INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
INTERSTATE
STANDARD
General specifications
Official edition
Standartinform
Foreword
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic Provisions” and MSN 1.01-01-96 “System of Interstate Regulatory Documents in Construction. Basic Provisions»
About the standard
1 DEVELOPED by the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering" (SPbGASU) with the participation of the company "Maxit", the company "WakerChemie Rus" (technical center), ANO "Standardingzhinvest"
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (ISTCS) on November 21, 2007
4 This standard complies with European standards EN 998-1:2003 Specification for masonry mortars. Part 1: Plaster and putty mortars” (EN 998-1:2003 “Specification on masonry mortars. Part 1: Plasters and stopping fillers”), EH 998-2:2003 “Specification for masonry mortars. Part 2: Masonry mortars” (EN 998-2:2003 “Specification on masonry mortars. Part 1: Masonry mortars”), EH 13813:2002 “Materials for leveling floors and devices for leveling. Properties and requirements” (EN 13813:2002 “Materials and devices for leveling of floors. Materials for leveling. Properties and requirements”), EH 1323:1996 “Adhesives for facing tiles- Concrete slab for testing" (EN 1323:1996 "Glues for facing tiles - Concrete slab used as base") in terms of requirements for indicators of mobility, water absorption and adhesion strength with the base (adhesion) of mixtures
5 INTRODUCED BY Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated April 2, 2008 No. 74-st as a national standard Russian Federation since January 1, 2009
6 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about the entry into force (termination) of this standard and changes to it in the territory of the above states is published in the indexes of national (state) standards published in these states.
Information about changes to this standard is published in the index (catalog) "Interstate standards", and the text of the changes - in the information indexes "Interstate standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "Interstate Standards"
© Standartinform, 2008
This standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication in the Russian Federation without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
INTERSTATE STANDARD
DRY BUILDING MIXTURES ON CEMENT BINDING
General specifications
Dry building cement binder mixes.
General specifications
Introduction date - 2009-01-01
1 area of use
This standard applies to dry building mixtures (hereinafter referred to as dry mixtures) made on a cement binder based on Portland cement clinker or on mixed (complex) binders based on it, on aluminous cement, containing polymer additives of not more than 5% by weight of the mixture used in construction , reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures, and establishes general technical requirements, acceptance rules, test methods.
The standard does not apply to dry mixes based on gypsum, polymer and special binders, as well as to biocidal and sanitizing mixes.
The requirements of this standard should be taken into account when developing normative and technical documents, establishing standardized indicators of the quality of dry mixes of specific types, ensuring the technological and technical efficiency of dry mixes, as well as technological documentation for their use.
Note - The term "complex binders" is used until the revision of GOST 31189.
This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
GOST4.212-80 System of product quality indicators. Construction. Concrete. Nomenclature of indicators
GOST 4.233-86 System of product quality indicators. Construction. Building solutions. Nomenclature of indicators
GOST 310.4-81 Cements. Methods for determining the ultimate strength in bending and compression
GOST 965-89 White Portland cements. Specifications
GOST 969-91 Aluminous and high aluminous cements. Specifications
GOST 5802-86 Building mortars. Test Methods
GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Methods for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance in a stationary thermal regime
GOST 8267-93 Crushed stone and gravel from dense rocks for construction works. Specifications
GOST 8735-88 Sand for construction work. Test Methods
GOST 8736-93 Sand for construction work. Specifications
GOST 10060.0-95 Concrete. Methods for determining frost resistance. General requirements
GOST 10060.1-95 Concrete. Basic method for determining frost resistance
GOST 10060.2-95 Concrete. Accelerated methods for determining frost resistance during repeated freezing and thawing
Official edition
GOST 10060.3-95 Concrete. Dilatometric method for accelerated determination of frost resistance
GOST 10178-85 Portland cement and Portland slag cement. Specifications
GOST 10180-90 Concrete. Methods for determining the strength of control samples
GOST 10181-2000 Concrete mixtures. Test Methods
GOST 12730.3-78 Concrete. Method for determining water absorption
GOST 12730.5-84 Concrete. Methods for determining water resistance
GOST 13015-2003 Reinforced concrete and concrete products for construction. General technical requirements. Rules for acceptance, labeling, transportation and storage
GOST 17624-87 Concrete. Ultrasonic strength determination method
GOST 22690-88 Concrete. Determination of strength mechanical methods non-destructive testing
GOST 22856-89 Crushed stone and decorative sand from natural stone. Specifications GOST 24211-2003 Additives for concrete and mortars. General specifications GOST 24452-80 Concrete. Methods for determining prism strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio
GOST 24544-81 Concrete. Methods for determining shrinkage and creep deformations GOST 25820-2000 Lightweight concrete. Specifications
GOST 25898-83 Building materials and products. Methods for determining the resistance to vapor permeation
GOST 26633-91 Heavy and fine-grained concrete. Specifications GOST 27677-88 Corrosion protection in construction. Concrete. General requirements for testing
GOST 28570-90 Concrete. Methods for determining strength from samples taken from structures
GOST 28575-90 Corrosion protection in construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Vapor permeability test of protective coatings
GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides
GOST 31108-2003 General construction cements. Specifications GOST 31189-2003 Dry building mixes. Classification GOST 30353-95 Floors. Test method for impact resistance GOST 31356-2007 Dry building mixes based on cement binder. Test methods GOST 31358-2007 Dry construction floor mixes based on cement binder. Specifications
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the territory of the state according to the "National Standards" index, compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.
3 Terms and definitions
This standard uses the terms according to GOST 31189, as well as the following terms with their respective definitions.
3.1 ready-to-use mixtures: Mixtures of binders, fillers, aggregates, chemical additives, pigments (if necessary) and water, mixed to a homogeneous mass and ready for construction work.
3.2 hardened mortars (concrete): Artificial stone materials, which are hardened mixtures of binders, fillers, aggregates, chemical additives and pigments (if necessary).
NOTE Hardened mortars include hardened mortars and dispersions.
3.3 water absorption with capillary suction: The ability of a sample of a hardened solution (concrete), dried to constant mass, to absorb water at atmospheric pressure due to capillary or adsorption forces.
3.4 contact zone: The surface of the phase boundary "base" - "hardened mortar (concrete)".
3.5 frost resistance of the contact zone: The ability of a hardened solution (concrete) to maintain adhesion strength (adhesion) with the base during repeated alternating freezing and thawing.
3.6 adhesion strength to the base (adhesion): Mechanical characteristic contact zone under conditions of tension at separation.
4 Technical requirements
4.1 Dry mixtures must comply with the requirements of this standard and be manufactured according to the technological documentation approved by the manufacturer.
4.2 The properties of dry mixes are characterized by the quality indicators of mixes in a dry state, ready-to-use mixes, and hardened mortar (concrete).
4.2.1 The main indicators of the quality of dry mixes should be:
Humidity;
The largest grain size of the filler;
Bulk density (if necessary).
4.2.2 The main indicators of the quality of mixtures ready for use should be:
Mobility (except for adhesive, for adhesive - if necessary);
Preservation of original mobility;
Water holding capacity;
Volume of entrained air (if necessary).
4.2.3 The main indicators of the quality of the hardened solution (concrete) should be:
Compressive strength (except adhesive);
Water absorption;
Frost resistance (except mixtures for interior work);
Strength of adhesion to the base (adhesion);
Water resistance (for waterproofing mixtures and if necessary);
Abrasion (for floor mixes and if necessary)
Frost resistance of the contact zone (except for mixtures for interior work).
4.2.4 For mixtures of a specific type, the following additional quality indicators are established in accordance with their scope:
Flexural tensile strength;
Shrinkage deformations (expansions);
Impact resistance;
Elastic modulus;
Thermal conductivity;
Vapor permeability;
Corrosion resistance at various types corrosion.
If necessary, set other indicators in accordance with GOST 4.212, GOST 4.233, the terms of the contract.
4.3 The symbol for dry mixtures should consist of the name of the relevant classification features in accordance with GOST 31189, the designation of the main technical indicators of mixtures (if necessary) and the designation of a regulatory or technical document for mixtures of specific types.
Symbol examples:
Dry building concrete mix on cement binder, assembly, mobility grade PZ, compressive strength class VZO, water resistance grade W8, frost resistance grade F150:
Dry concrete mix, assembly, PZ, VZO, W8, F150 (designation of a regulatory or technical document for a mixture of a particular type)
Dry construction mortar based on cement-lime binder, repair, surface, mobility grade P to 3, compressive strength grade M75, frost resistance grade F100:
Dry mortar mixture, cement-lime, repair, surface P to 3, M75, F100 (designation of a regulatory or technical document for a mixture of a particular type)
Dry construction dispersion mixture on cement binder, leveling, putty, mobility grade P to 3, compressive strength grade M100, frost resistance grade F50:
Dry dispersed putty mix P to 3, M100, F50 (designation of a regulatory or technical document for a mixture of a particular type)
4.4 Moisture content of dry mixes should not exceed, % by weight:
0.2 - for mixtures based on cement and mixed (complex) binders, containing cement 80% of the weight of the mixed binder and more;
0.3 - for mixtures based on mixed (complex) binders containing cement less than 80% of the weight of the mixed binder.
4.5 The largest aggregate grain size D max, mm, should be no more than:
20.00 - for concrete mixtures;
5.00 - for mortar mixtures;
0.63 - for dispersed mixtures.
The residue on the sieve, corresponding to the grain size of the largest aggregate fineness, in dry mixtures (except for dispersed ones) should be no more than 5.0%, in dispersed mixtures - no more than 0.5%.
4.7 The mobility of ready-to-use mixtures is determined by:
According to the draft of the OK and / or the spread of the cone of the Republic of Kazakhstan, cm, - for concrete mixtures;
According to the immersion P to and the spread of the cone RK, cm, for mortar and disperse mixtures, respectively;
According to the spread of the ring Р to, cm, - for dispersed self-compacting mixtures.
The mobility of mixtures must be ensured when mixing with water in the amount indicated on the label.
The mobility grade and the criterion for assessing mobility are established in regulatory or technical documents for dry mixes of specific types, depending on their purpose.
4.8 The retention of the initial mobility of mixtures ready for use is determined by the time of maintaining the initial mobility in minutes. The retention of the initial mobility of mixtures must be no less than the time during which the mixture is produced.
4.9 The water-retaining capacity of ready-to-use mixtures must be at least 90%, those containing water-retaining additives - at least 95%.
4.10 Standardized quality indicators of hardened mortars (concrete) must be provided at the design age under conditions of normal humidity (f = 18 °С-20 °С, relative air humidity more than 95%) or natural hardening (f = 20 °С-23 ° C, relative air humidity 50% -60%) depending on the area of application of mixtures of specific types.
The design age and hardening conditions should be indicated in the regulatory or technical documents for dry mixes of specific types. If this is not indicated in the normative or technical document for a mixture of a particular type, then 28 days should be taken as the design age under conditions of normal-moisture hardening for concrete mixtures and natural hardening for mortar and dispersed mixtures.
4.11 The classes of compressive and tensile strength in bending of concrete at the design age must correspond to the parametric series given in GOST 26633.
For solutions at design age, the following classes (brands) are established:
Compressive strength classes: B10, B15, B20, B22.5, B25, VZO, B35, B40, B45, B50; brands: M5, M10, M25, M50, M75, M100, M150, M200, M250, M300;
Tensile strength in bending classes: Btb0.4; Btb0.8; Btb1,2; Btb1.6; Btb2.0; Btb2.4; Btb2.8; Btb3.2; Btb3.6; Btb4.0; Btb4.4; Btb4.8; Btb5,2.
4.12 Water absorption of hardened solutions (concrete) when saturated with water for 48 hours and the samples are completely immersed in water should not exceed,% by weight:
8.0 - for mixtures on cement and mixed (complex) binders, containing cement 80% of the weight of the mixed binder and more;
15.0 - for mixtures based on mixed (complex) binders containing cement less than 80% of the weight of the mixed binder.
Water absorption during capillary suction for 24 hours should not exceed 0.4 kg / m 2 h 0 - 5 (except for waterproofing mixtures), for waterproofing mixtures - no more than 0.2 kg / m 2 h 0 - 5.
4.13 Grades for frost resistance of hardened concretes are set in accordance with GOST 10060.0.
For hardened solutions, the following frost resistance grades are established: F15, F25, F35, F50, F75, F100, F150, F200, F300, F400.
4.14 Adhesion strength of hardened mortars with concrete base(adhesion) should be established in regulatory or technical documents for dry mixes of specific types and should not be lower than: 0.8 MPa - for repair, 0.5 MPa - for adhesive; 0.4 MPa - for external leveling compounds, 0.25 MPa - for internal leveling compounds.
Adhesion strength (adhesion) of hardened mortars with a base made of other materials (brick, natural stone, slabs of mineral wool, ceramic tiles, expanded polystyrene, etc.) are set in regulatory or technical documents for dry mixes of specific types, depending on the field of application.
4.15 Hardened mortars must have the following grades for frost resistance of the contact zone: F K3 25, F K3 35, F K3 50, F K3 75, FJ00.
The frost resistance of the contact zone F K3 is determined by the change in the strength of adhesion (adhesion) of hardened solutions with the base after the number of cycles of variable freezing and thawing established for this brand according to the regime given in GOST 10060.0.
4.16 The brand of mortars (concrete) in terms of water resistance for waterproofing mixtures (except for waterproofing penetrating ones) must be at least W6. For waterproofing penetrating mixtures intended for the treatment of concrete, the water resistance grade of concrete treated with penetrating mixtures must be at least two steps higher than that of untreated concrete.
4.17 Abrasion is taken in accordance with GOST 13015 or regulatory and technical documents for mixtures of specific types, depending on their area of application.
4.18 Requirements for additional quality indicators given in 4.2.4 are established in regulatory or technical documents for mixtures of specific types.
4.19 Material requirements for the preparation of mixtures
4.19.1 The materials used for the preparation of mixtures must comply with the requirements of regulatory or technical documents for these materials, as well as the requirements of this standard.
4.19.2 The following are used as binders:
Portland cement and Portland slag cement according to GOST 10178;
General construction cements according to GOST 31108;
Aluminous cement according to GOST 969;
White cement according to GOST 965;
Mixed (complex) binders according to regulatory or technical documents for binders of specific types.
4.19.4 The following are used as fillers:
Crushed stone or gravel according to GOST 26633, GOST 8267;
Sand for construction work according to GOST 8736;
Porous sands according to GOST 25820;
Decorative aggregates and fillers (marble chips, mica, etc.) in accordance with GOST 22856 or regulatory and technical documents for aggregates and fillers of specific types.
Pigments (titanium dioxide, iron oxide, ocher, etc.) must be stable in an alkaline environment and comply with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents for specific types of pigments.
4.19.6 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Leff in materials used for the preparation of dry mixtures shall not exceed the limit values established in GOST 30108, depending on the area of application of the mixtures.
4.19.7 Chemical additives in terms of effectiveness of action must comply with the efficiency criteria in accordance with GOST 24211.
Additives are added to dry mixtures in the form of water-soluble powder and/or granules.
4.20 Packaging and labeling
4.20.1 Dry mixes are packed in plastic film bags, multilayer paper bags made of kraft paper or with a polyethylene liner, as well as in bags with a capacity of more than 1 ton (big bags). The mass of the dry mixture in bags should not exceed 8 kg, in bags - 50 kg.
The packaging must be protected from moisture access to mixtures from the surrounding air.
4.20.2 Marking should be applied to each packaging unit. Marking must be legible and indelible.
4.20.3 The marking on each packaging unit must contain the following information:
Name and/or trademark and address of the manufacturer;
Date of manufacture (month, year);
The symbol of the dry mixture according to 4.3;
The mass of the mixture in the packaging unit, kg;
Shelf life, months;
Brief instructions for the use of a dry mix, indicating the volume of mixing water required to obtain mortar (concrete) mixtures with desired properties, l / kg.
If necessary, the marking may contain additional data to ensure complete identification of the dry mixture.
5 Safety and environmental requirements
5.1 Dry mixtures are non-combustible, fire-explosion-proof materials.
5.2 The sanitary and radiation safety of mixtures is established on the basis of the sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of the authorized bodies of state sanitary supervision and is evaluated by the safety of dry mixtures or their components.
The safety of the mineral components of dry mixes (cement, aggregates, fillers, pigments) is evaluated by the content of radioactive substances, the safety of chemical additives in dry mixes - by the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of the additives.
5.3 Mixtures should not release harmful chemicals into the environment in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) approved by the health authorities.
5.4 It is forbidden to discharge dry mixtures, as well as waste from washing equipment into sanitary waters and sewers.
6 Acceptance rules
6.1 Dry mixtures must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer. Mixtures are dispensed and taken by weight.
6.2 Dry mixes are accepted in batches. For a batch of dry mix, the amount of a mixture of the same type and composition, prepared from the same materials using the same technology, is taken.
The batch volume of the dry mixture is set in agreement with the consumer, but not less than one shift and not more than one daily output of the mixer.
6.3 The quality of dry mixtures is confirmed by acceptance control, including acceptance and periodic tests.
For testing, at least five packaging units are selected from each batch of dry mix by random selection.
6.4 During acceptance tests of each batch of dry mix, determine the moisture content, the largest grain size of the aggregate, the content of grains of the largest size, dry mixes, the mobility of ready-to-use mixtures, the compressive strength of hardened mortars (concrete).
A batch of dry mixture is accepted if the results of acceptance tests for all indicators comply with the requirements of this standard, as well as the requirements of a regulatory or technical document for a particular type of mixture.
A batch of dry mixture is rejected if the mixture does not meet the requirements of this standard, regulatory or technical document for a mixture of a particular type in at least one indicator.
6.5 Periodic tests determine:
Tensile strength in bending, adhesion strength to the base and water absorption of the hardened mortar (concrete) - within the terms agreed with the consumer, but at least once a month;
Quality indicators of ready-to-use mixtures (except for mobility), hardened mortars (concrete) (except for compressive strength, adhesion strength to the base, water absorption), shrinkage (expansion) deformation, resistance to shock effects, thermal conductivity of heat-insulating mixtures - in terms agreed with by the consumer, but at least once every six months, as well as when the quality of the raw materials, the composition of the mixtures and the technology for their manufacture change;
Bulk density of the dry mixture - once a quarter.
The results of periodic tests apply to all supplied batches of dry mixes until the next periodic tests.
6.6 The modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity (except for heat-insulating mixtures), vapor permeability, corrosion resistance for various types of corrosion are determined when organizing the production of mixtures of specific types, as well as when changing the quality of the starting materials, the composition of the mixtures and the technology of their preparation.
6.7 The radiation and sanitary and hygienic assessment of dry mixtures is confirmed by the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of the authorized bodies of state sanitary supervision, which must be renewed after its expiration or when the quality of the starting materials and the composition of dry mixtures change.
6.8 Radiation-hygienic assessment of dry mixtures is allowed to be carried out on the basis of passport data of suppliers of raw mineral materials.
In the absence of the supplier's data on the content of natural radionuclides in the raw materials, the manufacturer of dry mixes determines the content of natural radionuclides in the materials and/or mixture at least once a year, and at each change of supplier.
6.9 The consumer has the right to conduct a quality control check of mixtures in accordance with the requirements and methods established in this standard.
6.10 Each batch of the supplied dry mix must be accompanied by a quality document indicating:
Name of the manufacturer;
Name and symbol of the dry mixture;
Batch number;
Number and date of issue of the quality document;
Batch volume, kg (t);
The values of the main indicators of the quality of mixtures that determine the scope of their application;
Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides L E ff;
Designation of a normative or technical document for a dry mix of a particular type.
In export-import operations, the content of the quality document is specified in the contract for the supply of dry mix.
7 Test methods
7.1 Samples of mixtures for testing are taken in accordance with GOST 31356.
7.2 Humidity, the largest aggregate grain size, the content of the largest grain size are determined according to GOST 8735 on a sample weighing at least 50 g.
Bulk density is determined according to GOST 8735.
7.3 The mobility of mortar and dispersed mixtures by immersion of the cone P k is determined according to GOST 5802, the flow of the cone RK - according to GOST 310.4, the flow of the ring P k - according to GOST 31356. The water-holding capacity of mortar and dispersed mixtures is determined according to GOST 5802.
The persistence of the initial mobility of mortar and dispersed mixtures is determined by the change in P to, RK, P to.
7.4 Mobility, the volume of entrained air and the retention of the initial mobility of concrete mixes are determined according to GOST 10181.
7.5 The compressive and tensile strength in bending is determined on control samples according to GOST 310.4 or GOST 10180; on samples taken from structures - according to GOST 28570, or by non-destructive testing methods - according to GOST 22690 or GOST 17624.
7.6 Water absorption at full immersion in water of samples of hardened mortar and dispersed mixtures is determined according to GOST 5802, samples of concrete mixtures - according to GOST 12730.3.
Water absorption during capillary suction of hardened solutions (concrete) is determined according to GOST 31356.
7.7 Frost resistance of hardened concrete is determined according to GOST 10060.0 - 10060.3.
The frost resistance of hardened solutions and the frost resistance of the contact zone are determined by
7.8 The adhesion strength of hardened mortars (concrete) with a concrete base is determined according to GOST 31356.
7.9 Water resistance of solutions (concrete) is determined according to GOST 12730.5:
On sample cylinders with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 30 mm for all mixtures, except for waterproofing penetrating ones;
On sample cylinders made of concrete treated with a waterproofing penetrating mixture - for waterproofing penetrating mixtures.
7.10 Abrasion of hardened mortars (concrete) is determined according to GOST 31358.
7.11 Deformations of shrinkage (expansion) of hardened solutions (concrete) are determined according to GOST 24544, the modulus of elasticity - according to GOST 24452.
7.12 Impact resistance is determined according to GOST 30353.
7.13 Thermal conductivity is determined according to GOST 7076.
7.14 Vapor permeability is determined according to GOST 28575 or GOST 25898.
7.15 Corrosion resistance for various types of corrosion is determined in accordance with GOST 27677 and regulatory or technical documents for mixtures of specific types.
7.16 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides L eff in raw materials for the manufacture of dry mixes or directly in dry mixes is determined according to GOST 30108.
7.17 Materials for the preparation of dry mixes are tested in accordance with the requirements of regulatory or technical documents for these materials.
Test methods for materials used for the preparation of dry mixes should be specified in the technological documentation for the preparation of dry mixes.
8 Transport and storage
8.1 Transport
8.1.1 Packed dry mixes are transported in overpacks by road, rail and other modes of transport in accordance with the rules for the carriage and securing of goods in force for a particular type of transport, and the manufacturer's instructions.
It is allowed to transport mixtures in silos with a capacity of 3-18 tons, provided that the requirements of 8.1.2 are met.
8.1.2 The methods used for transporting mixtures should exclude the possibility of atmospheric precipitation getting into them, as well as ensure the safety of the package from mechanical damage and integrity violations.
8.2 Storage
8.2.1 Dry mixtures should be stored in a packaged form, avoiding moisture and ensuring the safety of the package, in covered dry warehouses with a relative humidity of not more than 60%.
8.2.2 Guaranteed shelf life of packaged mixtures when stored in accordance with
8.2.1 - date of manufacture.
The shelf life of mixtures transported in silos is 3 months of manufacture.
After the expiration of the shelf life, the mixture must be checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard and / or regulatory or technical documents for mixtures of specific types. In case of compliance with the requirements of this standard and / or regulatory or technical document for a mixture of a particular type, the mixture can be used for its intended purpose.
UDC 691.32.006.354 MKS 91.100.15 Zh13 OKP 57 4500
Keywords: dry building mixtures, construction, reconstruction and repair of buildings and structures, technical requirements, acceptance rules, test methods
Editor V.N. Kopysov Technical editor V.N. Prusakova Proofreader M.V. Buchnaya Computer layout I.A. Naleykina
Handed over to the set 18.04.2008. Signed for publication on May 22, 2008. Format 60x84%. Offset paper. Arial headset. Offset printing. Uel. oven l. 1.40. Uch.-ed. l. 1.10. Circulation 313 copies. For room 544.
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General provisions.
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Masonry of small wall blocks made of aerated concrete or gas silicate of hydration hardening during aging in autoclaves at elevated pressure and temperature, both smooth and tongue-and-groove category 1 according to GOST 21520-2003 with deviations of linear dimensions in height of not more than 1 mm, deviations of linear dimensions in length and width not more than 2 mm;
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Repair work of walls made of cellular and lightweight concrete, including filling of reinforcing joints in row spacings, masonry joints, small wall defects.
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Installation of foundation blocks and renovation works to correct major defects foundations and masonry walls.
The development of the Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive for blocks and the Professional Quick Stone universal stone adhesive in the legal field of the current standards and using Russian and foreign conditions confirmed by the practice of research allowed VosCemProduct to obtain unique compositions of dry adhesives based on high-quality cements, graded sand and modifying additives. mixtures providing:
High processability of mortars mixed with water - mobility in a wide temperature range, elastic elasticity even in small thicknesses of 1-2 mm, good plasticity with preservation of properties for at least 10 minutes for comfortable correction of the position of blocks / stones during laying, high adhesion to cellular and light concrete (Professional QUICK BLOCK block adhesive) and a wide range of materials (Professional Quick Stone stone adhesive);
The indicative characteristics of the hardened solution (glue) from adhesive dry mixtures are low thermal conductivity, high compressive and bending strength, low hygroscopicity, moisture permeability and moisture saturation, which practically negates the processes of carbonization shrinkage and hydrogen embrittlement, a high rate of pre-strength development sufficient for installation for laying monolithic belts and ceilings, frost resistance of at least class F35 of Professional QUICK BLOCK glue for blocks and at least class F150 of Professional Quick Stone glue for stone.
The main indicators of the quality of dry adhesive mixtures are the adhesive for Professional QUICK BLOCK blocks and Professional Quick Stone for stone.
The VosCemProduct company offers high-quality dry adhesive mixtures to Russian builders, building contractors and developers, but guarantees both the quality of dry building mixtures, the quality of ready-made mortars obtained from dry mixtures and the operational quality of hardened mortars from dry mixtures of glue for Professional QUICK BLOCK and for Professional Quick Stone.
To ensure the quality of dry adhesive mixtures - Professional QUICK BLOCK block adhesive and Professional Quick Stone adhesive - VosCemProduct guarantees:
The maximum moisture content of the supplied dry mixes of Professional QUICK BLOCK block glue and Professional Quick Stone glue for stone is not more than 0.2% by weight;
The largest adhesive filler size for Professional QUICK BLOCK blocks and Professional Quick Stone is not more than 0.6 mm;
Bulk density of dry mixtures of Professional QUICK BLOCK block glue and Professional Quick Stone glue for stone is 1.5 ± 0.1 kg/dm3.
To ensure the quality of solutions obtained from dry mixtures of Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive for blocks and Professional Quick Stone adhesive for stone, VosCemProduct guarantees:
Mobility grades of Professional QUICK BLOCK block adhesive and Professional Quick Stone PK-2 stone adhesive;
Stability (preservation) of mobility at temperatures of 20-22 degrees Celsius and ambient humidity of 50-60% glue solutions for Professional QUICK BLOCK blocks for at least 60 minutes, glue solutions for Professional Quick Stone stone 90 minutes;
Water-retaining capacity of Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive solutions and Professional Quick Stone adhesive for stone is at least 95%;
The temperature range for using Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive solutions and Professional Quick Stone adhesive for stone (without preheating) is from +5 to +30 degrees Celsius.
To ensure the quality of hardened mortars obtained from dry mixtures of Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive for blocks and Professional Quick Stone adhesive for stone, VosCemProduct guarantees:
The compressive strength of the hardened adhesive solution for Professional QUICK BLOCK blocks and Professional Quick Stone adhesive for stone at the age of 28 days is at least 20 MPa;
Water absorption of the hardened Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive solution and Professional Quick Stone adhesive for stone is less than 8% by weight;
Frost resistance of the hardened adhesive solution for Professional QUICK BLOCK blocks is not lower than class F25 and frost resistance of the hardened adhesive solution for Professional Quick Stone is not lower than class F75;
Adhesion of hardened solutions of Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive and Professional Quick Stone adhesive to the base of various materials not less than 0.5 MPa;
Frost resistance of the contact zone of hardened adhesive solutions for Professional QUICK BLOCK blocks is not lower than class Fkz35 and frost resistance of the hardened adhesive solution for Professional Quick Stone is not lower than class Fkz150;
Water resistance of hardened solutions of Professional QUICK BLOCK adhesive and Professional Quick Stone adhesive is W6.
Important: Traditionally, for its policy, VosCemProduct guarantees:
Strict control of the content of harmful impurities in accordance with the requirements of GOST 26633-91;
The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides Aeff of all components of dry mixtures of Professional QUICK BLOCK glue for blocks and Professional Quick Stone glue for stone is much less than the norm regulated by GOST 30108-94 of 370 Bq / kg.
FEDERAL AGENCY
FOR TECHNICAL REGULATION AND METROLOGY
GOST 56387-2015
DRY CONSTRUCTION MIXTURES, ADHESIVE ON CEMENT BINDER Specifications
Adhesives for tiles - Requirements, evaluation of conformity, classification and design (NEQ)
Adhesives for tiles - Determination of slip
Adhesives for tiles - Determination of open time (NEQ)
Adhesives for tiles - Determination of wetting capability (NEQ) EN 1348:2007
Adhesives for tiles - Determination of tensile adhesion strength for cementitious adhesives (NEQ)
Adhesives for tiles - Determination of transverse deformation for cementitious adhesives and routs (NEQ)
Official edition
Moscow Standartinform 2015
Foreword
1 DEVELOPED by the Non-Commercial Partnership “Union of Producers of Dry Building Mixes” (NP “SPSSS”) with the participation of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Moscow State Civil Engineering University” (MGSU), Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SPbGASU)
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK465 "Construction"
3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated April 9, 2015 No. 247-st
4 This standard takes into account the main regulatory provisions of the following European regional standards:
EN 12004:2007 Adhesives for ceramic tiles. Requirements, Conformity assessment, classification and designation" (EN 12004:2007 "Adhesives for tiles - Requirements, evaluation of conformity, classification and designation", NEQ);
EH 1308:2007 Adhesives for wall tiles. Determination of slip resistance" (EN 1308:2007 "Adhesives for tiles - Determination of slip", NEQ);
EH 1346:2007 Adhesives for ceramic tiles. Determination of the optimal exposure time on the surface before gluing "(EN1346: 2007" Adhesives for tiles - Determination of open time ", NEQ):
EH 1347:2007 Adhesives for ceramic tiles. Determination of wetting capability" (EN 1347:2007 "Adhesives for tiles - Determination of wetting capability", NEQ);
EH 1348:2007 Adhesives for wall tiles. Determination of tensile adhesion strength for cementitious adhesives" (EN 1348:2007 "Adhesives for tiles - Determination of tentile adhesion strength for cementitious adhesives". NEQ);
EH 12002:2008 Adhesives for ceramic tiles. Determination of transverse deformation for cementitious adhesives and grouts” (EN 12002:2008 “Adhesives for tiles - Determination of transverse deformation for cementitious adhesives and grouts”, NEQ)
5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
The rules for the application of this standard are established in GOST R 1.0-2012 (section 8). Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also placed in the information system common use- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)
© Standartinform, 2015
This standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
1 area of use
3 Terms and definitions
4 Technical requirements
6 Acceptance rules
7 Test methods
Annex A (normative) Method for determining slip resistance
Annex B (normative) Method for determining wetting ability
Annex B (normative) Method for determining the strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion)
and open time
Appendix D (normative) Method for determining transverse strain
Introduction
The object of standardization of this standard are dry building adhesive mixtures on a cement binder.
Adhesive mixtures are widely represented on construction market dry mixes of the Russian Federation, each participant of which offers a range of adhesives from three to eight items. This standard was developed taking into account the requirements of European regional standards for adhesive mixtures and unified with them in terms of classification, acceptance rules and test methods.
This standard has been developed for the purpose of regulatory provision of manufacturers of dry mixes in the Russian Federation with technical requirements and test methods for their products, which allow obtaining results similar to those in the EU countries for a comparative assessment of the construction and technical properties of adhesives in scientific, technical and economic cooperation.
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
DRY CONSTRUCTION MIXTURES WITH CEMENT BINDER
Specifications
Dry-mix cement based adhesives for tiles. Specifications
Introduction date - 2015-11-01
1 area of use
This standard applies to dry building adhesive mixtures (hereinafter referred to as adhesive mixtures) made on a cement binder or mixed (complex) mineral binders based on Portland cement clinker and / or high-aluminate cement, containing polymer additives and used when facing with slabs or tiles of walls and floor coverings inside and outside buildings.
This standard establishes technical requirements for mixtures, acceptance rules, methods for characterization, requirements for the transportation and storage of mixtures.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following standards:
GOST4.233-86 System of product quality indicators. Construction. Building solutions. Nomenclature of indicators
GOST 8.579-2002 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Requirements for the quantity of packaged goods in packages of any kind during their production, packaging, sale and import
GOST 166-89 (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Specifications
GOST 310.4-81 Cements. Methods for determining the ultimate strength in bending and compression
GOST427-75 Measuring metal rulers. Specifications
GOST 5802-86 Building mortars. Test Methods
GOST 8735-88 Sand for construction work. Test Methods
GOST 14192-96 Marking of goods
GOST 30108-94 Construction materials and products. Determination of specific effective activity of natural radionuclides
GOST 31189-2015 Dry building mixes. Classification
GOST 31356-2007 Dry building mixes based on cement binder. Test methods GOST 31357-2007 Dry building mixes based on cement binder. General specifications
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If an undated referenced reference standard has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version be used.
The official edition of this standard, taking into account all the changes made to this version. If the reference standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of this standard with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the adoption of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which a dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is given, then this provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account this change. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision. in which a link to it is given, it is recommended to apply in the part that does not affect this link.
3 Terms and definitions
This standard uses the terms according to GOST 31189, GOST 31357, as well as the following terms with the corresponding definitions:
3.1 notched trowel: notched tool that allows you to create a layer of mortar mixture in the form of grooves of the same thickness on the base.
3.2 standing time after preparation
3.3 open time: The maximum period of time after the application of a layer of mortar mixture of a given bond strength to the substrate, during which it is allowed to lay facing tiles on the applied mortar mixture.
3.4 wetting ability ability of a notched trowel layer of mortar to wet a facing tile
3.5 slip: The displacement under the action of gravity of tiles or slabs laid on a notched trowel layer of mortar applied on a vertical or inclined surface.
3.6 pot life: The maximum period of time during which a freshly prepared mortar mixture (after additional mixing without adding water) retains its processing properties.
3.7 adhesive bond strength (adhesion)
4 Technical requirements
4.2.1 The main indicators of the quality of adhesive mixtures in a dry state are:
4.1 Adhesive mixtures must comply with the requirements of this standard and be produced according to the technological documentation approved by the manufacturer.
4.2 The properties of adhesive mixtures are characterized by the quality indicators of mixtures in a dry state, freshly prepared mixtures ready for use (hereinafter referred to as mortar mixtures), and hardened solutions.
Humidity;
The largest grain size of the filler;
4.2.2 The main indicators of the quality of mortar mixtures are:
Water holding capacity;
creep resistance;
Average density.
4.2.3 The main indicators of the quality of hardened mortars are:
The strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion) after exposure to an air-dry environment;
The strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion) after exposure to the aquatic environment;
The strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion) after exposure to high temperatures;
The strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion) after cyclic freezing and thawing;
open time.
4.2.4 For adhesive mixtures, additional declared quality indicators can be established: wetting ability, transverse deformation, increased open time, and others in accordance with GOST 4.233 or the terms of the contract.
4.2 Adhesive mixtures are divided into the following classes:
CO - used for laying tiles with normal water absorption (at least 5% by weight) only for interior work;
C1 - used for interior and exterior work and meeting the minimum standardized requirements;
C2 - used for interior and exterior work and corresponding to increased requirements;
F - fast-hardening adhesive mixtures;
T - mixtures with increased creep resistance;
E - mixtures with increased open time;
S1 - elastic adhesive mixtures;
S2 - highly elastic adhesive mixtures.
4.3 The symbol for adhesive mixtures should consist of the name of the mixture in accordance with GOST 31189, the designation of the class in accordance with 4.2, the values of the main quality indicators (if necessary) and the designation of this standard.
Symbol example adhesive mixture on a cement binder, designed for interior and exterior use, meeting increased requirements, with increased slip resistance, extended open time and highly elastic:
Dry building adhesive mix C2 TE S2, GOST R 56387-2015
It is allowed to add additional information to the symbol of the adhesive mixture to ensure complete identification of the adhesive mixture.
4.4 Requirements for adhesive mixtures in a dry state
4.4.1 Moisture content of adhesive mixtures should not exceed 0.30% by weight.
4.4.2 The largest grain size of the adhesive mixture should not exceed 0.63 mm.
4.4.3 The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides of adhesive mixtures should not exceed the limit values established by GOST 30108.
4.5 Requirements for adhesive mortars
4.5.1 The water-holding capacity of ready-to-use adhesive mortars must be at least 98%.
4.5.2 The resistance to creep of adhesive mixtures is characterized by the value of displacement under the action of gravity of facing tiles laid on a vertical or inclined surface.
For adhesive mixtures of class T, the displacement value should be no more than 0.5 mm, for mixtures of other classes - no more than 0.7 mm.
4.6 Requirements for hardened adhesive solutions
4.6.1 The strength of the adhesive joint, depending on the conditions for the use of adhesive mixtures, must correspond to that given in table 1,
4.5.3 Wetting ability of adhesive mixtures is characterized by the time during which the mortar mixture wets the facing tile. The wetting ability of adhesive mixtures must be at least 20 minutes, for class F adhesive mixtures - at least 10 minutes, for class E adhesive mixtures - at least 30 minutes.
4.5.4 The average density of adhesive mortar mixtures is set by the manufacturer at the request of the consumer.
Table 1 - Requirements for adhesive mixtures of various classes
4.6.2 The strength of the adhesive bond with the base fast-hardening adhesives of class F after exposure to an air-dry environment for 6 hours should be at least 0.5 MPa.
The strength of the adhesive bond with the base of adhesives of classes T, E, S1 and S2 must be at least as given in table 1 for mixtures of classes C1 and C2.
4.6.3 Open time to achieve the strength of the adhesive joint after exposure to an air-dry environment of at least 0.5 MPa when gluing tiles should be for adhesives of the class:
CO and F - when gluing tiles after 10 minutes;
C1 and C2 - when gluing tiles after 20 minutes;
E - when gluing tiles after 30 minutes.
4.6.4 The transverse deformation of class S1 adhesives must be at least 2.5 mm, class S2 - at least 5 mm.
4.7 Requirements for materials used for the manufacture of dry adhesive mixtures
The materials used for the preparation of dry adhesive mixtures must comply with the requirements of GOST 31357 and regulatory or technical documents for these materials.
4.8.1 Adhesive mixtures are packed in polyethylene film bags, multilayer paper bags made of kraft paper or with a polyethylene liner (packing unit). The mass of the dry mixture in bags should not exceed 8 kg, in bags - 50 kg. Permissible deviation of the mass of the dry mixture in one packaging unit - according to GOST 8.579.
4.8 Packaging and labeling
Adhesive mixtures are allowed to be packed in big bags.
Packaging should protect the dry adhesive mixture from moisture. Violation of the integrity of the package is not allowed.
4.8.2 Marking should be applied to each packaging unit. The marking must be clear, not allowing any other interpretation regarding the properties of the adhesive mixture. The marking is applied with indelible paint directly to the packaging unit or a label glued to the packaging.
4.8.3 Each packaging unit must be marked with a handling sign "Keep away from moisture" in accordance with GOST 14192.
4.8.4 The marking must contain:
Name and/or trademark and address of the manufacturer;
Date of manufacture (month, year);
The mass of the mixture in the packaging unit, kg;
Shelf life, months;
Brief instructions for the use of the adhesive mixture, indicating the volume of water required to obtain the mortar mixture of the required mobility, 8 liters per kilogram.
If necessary, the marking may contain additional data to ensure complete identification of the adhesive mixture.
4.8.5 Transport marking - according to GOST 14192.
5 Safety and environmental requirements
5.1 Adhesive mixtures are non-flammable, fire- and explosion-proof materials.
5.2 Sanitary and radiation safety of adhesive mixtures is established on the basis of the sanitary and epidemiological conclusion of the authorized bodies of state sanitary supervision and evaluated by the safety of mixtures or their components.
The safety of the mineral components of mixtures (cement binder, fillers, pigments) is evaluated by the content of radioactive substances, the safety of chemical additives in mixtures - by the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of additives.
5.3 Adhesive mixtures should not release harmful chemicals into the environment in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) approved by the sanitary authorities.
5.4 It is forbidden to dump adhesive mixtures, as well as waste from washing equipment into sanitary waters and sewers.
6 Acceptance rules
6.1 Adhesive mixtures must be accepted by the technical control of the manufacturer. Mixtures are dispensed and taken by weight.
6.2 Adhesive mixtures are accepted in batches. For a batch of a mixture, the amount of a mixture of the same class and composition, made from the same materials, according to the same technology, is taken.
The batch volume of the adhesive mixture is set at least one shift and not more than one daily output of the mixer.
6.3 The quality of adhesive mixtures is confirmed by acceptance control, which includes acceptance and periodic tests.
For testing, at least five packaging units are selected from each batch of the mixture by random selection.
6.4 During acceptance tests of each batch of adhesive mixture, the following is determined:
For dry mixes - humidity and grain composition;
For mortar mixtures - water-retaining capacity, resistance to creep and ability to wetting.
A batch of the mixture is accepted if the results of acceptance tests for all indicators comply with the requirements of this standard.
In case of unsatisfactory results of acceptance tests for at least one indicator, repeated tests are carried out on a double amount of the mixture taken from the same batch. The retest results are final and apply to the entire lot.
6.5 Periodic tests determine:
The strength of the adhesive bond after exposure to an air-dry environment for 28 days and the average density - at least once a month;
The strength of the adhesive bond after aging in the aquatic environment - within the time agreed with the consumer, but at least once a month;
The strength of the adhesive bond after exposure to high temperatures, the strength of the adhesive bond after cyclic freezing and thawing, open time, transverse deformation - once every three months.
Periodic tests are also carried out when changing the quality or type of starting materials, the composition of the mixtures and / or the technology of their manufacture.
The results of periodic tests apply to all supplied batches of adhesive mixtures until the next periodic tests are carried out.
6.6 Sanitary and radiation-hygienic assessment of adhesive mixtures is confirmed by the presence of a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion of the authorized bodies of state sanitary supervision, which must be renewed after its expiration date or when the quality of the starting materials and the composition of the mixtures change.
6.7 Radiation-hygienic assessment of adhesive mixtures may be carried out on the basis of passport data of the supplier of raw mineral materials.
In the absence of data from the supplier on the content of natural radionuclides in the source materials, the manufacturer of adhesive mixtures determines the content of natural radionuclides in the materials and/or in the mixture at least once a year, and at each change of supplier.
6.8 The consumer has the right to conduct a control check of the quality of adhesive mixtures in accordance with the requirements and methods established by 8 of this standard.
6.9 Each batch of adhesive mixture must be accompanied by a quality document indicating:
Name of the manufacturer;
The symbol for the adhesive mixture according to 4.3;
Batch number;
Number and date of issue of the quality document;
Lot volume in kilograms (tons);
Values of the main quality indicators;
Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides D^f;
Designation of this standard.
In export-import operations, the content of the quality document is specified in the contract for the supply of the mixture.
7 Test methods
7.1 Sampling of point samples of adhesive mixtures for testing, preparation of combined and laboratory samples is carried out in accordance with GOST 31356.
7.2 Humidity, the largest aggregate grain size and the content of the largest grain size * in adhesive mixtures are determined according to GOST 8735.
The average density is determined according to GOST 5802.
7.3 The water-holding capacity of mortar mixtures is determined according to GOST 31356.
7.4 Slip resistance is determined by the method given in Annex A.
7.5 Wetting ability is determined by the method given in Appendix B.
7.6 The strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion) after exposure to an air-dry environment, in an aqueous environment, after exposure to high temperatures, cyclic freezing and thawing and open time is determined by the method given in Appendix B.
7.7 The transverse deformation is determined by the method given in Appendix D.
7.8 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides is determined by
GOST 30108 or accepted according to the document on the quality of the supplier of materials used for the manufacture of adhesive mixtures.
8 Transport and storage
8.1.1 Packaged adhesive mixtures are transported in overpacks by road, rail and other modes of transport in accordance with the transportation rules applicable to a specific type of transport and the manufacturer's instructions.
8.1 Transport
Transportation of adhesive mixtures in bulk is not allowed.
8.1.2 The means of transportation of adhesive mixtures used must exclude the possibility of atmospheric precipitation getting into them, and also ensure the protection of the package from mechanical damage and integrity violations.
8.2.1 Adhesive mixtures should be stored in a packaged form, avoiding moisture and ensuring the safety of the package, in covered dry warehouses.
8.2.2 Guaranteed shelf life of packaged adhesive mixtures during storage in accordance with
8.2 Storage
8.2.1 - 12th date of manufacture.
At the end of the shelf life, the mixture should be checked for compliance with the requirements of this standard. In case of compliance with the requirements of this standard, the adhesive mixture can be used for its intended purpose.
Annex A (mandatory)
Method for determining slip resistance
A.1 Means of testing
Concrete slab according to GOST 31356.
Unglazed dry-pressed ceramic tiles with water absorption less than 0.5% by weight, with a flat adhesive surface, face dimensions [(100 ± 1) x (100 ± 1)] mm. weight (200 ± 1) g.
Protective tape 25 mm wide.
Stops made of stainless steel with dimensions [(25 ± 0.5) x (25 1 0.5) x (10 i 0.5)] mm.
Load weighing 5 kg with cross-sectional dimensions [(100 ± 1) x (100 ± 1)] mm.
Caliper according to GOST 166.
Metal ruler according to GOST 427.
A.2 Preparation for testing
All materials tested are kept for at least 24 h under normal conditions. As normal conditions (normal climate) take temperature (20 ± 2) in C, relative humidity (60 ± 10)%. air circulation speed in the test area is less than 0.2 m/s.
A.3 Testing
The metal ruler 1 (figure A.1) is fastened with clamps to the upper edge of the concrete slab 6 so that the lower edge, after it is installed in a vertical position, runs horizontally.
1 - ruler; 2-
concrete slab
Figure A.1 - Scheme for testing the adhesive mixture for slip
A protective tape 2 25 mm wide is glued under the ruler. Mortar mix 5 is applied to the concrete slab with a trowel in two layers: the first layer is 1-2 mm thick, the second is 6-8 mm thick so that it covers the lower edge with the tape protection. When applying the mortar mixture, the trowel is held at an angle of 60 ° to the surface of the plate and parallel to the ruler.
The mortar mixture is smoothed with a notched trowel perpendicular to the ruler, after which the protective tape is removed. Two stops 3 25 mm wide are applied to the ruler 1. as shown in Figure A.1. After two minutes, the dome-frames are applied with ceramic tiles 4, as shown in Figure A. 1. and pressed with a load of 5 kg. Measure the distance between the ruler and the tile with a caliper at three points with an accuracy of 10.1 mm.
After (30 ± 5) s, the load and stops are removed, the concrete slab is carefully placed in a vertical position. After (20 ± 2) minutes, the distance between the ruler and the tile is again measured with a caliper at the same points with an accuracy of 10.1 mm. The maximum sliding of the tile under the action of its own mass is determined as the difference between the readings of the caliper.
Annex B (mandatory)
Method for determining wetting ability
B.1 Means of testing
Glass plates [(5011) x (5011) x (61 0.5)] mm in size with a ground edge.
Concrete slab according to GOST 31356.
Notched trowel with 6 x 6 mm teeth and 12 mm distance between tooth centers.
A load of 2 kg with a cross-sectional area not exceeding [(50 ± 1) x (50 ± 1)] mm.
B.2 Preparation for testing
All materials used can withstand at least 24 hours under normal conditions. As normal conditions (normal climate) take temperature (201 2) ° C, relative humidity (60110)%, air circulation speed in the test area is less than 0.2 m/s.
The preparation of the mortar mixture is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31356.
B.3 Testing
On the concrete slab 1 (Figure B.1), a mortar mixture is applied with a trowel in two layers: the first layer is 1-2 mm thick, the second is 6-8 mm thick.
1 - concrete slab (base); 2 - grooves of the mortar mixture formed by a notched trowel;
3 - glass plate
Figure B.1 - Scheme for testing the adhesive mixture for wetting ability
The layer of mortar mixture is smoothed perpendicular to the upper side face of the concrete slab with a notched trowel, holding it at an angle of 60° to the surface of the slab.
Glass plates 3 are placed on the mortar mixture layer 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after its application (see Figure B.1). Each plate is pressed by 30 with a load of 2 kg. Glass plates are placed on the layer of the mortar mixture as follows. so that its two opposite edges are parallel to the grooves of the mortar 2.
After removing the weight, the glass plates are carefully lifted and visually evaluated in percent. total area plate area of its surface, wetted with a mortar mixture.
Three glass plates are used for one test.
B.4 Processing of test results
In the laboratory journal for each time interval (0.10.20 and 30 min), the arithmetic mean value of the surface area of three glass plates moistened with the mortar mixture, expressed as a percentage, is entered.
The wettability of the mortar adhesive mixture is taken as the time interval in which the surface of the glass plate is wetted with the mortar mixture by more than 50%.
Annex B (mandatory)
Method for determining the strength of the adhesive bond (adhesion) and open time
B.1 Means of testing
Concrete slab according to GOST 31356.
Dry pressed ceramic unglazed tiles with water absorption less than 0.5% by weight, with a flat adhesive surface and face dimensions of [(501 1)x(50± 1)]mm.
Notched trowel with 6 x 6 mm teeth and 12 mm distance between tooth centers.
Load weighing 2 kg with cross-sectional dimensions not exceeding 50 x 50 mm.
Testing machine for determining the strength of adhesion (adhesion) of the adhesive mixture by coboning. having sufficient power and sensitivity to carry out the test. The machine must, by means of a suitable connection that does not create a bending force, provide a tensile load to the dies at a rate of increase in load (250150) N/s.
Square metal stamps [(50 x 50) 11] mm and minimum thickness 10 mm, having a suitable fixture for connection to the testing machine.
Drying cabinet, the temperature in which can be adjusted with an accuracy of 13 °C.
B.2 Preparation for testing
All materials used can withstand at least 24 hours under normal conditions. The temperature (201 2) °C is taken as normal conditions (normal climate). relative air humidity (60 110)%, air circulation speed in the test area is less than 0.2 m/s.
The preparation of the mortar mixture is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31356.
B.3 Preparation of samples
A mortar mixture is applied to the concrete slab with a trowel in two layers: the first layer is 1-2 mm thick. the second - 6-8 mm thick and smooth it with a notched trowel. The notched trowel is held at an angle of 60° to the slab and perpendicular to the top edge of the slab.
After 5 minutes, five ceramic tiles are glued onto the mortar mixture at a distance of at least 50 mm from each other and each tile is pressed by 30 with a load of 2 kg.
When preparing samples for determining the open time, ceramic tiles are glued to the mortar mixture after 10 minutes for adhesive mixtures of classes F. after 30 minutes for mixtures of class E and after 20 minutes for adhesive mixtures of all other classes.
B.4 Sample storage and testing
B.4.1 Adhesive bond strength after air-dry exposure
After 27 years of storage under normal conditions, stamps are glued to the tiles with a suitable high-strength adhesive (e.g. epoxy) and after 24 hours the strength of the adhesive joint is determined by applying a load to the stamp at a constant rate of increase (250 ± 50) N/s.
When testing fast-hardening adhesive mixtures, the strength of the adhesive joint is additionally checked 6 hours after gluing the tiles when the samples are stored under normal conditions.
B.4.2 Adhesive strength after exposure to water
Samples for testing are made in accordance with B.3.
Samples are kept for 7 days at a temperature (2012) °C. After 20 days, the samples are removed from the water, wiped dry with a towel, and using a suitable high-strength adhesive (eg, epoxy), stamps are glued to the tiles. After 7 hours, the samples are again immersed in water at normal temperature.
The next day, the samples are removed from the water and the strength of the adhesive bond is determined by applying a load to the stamp at a constant rate of increase (2501 50) N/s.
The results are given in newtons.
B.4.3 Bond strength after exposure to high temperatures
Samples for testing are made in accordance with B.3.
The samples are kept for 14 days under normal conditions, then they are stored for 14 days in an oven at a temperature of (70 ± 3) °C, after which the samples are removed from the oven and stamps are glued to the tiles using a suitable high-strength adhesive (for example, epoxy).
The samples are kept for another 24 hours under normal conditions, after which the strength of the adhesive bond is determined. applying a load to the die at a constant rate of increase (250 ± 50) N/s.
The results are given in newtons.
B.4.4 Bond strength after freeze and thaw cycles
The test pieces are made in accordance with 8.3.
Before gluing the tile, a layer of mortar mixture with a thickness of approximately 1 mm is additionally applied to its reverse side with a trowel.
Samples are kept for 7 days under normal conditions, then stored in water for 21 days, after which they are subjected to 25 cycles of freezing and thawing.
The freeze and thaw cycle is carried out as follows:
1) the samples are removed from the water and placed in a refrigerator, where the temperature is maintained at minus (151 3) F C for 2 h ± 20 min;
2) the samples are kept in the chamber at a temperature of minus (151 3) °C for 2 h ± 20 min;
3) samples are immersed in water with a temperature of plus (20±3)°C. The temperature of the water with the samples must be at least plus (15 ± 3) °C.
At the end of the last cycle, the samples are removed from the water, wiped dry, and stamps are glued to the tiles. The samples are kept for another 24 hours under normal conditions, after which the strength of the adhesive joint is determined by applying a load to the stamp at a constant rate of increase (250 ± 50) N/s.
The results are given in newtons.
B.5 Determining the type of failure
When determining the strength of an adhesive joint, the following types of destruction can be:
adhesive failure.
Failure occurs at the interface between the surfaces of the adhesive and the AF-S base (Figure B.1) or between the surfaces of the ceramic tile and the adhesive AF-T (Figure B.2). In both cases, the test results are equal to the rated strength of the adhesive joint.
NOTE Adhesive failure may occur between the surfaces of the ceramic tile and the BT steel die (Figure B.3). The normalized strength of the adhesive joint is higher than the strength obtained during the test. The tests should be repeated;
Cohesive failure.
Failure occurs inside the CF-A adhesive layer (Figure B.4), in the CF-S base (Figure B.5), inside the CF-T ceramic tile (Figure B.6).
Note - In cohesive failure, the strength of the adhesive solution is greater than the strength obtained during the test.
Figure B.1 - Adhesive failure AF-S
1 - stamp; 2 - ceramic tiles; 3 - adhesive solution; 4 - base (concrete slab)
Figure B.2 — Adhesive failure AF-T
1 - stamp; 2- ceramic tiles; 3 - adhesive solution; 4 - base (concrete slab)
Figure B.3 - Adhesive failure of VT
1 - stamp; 2 - ceramic tiles; 3 - adhesive solution; 4 - base (concrete slab)
Figure B.4 — Cohesive failure of CF-A
1 - stamp; 2 - ceramic tiles; 3 - adhesive solution: 4 - base (concrete slab)
Figure B.5 — Cohesive failure of CF-S
Annex D (mandatory)
Method for determining transverse strain
D.1 Means of testing
Rigid, smooth, durable base for the application of a polyethylene film-substrate. Polyethylene film-substrate with a minimum thickness of 0.15 mm.
Template A - a smooth, rigid rectangular frame made of non-absorbent moisture material with internal dimensions [(280 x 45) 1 1] mm and a thickness of (5 ± 0.1) mm (see Figure D.1).
Template B is a smooth, rigid form made of a non-absorbent material (see Figure D.2), which makes it possible to produce samples with dimensions of [(300 x 45) ± 1] x (3 ± 0.05) mm.
Shaking table according to GOST 310.4.
Hermetically sealed plastic box with internal volume (26 ± 5) l.
Caliper in accordance with GOST 166 with a margin of error of 0.01 mm.
Clamp (see figure D.3).
Two cylindrical metal supports with a diameter of (10 ± 0.1) mm. distance between axes (200 ± 1) mm. minimum length 60 mm (see figure D.4).
A testing machine that can apply pressure to the test specimen at a speed of 2 mm/min.
Figure D.Z - Clamp
D.2 Preparation for testing
All materials used are kept for 24 hours under normal conditions. Temperature (20 ± 2) °C, relative air humidity (60 ± 10)%, air circulation speed in the test area is less than 0.2 m/s as normal conditions (normal climate).
The preparation of the mortar mixture is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 31356. For the preparation of the mortar mixture, at least 2 kg of dry adhesive mixture is used.
D.3 Preparation of samples
The polyethylene film-substrate is firmly fixed on a rigid base without folds or wrinkles on the surface of the film-substrate.
Template A is placed on the backing film.
Template A is filled transversely with mortar and leveled with a trowel so that the cavity of the template is completely filled.
The base and template A. filled with the mortar mixture are fixed on a shaking table and the mortar mixture is compacted with 70 blows.
The base with the compacted sample is removed from the shaking table, a thin spatula is passed along the inner boundaries of template A to separate the mortar mixture from them, after which template A is carefully removed, lifting it vertically upwards.
A thin layer of machine oil is applied to template 8, placed on top of the mortar sample and loaded with a weight with a cross section of approximately (290 x 45) mm. providing a clamping force (100 ± 0.1) N to achieve required thickness sample.
The excess mortar mixture on the sides of the template is removed with a spatula and after 1 hour the load is removed.
After 48 hours of storage under normal conditions, template B is carefully removed from the hardened sample.
Six specimens are made for each test.
D.4 Sample storage
After template B is removed, the samples on the substrate are placed horizontally in a plastic box. The box is hermetically sealed.
Samples are stored for 12 days at a temperature of (23 ± 2) °C. after which the samples are removed from the box and stored in air under normal conditions for 14 days.
D.5 Testing
After the end of storage, the substrate film is removed from the samples. The thickness of the samples is measured with a caliper at sin points: in the middle and at a distance of (50 ± 1) mm from each end. If the three obtained thickness values lie within the specified tolerances (3.0 ± 0.1) mm. calculate the average value. Specimens whose thickness does not comply with the specified allowable thickness are not tested. If the number of specimens remaining is less than three, new test specimens are made.
The test scheme is shown in Figure D.4.
The test sample 2 is mounted on metal supports 1.
Using clamp 3, a load is applied to the sample at a rate of 2 mm/min until it is destroyed. Record in millimeters the transverse deformation of the sample at the moment of destruction.
If the specimen does not fail, indicate the maximum load and the corresponding transverse strain.
The test is repeated with all samples.
Figure D.4 - Scheme of the test
D.6 Processing of test results
The transverse deformation of the adhesive mixture is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the values obtained for all samples and rounded up to 0.1 mm.
UDC 691.32:006.354 OKS 91.100.15 OKP 57 4550
Key words: creep resistance, wetting ability, transverse deformation, adhesive bond strength
Editor V.V. Eremeeva Technical editor V.N. Prusakova Proofreader R.A. Mentova Computer layout A.N. Zolotareva
The set was handed over on 11/05/2015. Signed and stamped 25.11.2015. Format 60 x 84^. Arial headset. Conv. oven l. 2.32. Uch.-ed. 1.90. Circulation 44 copies. Zach. 3833.
Published and printed in, 123995 Moscow, Granatny ler., 4.
LLC "Stalker"
117545 Moscow, Varshavskoe highway, 129, bldg. 2, office 6.
Tel. (495) 980 - 88 - 51; (495) 926 – 38 – 48
AXIL Resto KR.
Adhesive composition with high vapor permeability.
TU 5745 - 005 - 72080973 - 05
Advantages:
Manufacturability
economy
Ecologicaly clean
Water resistance
Durability
Frost resistance
Description:
"AKSIL Resto KR" is a specialized adhesive composition, with increased vapor permeability, based on a lime-cement binder. The mixture is made using a mineral filler and a complex of chemical modifiers that increase the manufacturability of the solution and the functional properties of the coating. Reinforced with reinforcing fiber. The composition is easy to use and provides high quality work.
Application area:
"AKSIL Resto KR" - dry mixture for the preparation of a specialized adhesive solution. It is used for facing works on weakened bases, laying ceramic tiles, special facing materials both indoors and on the facades of buildings and structures. In addition, for gluing reinforcing fiberglass mesh on weakened and cracked bases before plastering and painting.
Specifications:
|
Color |
white |
|
Bulk weight, kg/m3 |
1300 – 1400 |
|
Pot life of solution, hour |
at least 2 |
|
Application temperature, С |
from +5 to +30 |
|
Aggregate size, mm |
no more than 0.5 |
|
Optimal layer of application, mm |
4 – 6 |
|
Compressive strength at the age of 28 days, MPa |
at least 15 |
|
Adhesion strength, MPa |
not less than 0.5 |
|
Frost resistance grade |
F 50 |
|
Consumption |
1.5 – 2 kg/m2 with a layer thickness of 1 mm |
Base preparation requirements:
Before starting work, clean the surface of the base to a durable layer. Remove traces of dirt, grease, oil, paints, etc. In the presence of large chips and cracks, the surface is restored with a repair mortar or plaster composition corresponding to the strength of the base, with the addition of AXIL Uniflex elasticizer. Substrates with a loose surface structure should be treated with a deep penetration primer "AKSIL Grunt" in one or two layers. In other cases - primer emulsion "AKSIL Cement Protection" or use polymeric elasticizer "AXIL Uniflex", diluted with water in a ratio of 1:4.
Mode of application:
Pour the contents of the package with constant stirring using an electric drill with a nozzle into a container with 6 - 6.5 liters of cold water and mix for 3 - 5 minutes until a homogeneous paste-like mass is obtained. To withstand the solution for 5-10 minutes, then mix again. The finished solution is in working condition for at least 2 hours (at a temperature of + 20 C).
The adhesive is applied to the surface with a notched trowel. The facing material is laid within 10-15 minutes after applying the solution to the base. Correction of the position of the tile is possible within 10 - 15 minutes. Work should be carried out at an air temperature of + 5 to +30 C. The drying time of the adhesive composition is 24 hours. Full strength is achieved after 3 days
Package:
Paper bag 25 kg.
Storage conditions:
Store in a dry place at a positive temperature, in original packaging. Shelf life 6 months from date of manufacture.
Security measures:
Do not allow the dry mixture to enter the body, use gloves when working, as if the mixture gets on sensitive skin, it can cause irritation. Avoid getting powder in eyes and prolonged contact with exposed skin. If this happens, rinse the affected area thoroughly with running water and consult a doctor if necessary.
Mineral natural or artificially obtained materials of a certain granulometric composition serve as fillers for building mortar mixtures (both ready-to-use and dry). Depending on the size of the particles, aggregates are divided into large and small.
Large-grained materials include coarse-grained materials with a grain size of more than 5 mm - crushed stone (a product obtained by crushing, the particles of which have an angular shape) or gravel (a material with a rounded particle shape). Fine aggregate - sand - has a grain size limit of up to 5 mm. By density, aggregates are classified as dense with a grain density of more than 2 g / cm3 and porous, with a lower density.
By origin aggregates are divided into 3 groups: natural; from industrial waste; artificial. The use of aggregates and fillers in the composition of concrete and mortar mixes allows:
. improve their workability;
. increase water holding capacity;
. reduce the consumption of binders and the cost of mixtures.
In concretes and mortars, aggregates contribute to:
Formation of a rigid frame of artificial stone (increasing its strength, reducing deformations under load (creep), increasing the modulus of elasticity);
Reduction of shrinkage deformations (compensation of internal deformations, elimination of crack formation, increase in durability);
In the case of the use of porous aggregates - a decrease in density, an improvement in thermal insulation properties, a decrease in the mass of structures and a reduction in construction costs.
The most common and most commonly used in the composition of building mortars, including dry ones, are quartz sands. Feldspar, limestone, dolomite, granite, diorite and other sands are also suitable, which meet the requirements of GOST 8736 "Sand for construction work. Specifications" and GOST "Sand for construction work. Test methods".
As fillers, materials intended for use in other (non-building) industries can be used - molding sands, quartz, feldspar and quartz feldspar sands for the glass industry, for fine and building ceramics, etc., provided that the properties of these materials meet the requirements, requirements for sand for construction work - GOST 8735 and GOST 8736, and for porous inorganic aggregates - the requirements of GOST 9758 - "Porous inorganic aggregates for construction work. Test methods".
Mineralogical and petrographic composition of aggregates can include from one to twenty or more minerals and is determined by the origin and conditions of rock formation.
Rocks for aggregates by origin can be divided into 3 main groups: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (modified). Igneous rocks make up about 95% of the earth's crust and are mainly composed of silica-bearing minerals. The main rock-forming minerals of these rocks are feldspars, quartz, feldspathoids, micas, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and olivine. Sedimentary rocks make up only 5% of the earth's crust. However, they play a large role as sources of aggregate materials. Most often, limestones and dolomites are used from the rocks of this group, the main rock-forming minerals of which are calcium and magnesium carbonate minerals - calcite (CaCO 3), magnesite (MgCO 3) and dolomite (CaCO 3 x MgCO 3). Sedimentary rocks can be hard and soft, dense and porous, heavy and light. When using these rocks as aggregates, care should be taken, because limestones are often contaminated with clays, and may also contain siliceous inclusions, which are reactive with respect to alkaline Portland cement impurities, which can lead to uneven volume changes during hardening. Clay impurities (especially bentonite type) swell in the presence of moisture, causing cracks in mortars and concretes. Of the metamorphic rocks, marbles are most often used as fillers. Marble, when crushed, forms cube-shaped grains with a rough surface and is an excellent material for aggregates.
The presence of evenly distributed clay particles in the sands in the amount of 2-5% is acceptable and can even have an additional plasticizing and water-retaining effect, but if the clay is present in the form of lumps, then such inclusions can cause subsequent defects in mortars - the appearance of cracks, a decrease in frost resistance. The maximum content of clay in lumps according to GOST 8736 in natural sand is up to 1% and in sand from crushing screenings is up to 2%. Particles with a size of less than 0.05 mm according to GOST 8735 are dusty and clayey. With a significant content of such impurities in the sand, it is possible to reduce the strength and durability of mortars and concretes. Particularly undesirable are clay films on sand grains that disrupt the adhesion of cement stone to them.
The content of finely distributed harmful impurities of organic origin (humic substances) is not dangerous if the color of the alkaline solution of the sand sample (according to GOST 8735 p. 6) does not exceed the color intensity of the reference solution. In sands for construction work, the content of sulfur, sulfides (marcasite - radiant pyrites, rhombic modification FeS2 and pyrrhotite - magnetic pyrites FenSn + 1, where n = 9-11), sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.) in terms of SO 3 no more than 1%, pyrite (sulfur pyrite, cubic modification FeS 2) in terms of SO 3 - no more than 4%; mica not more than 2%, halide compounds (halite - NaCl, sylvite - KCl, etc.) in terms of chloride ion - not more than 0.15% and coal - not more than 1%.
If there are impurities of zeolites (aluminosilicates of calcium, potassium, sodium, and other metals), graphite and oil shale in the sand, it is necessary to check the durability of the solution. Zeolites (sodium-calcium aluminosilicates), as a result of cation exchange, can increase the amount of alkaline cations in the pore fluid and cause efflorescence.
In the presence of amorphous varieties of silica in the aggregate, there is a danger of destruction of mortars and concretes due to alkaline corrosion of the aggregate. Alkaline impurities of cement, mainly in the form of alkali sulfates, enter into an exchange reaction in the solution with the product of hydrolysis of clinker phases - the mineral portlandite (Ca (OH) 2) with the formation of CaSO 4 x 2H 2 O, as a result of which the concentration of hydroxide ions increases in the solution, and sulfate ions, binding with the products of hydration C3A and C4AF, are removed from the liquid phase in the form of hardly soluble ettringite-like phases (Aft-phases).
Minerals and rocks such as opal, chalcedony, flint, volcanic glasses, and siliceous schists (hornfelses) take part in alkaline corrosion. If petrographic examination indicates the presence of the above and similar minerals or rocks in the aggregate, it is necessary to determine the reactivity of the aggregate. The test of the reactivity of the filler is carried out in accordance with GOST 8269. The filler is potentially reactive if the amount of dissolved silica under the conditions of the experiment exceeds 50 mmol/l (GOST 8736).
Aggregates occupy up to 80%, and in some cases more, of the volume of building mortar mixtures and can reduce the consumption of mineral binder and reduce shrinkage deformation of cement stone, which can reach 6-10 mm/m. Aggregates and fillers in the solution contribute to the relaxation (weakening) of mechanical stresses arising in cement stone due to its shrinkage. At the same time, the deformations of the hardening cement mixtures are reduced by about 10 times compared to the natural deformations of the cement stone.
The formation of the properties of building mortar (concrete) mixtures and the artificial stone-like materials (mortars and concretes) obtained during their hardening is influenced by the granulometric composition, grain shape, surface condition and aggregate strength.
The grain (granulometric) composition of sands is determined by sifting a sample of aggregate through a set of standard sieves with a hole size of 0.16 to 5 mm. The standard set of sand sieves includes sieves with round holes 10.5 and 2.5 mm in diameter and 0.16 square mesh sieves; 0.315; 0.63 and 1.25 mm (according to GOST 6613). The presence in the sand of particles larger than 10 mm is not allowed, and the content of grains of 5-10 mm should be no more than 5% (by weight).
The grain composition can be continuous and discontinuous. The grain composition is called continuous if, after successive sifting of the aggregate sample through a standard set of sieves, residues are obtained on all sieves. If any intermediate fractions are absent, then such a grain composition is discontinuous.
There are different opinions about the optimal grain composition of the aggregate. Most researchers consider the continuous grain composition of aggregates to be more effective. Mixtures with a discontinuous grain composition are prone to segregation.
Various "ideal" grading curves have been proposed to select a continuous aggregate grain composition. Since it is impossible to obtain a mixture simultaneously with the minimum volume of intergranular voids and the smallest specific surface of grains (minimization can be performed only by one parameter), the ideal curve is selected from the condition that the volume of voids in the mixture and the total surface of the grains provide the required mobility of the mortar (concrete) mixture with minimal binder consumption.
The voidness of the aggregate is directly related to its grain composition. Theoretically, the volume of voids in the aggregate does not depend on the size of its grains. In reality, the densest, as well as the least dense, packings are unlikely, and in practice some intermediate state occurs, determined by the degree of compaction. Theoretically, the most dense packing of balls is characterized by a voidness of 26.2%, and the least dense - 47.6%.
If the particles have an angular surface, then the likely values of voids increase. Particularly noticeable (up to 60%) increases voidness if the aggregate contains elongated grains (acicular, flaky). Aggregates with rounded grains are characterized by denser packing.
In mixtures containing grains of different sizes, smaller grains will be located in voids between larger ones, and the voidness of the aggregate will decrease. If the grains of the mixed fractions differ little in size, then the size of the smaller grains may turn out to be larger than the size of the voids between the large grains, and larger grains will move apart, which will lead to an increase in voids. Theoretically, it is shown that the closest packing of grains of two aggregate fractions is achieved if the particle size of one of them is approximately 6.5 times smaller than the particle size of the other.
Sand sifted on sieves of two close numbers, i.e., consisting of grains of almost the same size, has a void content of 40-47%. With the optimal content of large, medium and small grains in the sand, the voidness should not exceed 38%. When filling voids between grains, in order to ensure workability (mobility), some excess of cement paste is necessary, because if in mortars (concrete) cement paste is filled with voids between sand grains, then the mixtures turn out to be low-plastic, rigid.
The cement paste should not only fill the intergranular voids, but also create cement shells around the grains, which push the aggregate particles apart and provide an increase in the mobility of the mortar (concrete) mixture, and during hardening, fasten the grains together.
In the domestic literature, recommendations on justifying the choice of sands in relation to the composition of mortar mixtures are limited to indications of the maximum allowable grain size: for example, in accordance with the requirements of GOST 28013 "Construction mortars.
General specifications", the largest aggregate grain size should be, mm, not more than:
In the composition of masonry mortars (except rubble masonry) - 2.50;
In compositions for rubble masonry - 5.00;
In plaster solutions (except for the covering layer) - 2.50;
In plaster solutions for the covering layer - 1.25.
In the compositions of adhesives for facing tiles and in adhesives for mounting blocks of cellular concrete, the grain size limit is 0.63 mm. In putties and grouts, even finer aggregates and fillers with a particle size limit of 0.25-0.315 mm are used.
The content of sand grains larger than 2.50 mm for plaster mortars and more than 1.25 mm for finishing mortars is not allowed. Similar restrictions on the size of aggregate grains for plaster mortars are also contained in the "Code of Rules" SP 82-101-98 of the State Construction Committee of Russia "Preparation and use of building mortars". These restrictions in relation to some compositions of plaster solutions, in particular, to decorative ones, require adjustment.
Often there is a need to use mortars (concrete) with a reduced bulk density (light and heat-insulating plasters, soundproofing (acoustic) plasters, sanitizing plasters, masonry mortars with high heat-insulating properties, etc.).
The decrease in the density of such building materials, along with other methods (air entrainment, gas and foam formation), can be ensured by the use of porous fillers in mixtures. The main qualification characteristic of porous aggregates is their bulk density.
Porous sands are divided by bulk density into grades from 75 to 1400. The grade corresponds to the maximum value of the bulk density of the aggregate in a dry state, in kg / m 3. Porous aggregates can be obtained:
From natural raw materials (pumice, volcanic slags, volcanic tuffs, porous limestones, shell limestones, siliceous rocks);
From industrial waste (blast-furnace slag, fuel slag, ash and ash and slag mixtures, wood and other industrial waste);
Artificially from natural raw materials and industrial waste (expanded clay, agloporite, slag pumice, shungizite, expanded perlite, vermiculite, etc.).
Artificial porous aggregates differ from aggregates obtained from industrial wastes by the stability of their composition and properties, and therefore aggregates in this category are especially recommended for use in dry building mixtures.
Expanded aggregates - perlite and vermiculite - have the lowest bulk density among mineral artificial aggregates. Perlite is obtained from heat treatment raw materials, which are volcanic vitreous water-bearing rocks of acidic composition (with a high content of SiO 2). Expanded perlite sand (GOST 10832) is widely used in the manufacture of lightweight concrete, light heat and sound insulating materials, fire-retardant plaster coatings, sanitizing plaster mortars, etc. An important feature of perlite sands is that their bulk density does not increase during grinding, but is decreasing.
Expanded polystyrene belongs to ultralight high-performance aggregates. Its density in compact form (slab) is 40-55 kg/m 3 . Expanded polystyrene has a very low thermal conductivity of ~0.04 W / m x K. Polystyrene in the form of crushed crumbs with a particle size of up to 1 mm is introduced (in an amount of 5-7% by weight) into mixtures for heat-insulating plasters.
Pavel Zozulya, Ph.D.,
SPbGTI, department of construction and special binders
You can read more about the analysis of technologies and equipment for the production of dry building mixtures in the report of the Academy of Industrial Market Studies " Analysis of equipment for the production of dry building mixtures ».