly determine what exactly the plants are signaling will help correct the situation in time and improve the yield.

Indicator plants in the country

Eliminate the need for ongoing diagnostics cultivated plants, you can turn to those that grow on the site without your participation, the so-called indicator plants. Look around and you will definitely find them. Year after year, they grow well on their own, no matter how often you harvest them.

Determining the condition of the soil is one of the important factors for gardeners, helping to determine in advance and more accurately what fertilizers should be applied, what exactly is better to plant in a particular place.

Groundwater indicator plants

soil moisture

Plants are xerophytes. They easily tolerate drought, are able to do without moisture for a long time:

Plants are mesophytes. Forest and meadow grasses growing on moist soils, but not waterlogged:

Plants are hygrophytes. Prefer richly moist, waterlogged soils:

A place with abundantly moistened soil, if the territory allows, is better to equip as a decorative part of the site, for example, make a secluded corner for relaxing with a small pond. In the absence of such an opportunity for growing vegetables, you will have to work hard on drainage.

Such a place is not suitable for trees and shrubs, they are for good growth required level ground water no closer than one and a half or even two meters from the soil surface.

groundwater level

The owners of a site, especially a new one, are wondering about the availability of water, for example, for arranging a well or a well, an automatic irrigation system or plant distribution. This is where vegetable indicators come to the rescue. Explore the site and look for plants that determine the presence of groundwater.

Two types of sedge will indicate a water depth of 10 cm - soddy and vesicular, 10-50 cm sharp sedge and purple reed grass, from 50 cm to a meter meadowsweet and canary grass. When water passes at a depth of 1–1.5 m, plant indicators will be sagittarius-grass, meadow fescue, vetch many-flowered and field grass, more than 1.5 m - creeping wheatgrass, red clover, large plantain and a sharp fire.

Soil indicator plants

Plants - oligotrophs indicate a low content of useful elements in the soil. These are lichens, heather, cranberries, deciduous mosses, wild rosemary, lingonberries and blueberries. As well as antennaria, white-bearded and sandy cumin.

Medium-fertile soil suitable for plants - mesatrophs, for example, green mosses, male shield and drooping tartar, wild strawberries, oregano, ranunculus anemone, oak maryannik, two-leafed love, etc.

Plants are indicators of enriched soils - eutrophs and megatrophs. Moss, two types of nettle (stinging and dioecious), female fern, wood lice, horsetail and moonwort. As well as ostrich fern, forest carrot, Ivan-tea, hoof, quinoa, black nightshade, etc.

Plants - eurytrophic grow in soils with different levels fertility, so they are not indicators. This bindweed (birch), yarrow.

Nitrogen is the most important element in plant nutrition and development. From the lack of this element, plants wither, slow down in growth.

Soil nitrogen indicators

  1. Plants are nitrophils(nitrogen rich soil). Common marigold, quinoa, purple yasnotka, motherwort, burdock, perennial hawk, hops, yaskirka, marigold, bedstraw, bittersweet nightshade and nettle nettle.
  2. Plants are nitrophobes(nitrogen poor soil). In such places, almost everything grows well. legumes, as well as alder, sea buckthorn and jida (jigida), stonecrop, wild carrot, navel.

There are also observations on plants indicating the density of the soil. The dense earth on the site is overgrown with goose cinquefoil, creeping ranunculus, plantain, creeping wheatgrass. Creeping ranunculus and dandelion thrive on loam. Loose soil with a high content of organic matter is loved by nettles and burnet. Sandstones prefer mullein and medium chickweed.

Plants-indicators of soil acidity

In excessively acidic soils, the normal growth of cultivated plants is hindered by an excess of aluminum and manganese, they contribute to the disruption of protein and carbohydrate metabolism, which threatens with a partial loss of yield or complete wilting of plants. To calculate the composition of the land on your site, take a closer look at wild plants.

Plants - acidophiles (indicators of soils with high acidity pH less than 6.7)

Limit acidophiles growing on soils with a pH of 3–4.5:

Medium acidophiles– pH 4.5–6:

Weak acidophiles(pH 5–6.7):

Plants are neutrophils that identify neutral and slightly acidic soils with a pH level of 4.5–7.0

Plants that prefer soil with a pH of 6.7-7 - regular neutrophils: Hulten willow and mosses pleurocium and hylocomium.

Soil with a pH of 6–7.3 is ideal for paralinear neutrophils: cicute cicute, clover, meadow batlachik, bunch and common goatweed.

Plants - basophils (indicators of alkaline soils with pH 7.3–9)

Soils with a pH of 6.7–7.8 are ideal for neutral plants - basophils:

In soil with a pH of 7.8-9 - grow common plants - basophils, such as red elderberry and rough elm, as well as calciphiles(falling larch, oak anemone, six-petal meadowsweet) and plants are halophytes, such as small-flowered tamarix, immortelle and some types of wormwood.

Most of vegetable crops grows in soils with low acidity and neutral, so for good growth and bountiful harvest, hyperacidity needs to be neutralized. There are many options for this, it all depends on the desired result and the crops grown, because there are plants that slightly acidic soil does not prevent from developing well, for example, radishes, carrots and tomatoes. And especially potatoes. On alkaline soil, it is strongly affected by scab and the yield drops sharply.

Cucumbers, zucchini, squash, onions, garlic, lettuce, spinach, peppers, parsnips, asparagus and celery prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil (pH 6.4-7.2). And cabbage and red beet, even on neutral soil, respond well to alkalization.

Plants that are not indicators

Not all types of plants can identify the soil, the best in this matter are precisely those that are adapted to certain conditions and are intolerant of any of their changes (stenobionts). Plant species that easily adapt to changes in the composition of soils and the environment (eurybionts) cannot be called indicators.

Indicators are not those plants whose seeds were accidentally brought to the site. Usually they give single shoots, and with timely harvesting they no longer appear.

It turns out that most of the plants that we fight and are used to calling weeds can be indispensable assistants in soil diagnostics. Indicator plants allow you to save time and effort on complex experiments, because all you need to do is just find them in your area and recognize them.

MCS - BIO-INDICATORS OF POLLUTION.

The main part of emissions into the atmosphere - 70.4 percent - falls on the industrial centers of the republic, where large enterprises are concentrated. Heavy metals are transported in the atmosphere over long distances from the source of emissions and, when deposited, have a negative impact on the environment. Sulfur can serve as an indicator of anthropogenic impact on natural objects, as well as an indirect indicator of heavy metal emissions. Among the sources of pollution are thermoelectric devices, vehicles, industrial, municipal, as well as agriculture and forestry.

For scientists, green mosses and forest floors are reliable sources of information about environmental pollution. Mosses are bioindicators of pollution; they accumulate heavy metals, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and other substances from the air. According to the chemical composition of mosses and litter, one can judge the sources, areas, degree of environmental pollution, as well as identify the main pollutants. The Forest Institute of the Karelian Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the financial support of the State Committee for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, studied environmental pollution with heavy metals and sulfur by chemical analysis of green mosses and forest litter.

As a result of the research, the book "Pollution of the forest territory of Karelia with heavy metals and sulfur" was published. Among the authors are N. Fedorets, V. Dyakonov, G. Shiltsova, P. Litinsky. The results of studying the spatial distribution of heavy metals and sulfur throughout the territory of Karelia are presented. Regional background concentrations of metals in mosses and litter have been established. Color computer maps of pollution of the territory of the republic with heavy metals and sulfur are presented, an assessment of their levels is given.

The work of scientists may be of interest to ecologists, soil scientists, geographers, botanists and other specialists in the field of nature protection.

NATALIA FEDORETS, Head of the Forest Soil Science and Microbiology Laboratory of the Forest Institute, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences.

EARLY SUMMER DOES NOT DECEIVE.

The second decade of April in the European part of Russia turned out to be amazingly warm. And abruptly - literally in a week - we switched from warm raincoats almost to T-shirts.

But along with the warmth and freedom of clothing, a languid fatigue came to us, when, in broad daylight, we are so unexpectedly drawn to deep dream. Many people experience headaches and discomfort from a sudden change in weather.

The phenomenon of spring fatigue has been of interest to physicians for a long time, - says Sergey Zebrov, Doctor of Psychology. - Indeed, it is somewhat strange that when nature wakes up from hibernation, a person experiences constant fatigue, irritability, night sleep becomes anxious and brings little relief.

Attempts to explain the phenomenon of "spring fatigue" have been made more than once. Basically, seasonal ailments were explained by beriberi - they say, there are not enough vitamins and hence all the problems. But the introduction of modern multivitamins into a wide circulation did not help to overcome spring fatigue.

Obviously, the essence of the issue is somewhat deeper.

Our studies have shown that the number of people complaining of fatigue in April and May increased after the transition to the so-called summer time, Sergey Zebrov explains. - But in general, in almost all people, the transition from winter numbness to spring awakening causes a certain stress in the body, which must be overcome competently and gradually.

So, what do experts recommend to combat spring fatigue? First, strictly observe the regime of the day. Going to bed, even on weekends, is no later than half past ten in the evening, and sleep for at least nine hours in a well-ventilated room. It’s good to take a half-hour walk before going to bed.

Waking up, too, should not be in a hurry - soak up the bed for about fifteen minutes, make light movements with your arms and legs, and only then proceed to the main exercise and invigorating soul.

Secondly, you should carefully monitor the diet, giving preference to fish and vegetarian dishes. It's no secret that after Lent, many lean on meat, as if they want to catch up, the stomach, weaned from such food, transfers its "discontent" to the whole body. It is highly undesirable to abuse alcohol at this time. If a couple of glasses of vodka on a frosty or dank day not only evoked pleasant emotions, but also had a tonic effect on well-being, then during the change of seasons, alcohol leads to the opposite results.

And finally, in order to overcome spring fatigue, one should laugh more ... which was recommended at the end of the last century by the famous Viennese doctor Kraft-Ebing. Laughter will quickly relieve fatigue, calm your nerves and set you in a calm mood.

An anecdote or a humorous story told by the chef will allow you to defuse tension that can develop into a big conflict in the team.

By the way, on the days of weather change, you should not tire yourself and those around you with talk about what this summer will be like. Warm weather in April does not mean that it will be hot. So, in 1983 already on the first of April in Moscow it was twenty degrees of heat. June was cool and very rainy.

1

It has been experimentally shown that leafy mosses can be used as bioindicators of environmental pollution by oil products.

leafy mosses

oil pollution

bioindication

1. Gusev A.P., Sokolov A.S. Information-analytical system for assessing the anthropogenic disturbance of forest landscapes // Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. - 2008. - No. 309. - S. 176-180.

2. Zheleznova G.V., Shubina T.P. Mosses of natural middle taiga plant communities in the southern part of the Komi Republic // Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya ekologiya. - 2010. - No. 4. - P. 76–83.

3. To the organization of integrated monitoring of the state of the natural environment in the area of ​​the fall of the separated parts of launch vehicles in the Northern Urals / I.A. Kuznetsova, I.N. Korkina, I.V. Stavishenko, L.V. Chernaya, M.Ya. Chebotina, S.B. Kholostov // Proceedings of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 2012. - No. 2(10) . – P. 57–67.

4. Serebryakova N.N. Influence of xenobiotics on the physiology and biochemistry of leafy mosses // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University. - 2007. - No. 12. - P. 71–75.

The development of fundamental research related to the stability and change of natural biocenoses under the influence of various anthropogenic factors, including rocket and space activities, does not lose its relevance. The need to predict changes in the environment and the consequences caused by them increases in proportion to the increasing impact on natural complexes. Equally relevant is the search for ways to prevent negative consequences. However, these issues can only be resolved by determining the very fact of the existence of an impact and its degree. The present study is devoted to the study of the ability of mosses to saturate with oil products and the possibility of using them as bioindicators in assessing the anthropogenic impact, in particular, oil pollution in the area where the separating parts of Soyuz launch vehicles (fuel - aviation kerosene) fell during launching spacecraft to the sun. -synchronous orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome.

The research area is located on the border of the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions, the coordinates of the center of the impact area (RP) are 60° 00’ N; 58° 54’ E, area - 2206.4 km2. During the period of operation of the territory as a fall area, 6 launches of launch vehicles (LV) took place: in December 2006, November and December 2007, September 2009, July and September 2012. Fragments of separating parts of launch vehicles (OC LV) were found at Olvinsky Kamen (N 59º 57', E 59º 12'), on the eastern slope of Sennoy Kamen (N 59º 59', E 59º 06') and in the upper reaches of the . Uls (N 59º 59’, E 58º 59’). When carrying out launches of launch vehicles, environmental support is provided for the reception of fragments of the OC LV, which consists in assessing the content of oil products before and after the fall of the OC LV in the main depositing media (soil, snow, water of water bodies). The results of these works did not reveal any changes in the state of the natural environment after the launch of the launch vehicle, both in the visual assessment and in the assessment of pollution by rocket and space fuel. The results of background monitoring of the content of oil products in depositing media confirmed this conclusion. The same results were obtained during the follow-up of the 2012 launches: no differences in the content of oil products in the tolerance and post-launch water and soil samples were found.

In 2011-2012, studies were carried out on the possibility of using green leafy mosses as bioindicators in monitoring the state of the natural environment and quickly assessing the changes taking place during aerogenic pollution with oil products. Their ability to accumulate oil products under atmospheric pollution has been experimentally established.

Wide distribution, morphological and physiological properties of mosses, their ability to tolerate unfavourable conditions environmental conditions and high sensitivity to ecotoxicants make it possible to use these plants as bioindicators. Moss "accepts" all microimpurities from the atmosphere, retaining and accumulating them throughout its lifetime. Despite the fact that in 3-5 years the green (photosynthetic) part of the moss is completely renewed, the moss itself lives much longer. Mosses do not have a root system, and therefore the contribution of sources other than atmospheric fallout is in most cases organic. Applying modern methods chemical analysis can determine the elemental composition of atmospheric fallout at the collection site and quantify the concentration of a particular chemical substance accumulated by moss over a certain period of time. The use of mosses as indicators of atmospheric pollution has significant advantages over traditional methods, since the collection of samples is simple, does not require expensive equipment for sampling air and precipitation; the process of collecting, transporting and storing moss is less labor intensive.

Most often, for bioindication, it is recommended to use epiphytic mosses growing on the bark of trees and practically not associated with the soil (they are practically not affected by the heterogeneous composition of soils). However, when controlling pollution of the natural environment by products of rocket and space activities, which equally affect all components of the natural complex, this feature of ground mosses does not interfere with the solution of the problem.

Material and research methods

In 2011-2012 experimental studies of the adsorption capacity of green leaf-stemmed mosses to accumulate oil products were carried out. Samples for research were selected at the main monitoring points of the OC LV impact area, since it was immediately supposed to use the obtained values ​​as background values ​​for further research during environmental support of launch vehicles. The places of sampling are given in Table. 1.

Table 1

Leaf moss sampling sites

Sampling location

Coordinates

Chr. spruce mane

N 60º 07' 17"

E 59º 18' 10"

N 60º 06’ 55”

E 58º 53' 20"

Chr. Kvarkush slope

N 60º 07’ 30’’

E 58º 45' 25"

Chr. Kvarkush plateau 1

N 60º 08' 21"

E 58º 47' 54"

G. Haystone

N 59º 58’ 34’’

E 59º 04’ 59’’

Main Ural Range

N 60º 05' 27"

E 59º 08' 16"

Chr. Kvarkush plateau 2

N 60º 09’ 33’’

E 58º 41’ 30’’

G. Kazan stone

N 60º 06’ 41’’

E 59º 02' 53''

G. Olvinsky stone

N 59o 54’ 10’’

E 59o 10’ 10’’

G. Konzhakovsky stone

N 59º 37’ 59’’

E 59º 08’ 26’’

For chemical analysis, samples of leafy mosses of the family Polytrichaceae (polytrichaceae) were taken. When determining the content of oil products, moss samples were extracted with hexane, the concentration of the oil product in the extract was determined on the device "Fluorat-02" according to the method PND F 16.1: 2.21-98 Fluorate-02"). Separately, the moisture content of the moss was determined and the concentrations of oil products were recalculated for the dry matter of the sample.

The experiment on the saturation of moss with kerosene was carried out by the static method. A weighed portion of kerosene was placed in a sealed container. After its evaporation, its content in the vapor phase was determined, then a sample of moss was added to the container with the kerosene sample. Since it was assumed that the dead and living parts of plants can adsorb oil products in different ways, in the first year of work, the samples were separated according to this feature, and the dead and living parts were analyzed separately. After exposure for 5 days, the content of kerosene in moss samples was determined. The separation factor was calculated as the ratio of the concentration of kerosene in the moss sample to the residual concentration of kerosene in the vapor phase.

Research results and discussion

In table. Figure 2 shows the obtained values ​​for the content of oil products in dry samples of moss: from 0.008 to 0.056 mg/kg of dry samples (average - 0.028 mg/kg) at a humidity of 23-56%.

Taking into account that samples for determining the content of oil products were taken during periods not related to the operation of the territory in rocket and space activities (i.e., outside the launches of launch vehicles), on the territory not subject to anthropogenic impact, the obtained values ​​can be regarded in further research as background.

table 2

The results of background monitoring of the state of leafy mosses in the area of ​​the fall of the OCh RH

In 2011, a study of the adsorption capacity of mosses began, and first of all, an analysis was made of the ability to saturate with oil products of living green and dead parts of moss. The differences found are insignificant and irregular (Table 3), which allows them to be neglected and the entire moss sample (without division into living and dead parts) to be used as an analyzed sample.

Table 3

The results of an experimental study on the saturation of leafy mosses with kerosene vapor

Sampling location

Separation coefficient of oil content in dry moss (solid phase) / in the vapor phase

the upper (green) part of the moss

the lower (dead) part of the moss

total moss sample

Chr. spruce mane

Chr. Kvarkush slope

Chr. Kvarkush plateau 1

G. Haystone

Chr. Kvarkush plateau 2

G. Kazan stone

G. Olvinsky stone

G.Konzhakovsky Stone

The results obtained convincingly confirm the possibility of using leafy mosses as bioindicator organisms in the rapid assessment of atmospheric pollution of the natural environment by oil products. The fact that living green and dead parts of moss react equally to saturation with kerosene vapor makes it much easier to work when using mosses in managing the complex ecological state of the natural environment.

Conclusion

As a result of the experimental studies, the background values ​​of the level of oil content in leafy mosses, which are widespread in the Northern Urals, including in the area where the separating parts of launch vehicles fall, were obtained. On average, moss tissues in the natural environment contain 0.028 mg/kg dry weight at a humidity of 23-56%. A high adsorption capacity of green mosses has been established: after a five-day exposure in kerosene vapor, the content of oil products in moss samples increases by an order of magnitude. The obtained results confirm the possibility of using leafy mosses as bioindicators, at least when assessing atmospheric pollution with oil products. Determination of background values ​​makes it possible to recommend the use of this object for environmental support of upcoming launches of launch vehicles both on the territory Sverdlovsk region, and in all other areas of the fall of the OChRN, located in the forest and mountain-forest zone.

The work was carried out under the project of oriented fundamental research within the framework of cooperation agreements between the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and state corporations, research and production associations No. 12-4-006-KA.

Bibliographic link

Kuznetsova I.A., Kholostov S.B. Leafy mosses as bioindicators of oil pollution of the natural environment in the area where the separated parts of launch vehicles fell. Advances in Modern Natural Science. - 2013. - No. 6. - P. 98-101;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=32490 (date of access: 02/26/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"