Autonomous sewerage systems for a private house. Autonomous sewage for a private house - types, features of the device, selection rules. Biological treatment station

Many seek to solve the problem of housing not by purchasing an apartment, even a new one and in good location, and buying a small land plot. Over the past few years, the popularity of building private houses has increased, new technologies and materials have appeared. Before the owner of a personal plot and his house becomes a large number of tasks for which sometimes you have to hire people and equipment, and in other cases you need to do something yourself. The main stage in the construction of private housing is the creation and improvement of an autonomous sewage system.

Cesspool pit. The simplest option, requiring a small investment of funds. The principle of this type of sewage is quite simple. Drain water is transported through an inclined pipe to a special reservoir, which is buried in the ground. Designs are most often made airtight and their cleaning is carried out depending on the volume.

A more advanced version of this system is the installation of a filtration pit. During the construction of such a pit, a pillow of sand and gravel is used, which plays the role of a filter. Runoff water, passing through such a bulk layer, is gradually cleared, and then absorbed into the ground.

The main disadvantage of the cesspool is the need for constant cleaning. Even when the container is completely sealed, the surface seeps bad smell which is almost impossible to get rid of completely.

Septic. This is a cesspool with a more advanced design. The septic tank consists of two tanks, which contribute to better wastewater treatment. In the first tank, the waste is distributed: a substance with a solid structure is at the bottom, and liquids flow into the second tank. In the second container, natural cleaning waste through the action of anaerobic bacteria, which arise independently due to the lack of oxygen.
Local cleaning stations. The most expensive and most productive autonomous sewer systems. Waste water goes through several stages of purification, and the purity of the drain at the outlet is 98%. A complete cleaning station is a complex of various equipment, the operation of which requires an uninterrupted supply of electricity. Requires minimal human intervention and technical inspection no more than once a year.

What is the sewerage of a private house

Before deciding on the choice of a type of autonomous sewage, you should know what the whole system consists of. The device of any type of wastewater disposal is quite simple and does not have complex elements.

Direct treatment facility. This may be a cesspool, several septic tanks, or the main tank of a complete treatment plant. Located in close proximity to a private house.
Internal network of pipelines. These are the pipes and drains that are laid directly in the house.
External sewerage network. It consists of pipes that are at a certain slope in the ground, and go from the tanks to the house. The slope is made specifically for the independent movement of wastewater.
Filtration field. It is a pillow of sand and gravel, created for additional wastewater treatment. Requires periodic maintenance.

Forced and natural water supply

In order to make a high-quality autonomous sewage system in the house, it is necessary to decide on the supply of wastewater. It can be done in two ways:

Forced. This method is used at local treatment plants, as the system requires a fast supply of waste. Forced feeding requires the installation of additional equipment. Also, such a variant of the sewerage system is required when it is impossible to tilt the pipeline.
Natural supply. The most popular option, does not require the installation of additional equipment and is the cheapest. The movement of wastewater is carried out independently, without the application of mechanical forces. This process occurs due to the slope under which the pipeline is laid. Natural supply of wastewater in septic tanks and cesspools.

Wastewater treatment methods

Wastewater treatment is divided into 2 types:

Anaerobic. It is carried out through the use of anaerobic bacteria that decompose wastewater into two components: methane and water. As a result of this process, waste is formed, which, under the weight of its weight, settles to the bottom.

The main stages of anaerobic treatment:

Separation of contaminated particles by weight. The heavier ones sink to the bottom, the lighter ones remain on the surface. This process takes place both in the first chamber of the septic tank and in the second (only here the separation is carried out into smaller and larger particles).
Larger particles, settling to the bottom, are exposed to the action of anaerobic bacteria. In parallel with this process, heat is released, so that septic tanks can be used all year round.
The final stage is the filtration of wastewater through a cushion of sand and gravel. Aerobic bacteria in the soil contribute to enhanced purification of wastewater.

Aerobic. This system is more modern and is most often used in local treatment plants. Aerobic filters allow you not to create drainage cushions. Complete wastewater treatment plants allow waste water to be reused, for example, for household needs. Such high productivity is ensured by the use of two types of bacteria: anaerobes and aerobes.

The main stages of aerobic cleaning:

Sedimentation of waste water. This method of mechanical distribution of particles is used both in septic tanks and treatment plants.
Anaerobic processing of large particles. This stage is no different from the work of bacteria in a conventional septic tank.
After the end of the second stage, aerators are launched in the station - devices that ensure the saturation of the environment with aerobic bacteria. These bacteria live and work only in the presence of oxygen. Their productivity allows not only quickly, but also very productively to process the remaining secretions.
During the last stage, repeated settling occurs, during which silt is deposited on the bottom. The water remaining after settling is biologically pure and leaves the system. Sludge sludge is recycled.

Even when the sludge is recycled, there is still a small amount of waste that accumulates in the station. Over time, they must be removed, this happens during technical inspections.

Sewer cleaning methods

Even modern on-site treatment plants require cleaning and technical inspection. Such cleaning is also necessary for septic systems and cesspools. The sludge that accumulates not only at the bottom of the tanks, but also in the pipes, after a while is converted into a clay-like material, the removal of which will require a special tool. To prevent this from happening, the timely implementation of a set of treatment measures will extend the life of the sewerage system.

Manual cleaning method

This method requires the availability of special tools that will simplify some steps.

Order of conduct:

Using a drainage-fecal pump, the tank is freed from wastewater, which is pumped into another tank.
At the bottom of the tank, there may be deposits of silt, which are removed with a shovel.
The walls of the tank are treated with a jet of water under high pressure. This allows you to finally get rid of deposits.
Water with residues of pollution, using a drainage-fecal pump, is pumped out into the same container into which the wastewater was poured. The last step is to dispose of the contents of the container.

It should be remembered that during manual cleaning respiratory protective equipment must be used. This need is associated with the release of harmful fumes during the natural processing of wastewater.

Calling the sewer service

The easiest way is if the owner of the site does not have free time, but there are extra funds. The sewage service uses a specially equipped vehicle with a wastewater tank and a powerful vacuum pump. A long hose is lowered to the bottom of the tank and using a pump, service workers pump out sludge and sewage. More modern models of such equipment are equipped with a tank flushing system, which allows for better and more reliable cleaning.

Maintenance of a complete cleaning station

It can be carried out both independently and by the sewer service. This method requires exactly the same tool as for manual cleaning. In complete treatment plants, only the aerobic stabilizer should be removed.

Basic cleaning operations:

Pumping out sludge with a drainage-fecal pump from the tank. The hose from the pump should be brought to a separate container in advance.
Use high pressure water to clean the walls and bottom of the tank. You should also pay attention Special attention to flush all pipes and hoses that are inside.
Pump out the water with which the washing was carried out.
Pour clean water into the tank.

The pumped-out sludge can be used in agricultural needs, it is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.

Maintenance and operation of autonomous sewage

For a long service life of an autonomous sewer, you should know following rules, which relate to local cleaning systems:

Do not exceed the daily water consumption, which is indicated in the manufacturer's operating instructions.
Cannot be dumped into the sewer construction garbage And various items that do not decompose under the influence of water.
Liquids that have an aggressive structure must not be drained into the sewer. These types include acids and alkalis. These substances can destroy anaerobic and aerobic varieties of bacteria.
With long breaks in work, it is necessary to add biological activators to the station.

Maintenance of septic tanks and local stations does not require the implementation of specialized measures. It is sufficient to carry out cleaning and flushing of tanks in a timely manner, and for complete cleaning stations it is necessary to periodically conduct a technical inspection.

-
-
-

Almost all owners of private houses are concerned about the issue of arranging an autonomous sewer. The subtlety of this problem does not allow the owners to postpone its solution for a long time. To solve the problem, you can use different options, it all depends on the number of drains, the characteristics of the soil on the site, the level ground water and some other criteria. To choose the right autonomous sewer for a private house, you should take into account a large number of nuances.

Which manufacturer of autonomous sewage should be preferred

The choice of a manufacturer can be called a crucial moment, which is explained by several points. For example, after performing calculations and studying the characteristics of the soil and topography on the site, the owner goes to the store to purchase a septic tank and additional equipment. However, during operation, leaks in the sewer are suddenly discovered, which lead to the flooding of the site with sewage and the appearance of unpleasant odors.

For this reason, you should carefully choose an autonomous sewer for country house and purchase more expensive, but high-quality equipment.

The most popular manufacturers include the following companies:

Cleansing.
Eco Grant.
Unilos.

Varieties of autonomous sewers for private houses

There are several types of autonomous sewage that are quite suitable for the private sector. Considering different types of sewers, you should choose the most suitable one for your conditions of use.

Cesspool

by the most simple view autonomous sewage in a private house can be called a cesspool. This design is made in the form of a tank made of brick, reinforced concrete or plastic, which is equipped with a hatch in the upper part. For the tank, they dig a hole about 3 meters deep, while taking into account the level of groundwater.

The main condition that must be observed when arranging a cesspool is the absolute tightness of the tank.

For this reason, you need to understand what autonomous sewage means and follow several rules:

When using bricks, preference is given to ceramic products. The tank should be round in shape.
Reinforced concrete rings are characterized by high strength, however, due to their massiveness, it is necessary to use the services of a construction crane for laying.
For the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structures, it is important to use high-quality reinforcement and cement-sand mixture high brand. It is also recommended to build a formwork structure.
When choosing a plastic tank, you should pay attention to the resistance of the material to the aggressive effects of various environments.

The principle of operation of the autonomous sewage system of a private house is the following scheme: a pipe with a diameter of at least 10 cm is removed from the sewer system inside the house. The pipe should be located with a slight slope towards the tank. The level depends on the depth of soil freezing, it is important that the tube is below this mark.

To pump out the accumulated sewage, a sewage truck is periodically called, the frequency of the call depends on the rate of filling the tank.

It is very important to prevent contamination of the soil with sewage, therefore it is important to control that the distance between the liquid level and the soil is less than 35 cm. After each pumping, it is necessary to disinfect the tank.

The cesspool is characterized by the following advantages:

Due to the complete tightness of the tank, contamination of the soil and groundwater is excluded.
Arrangement of the structure can be done independently.
Low system cost.
The design is simple yet highly efficient.
Full energy independence, electricity is not required for the operation of the cesspool.
Emptying the tank is quite simple with the help of special equipment.

Despite the large number of advantages, it is also worth knowing about the disadvantages of such an autonomous sewage system:

Tank cleaning is rare, but quite expensive.
In some cases, there may be an unpleasant odor near the cesspool.
With a high location of groundwater, it is impossible to equip such a sewer. Sewerage at a high level of groundwater is equipped in a special way.

A cesspool can be called effective view autonomous sewerage system of a private house, which is operated in the summer.

septic tank

To treat wastewater, a septic tank is required. Similar devices can have different design and differ in function. They can be two-chamber and three-chamber, contain a filtration well, a filtration field, an infiltrator.

Volumetric structures must be dug into the ground and interconnected by pipelines. In this case, the container should be located above the groundwater level.

The difference between a septic tank and a cesspool is not the accumulation of wastewater, but their purification from various contaminants.

It is very important to know how the autonomous sewerage of a private house works.

Getting into the filtration well, water passes through three devices:

In the first device, solid impurities settle to the bottom.
Further, fat deposits float to the surface. By the way, quite often they install a grease trap for sewage, which is located in the house.
The third device has a sand-gravel overflow at the bottom, through which a moderately purified liquid passes. As a result of such cleaning, clean water passes into the soil.

Some of the benefits of a septic system include:

System operation without electricity.
Quite a long time elapses between cleaning cycles.
High cleaning efficiency.
Simplicity of design.
Possibility of self-service.
The infiltrator does not require frequent maintenance.

As for the shortcomings, it is important to pay attention to such points:

Maintenance, though rare, is still required.
It is not recommended to equip such structures in areas with clay soil and at a high level of groundwater.
The high cost of the filtration field.

Compared with cesspool a septic tank is more efficient, although maintaining such an autonomous sewer cleaning system requires more effort and time. Recommended for use in homes that are operated all year round.

Biological treatment station

With a high level of groundwater and a limited area of \u200b\u200bthe site, septic tanks with a biofilter can be used.

A similar design is a container consisting of three elements:

Septic department.
anaerobic bioreactor.
Biofilter.

The cleaning process in autonomous sewage systems for a private house is as follows:

Waste water is directed to the first compartment. Here, solid impurities settle to the bottom, and fatty impurities float to the surface.
Next, the liquid passes through the lattice membrane and enters the second compartment, where coarse filtration takes place.
Getting into the third container, the liquid is cleared of organic impurities, as it contains anaerobic bacteria.
Final stage involves the discharge of outgoing harmless liquid into a ditch or other drainage system.

Systems of this type can be used in permanently operated houses, since there is a possibility of introducing anaerobic bacteria through the toilet bowl.

Deep biotreatment stations are more complex, but at the same time they are characterized by maximum efficiency.

The autonomous sewerage device assumes the presence of several key nodes:

Receiving compartment.
Aerotank.
Additional sump.
Stabilizer activated sludge.

The principle of autonomous sewage in this case is as follows:

In the first compartment, solid and fatty particles are separated.
Further, algae and anaerobic bacteria join the filtrate.
At the next stage, a certain amount of air is supplied by an electric pump to revitalize microorganisms.
The final stage involves the precipitation of sludge.

The result of such cleaning is a liquid purified by about 99%, which can be used to water plants on the site.

The advantages of autonomous sewage of this type are the following points:

Wastewater treatment up to 99%.
The compactness of the building.
No need for constant maintenance.
The possibility of arrangement in any areas, geological conditions do not have any effect.
No unpleasant odor.
Simplicity installation work and long service life.

The disadvantages are the following:

Power supply is required for deep cleaning.
Anaerobic bacteria need a regular supply of air.
Fairly high price.

When using deep biological treatment systems, it becomes possible to process more than 1.5 m 3 during the day.

How to choose the right autonomous sewer for a private house

When determining the type of autonomous household sewage system that is best suited for a private house, it is important to consider the following factors:

The cesspool should be located at a distance of 20 meters from the wells, about 10 meters from the drainage system and at least 10 meters from the construction site.
For septic tanks that have an infiltrator, a filtration well or a filtration field, a certain area is required on the site, the predominance of sandy or sandy loamy soil and a low level of groundwater.
When choosing the performance of an autonomous sewer, it is necessary to take into account the number of permanently residing family members and incoming people.
As for the cost, in the case of factory treatment plants, you can stop at a cheaper option.

You should also pay attention to other criteria, including the principle of operation of an autonomous sewage system, warranty service, the cost of installation and additional elements.

In general, the following conclusions can be drawn:

For a country house with a rare visit, it is enough to equip a cheaper cesspool.
For a family of 3-4 people, the arrangement of a septic tank will be more effective.
The biological treatment plant is characterized by a high degree of wastewater treatment.
The presence of an anaerobic bioreactor and a biofilter in the system makes it possible to increase the degree of purification up to 95%.
Deep biological treatment stations can be called the best autonomous sewerage of a private house, as they remove up to 99% of impurities.

To date, there is a certain kind of domestic sewers that use special tools for waste processing. Consider the main and fundamental factors, as well as the types, types and criteria of various autonomous sewers. Such an alternative is quite attractive for people who have private houses or summer cottages.

Unlike a cesspool, an autonomous sewer is involved in the production of treatment, but not in the accumulation of wastewater. There are several cleaning methods, which are divided into three main types: chemical, biological and mechanical.

The use of special substances that cause adhesion of particles (coagulants) - chemical cleaning. Organic substances are extracted with the help of microorganisms - biological treatment. Physical and mechanical methods contributing to the removal of insoluble impurities - mechanical cleaning.

There are two main types of treatment facilities, based on the applied scheme - septic tanks, which have underground filtration facilities and some treatment plants (biological), factory-made.

The need for autonomous sewerage is no longer worth proving at the present time the latest technologies and scientific progress. If it is not possible to connect to the central sewerage system, there is an alternative - a local independent system. It is needed for the storage and disposal of wastewater.

For a private house, such a system is a tank that is intended for temporary storage. Or is it a treatment plant system consisting of a septic tank and filter units. Such an installation performs its functions for quite a long time and does not depend on external factors. The presence of electricity, the removal of wastewater or connection to the central sewer in this case does not matter.

The main types of autonomous sewage

Cesspool

Cesspool- a concrete ring or other storage tank where wastewater will be collected. Chief and very actual question when building a house, where and how to equip this structure. In the city, no one even thinks about it, but private sector has its domestic inconveniences and difficulties in this regard.

This problem comes to the fore, so that living is cozy and comfortable for people, it is necessary that sewer system functioned flawlessly and without problems. The device itself is quite simple and with the right approach and quality materials, will serve for a long time.

An important detail that must always be taken into account is the choice of the correct volume of the pit itself, so that there are no problems with cleaning in the future. Selection of a place that will meet all the parameters and measurements, after all this, and begin to equip. It is not easy that a cesspool should not be placed near the house. Although very long sewer pipes will also be quite undesirable. In order for the sewage truck to be able to drive up to the pit without obstacles, there must be a free and convenient access.

There are certain systems and rules for the location of the pit itself, its distance to various other objects in the areas. Primary requirements:

distance from the house to the pit from 5 m;
1m from the bottom to groundwater;
1m from the fence to the edge of the pit;
to sources drinking water(clay - 20m, loam - 30m, sandy loam - 50m).

The long service life of this structure depends on the required volume. When calculating per person 0.5 cubic meters. If possible, it is possible to provide a device with a small margin in volume. As an example, if three people live in a house, it will be about 6 cubic meters.

When the volumes have already been determined, the next step is to lay the pipes. With the necessary slope, about two or three percent (two, three cm) falls on each running meter pipes. Accordingly, if the pipes are longer, then the slope decreases.

Two types of cesspool construction: without a bottom and sealed (plastic container or other) are buried in the ground. Construction technologies depend on the soil, the number of people living in the house and the location of groundwater. If this is a summer house and they will not live there all year round, then you need to make a hole as a container with a filter bottom. It turns out, as it were, a well, if the wastewater is not more than one cubic meter per day.

There are some stages in the construction of such a pit:

simultaneous arrangement of walls and pipe laying;
one and a half cubic meters of soil when digging, leave for thermal insulation;
lay a pipe inside the well above the second ring from the surface;
hatches are installed after pipes, rings and covers are installed;
thirty cm trench width at wall level;
the slab is covered with soil, the hatch is left free.

septic tank

septic tank– closed autonomous system, when effluents enter which, mechanical filtration occurs with the help of bacteria. Nearly ninety-eight percent achieve the cleaning efficiency of such a system. Therefore, such effluents are diverted and absorbed into the ground without the danger of pollution, such as groundwater, and the environment.

The tightness of the system prevents the penetration of unpleasant odors that are associated with drainage and cleaning. In the private sector in dachas, sanatoriums, you can often find such systems. There are many advantages to this plant - economy, ease of maintenance and efficiency at the highest level.

The basic principles of the septic tank are the sedimentation of effluents and the mutual action of the liquid with anaerobic bacteria. Today, a lot of different septic tanks and the most popular stand-alone models are provided. There is no need for any energy sources and additional installations or special conditions.

The assortment includes plastic containers with partitions inside for a sump and a biofilter. The simplicity and reliability of this design attracts buyers. Polypropylene High Quality and great thickness good decision and quite a budget option.

The advantages of this design:

convenience (block-modular);
efficiency with an infiltrator;
compact size, easy installation;
availability and reliability;
ease of maintenance (pumping out once a year).

Durability of the device, capacity and separation of the chambers themselves for some settling and biological decomposition processes. The principle of operation of a septic tank includes several processes. The receiving chamber where sewage enters is quite large. Non-decomposable inorganic substances are deposited here. The second settling tank receives clarified water for better settling.

The third chamber is equipped with a biofilter in the form of a cyclone, where waste products of microorganisms accumulate and organic matter decomposes. All cleaning processes proceed consistently, efficiently and with high quality. To carry out soil post-treatment of water from the content harmful substances, the installation is connected to the infiltrator.

Installation of a septic tank, brief information:

large-scale earthworks (pits for installation, trenches for pipelines);
leveling the surface with sand, strengthening the bottom;
gravel layer 400 mm for the infiltrator;
sand thickness for trenches 200-300mm;
connecting pipes, filling with water for strength;
sand-cement mixture for falling asleep on the sides of the installation.

There are septic tanks affordable prices, especially when compared with the cost of other manufacturers. The competitiveness of the goods speaks for itself, for example, Tank septic tanks. Can meet the requirements of many buyers with maximum efficiency.

It is important to know that septic tanks will immediately be ready for operation and it is quite realistic and possible to install them yourself. An approximate price scale for such treatment plants as "Tank 1, 2, 3, 4" is given in this table:

Name	Number of persons	Performance	Dimensions, mm	Price, rubles
Tank 1	1-3	600	1200x1000x1700	28000
Tank 2	3-4	800	1800x1200x1700	38000
Tank 3	4-6	1200	2200x1200x2000	55000
Tank 4	7-9	1800	3800x1000x1700	68000

Now many people are thinking about environment and its preservation for future generations. Owner of a private house or suburban area seeks to live in comfort and away from civilization. Without the necessary communications, you can make life comfortable and convenient for the whole family, while preserving nature.

More recently, house adjoining treatment facilities, but on this moment they are already very popular and in demand. Another representative of the cleaning station is the septic tank " Topas”, which is produced by the Topol-Eco group of companies. This is a local biological wastewater treatment system, which has the principle of preliminary sedimentation of large suspensions.

Consider some of the principles of operation of this septic tank

The first chamber is used for sedimentation, the effluent flows through the central outer pipe from the sanitary home equipment. At the first stage, the process of biological decomposition is already underway due to the supply of oxygen. The settled water from the reservoir, with the help of the airlift, passes into the second compartment.

Aerotank - the next tank in which the main work of activated sludge takes place. Due to the process of respiration of microorganisms, pollutants are decomposed, and air is supplied by the compressor. The silt is overgrown with particles, and this allows them to be removed during the deposition process in the next chamber.

The sump is the third compartment, the pyramid. In it, sludge is deposited from the water and already purified water is discharged. The liquid at the outlet of the secondary clarifier must pass through an additional filter.

One hundred percent already cleaned wastewater is discharged into the receiving tank (ditches, reservoirs). Thanks to high level cleaning, such water can be used for watering various plants, shrubs, trees and other plantations.

From the secondary clarifier, light suspensions of sludge are fed to the beginning of the cycle, and the fourth chamber for heavy sludge is called the stabilizer. The scheme is quite simple and without human participation, it is really possible to get high-quality wastewater treatment. The basis is ordinary natural processes of biological decomposition.

There is a small drawback in the Topas septic tank and this is its energy dependence (compressor operation). But there are many more benefits:

compact design;
electricity (low consumption);
wiring diagrams are simple;
the operational process is not complicated;
model line is large.

These models of such septic tanks have differences in power, it depends on the number of people in the operation of the sanitary equipment of a residential building. If the house has a large sanitary equipment, then you need to buy a septic tank with increased productivity.

Each such model provides for two main modifications: standard (pipe insertion to a depth of 0.3 - 0.9 m) and long (1.0 - 1.5 m). Also available with an equipped pump, another modification, where the output of purified water is forced.

Rules for maintenance and operation

Start-up work is carried out immediately after the installation of all elements of the Topas cleaning system, and for the first time it is better to do this by a specialist in this field. The necessary biomass is formed in about three weeks to speed up this process, silt from the reservoir should be added.

Necessary actions for ongoing maintenance:

compressor membrane cleaning (every two, three years);
replacement of aeration equipment (every twelve years);
year-round use of a septic tank (once every three, four months, removal of already used sludge masses);
complex maintenance of the station (every year, two).

When all procedures are completed, replace the equipment and fill the septic tank two-thirds with water. Now it is possible to start further use this device. Otherwise, the Topas septic tank works efficiently and offline.

The choice is always yours, but if you are not a builder and do not have skills in this area, it would be better to contact a specialist in this matter. The conditions of your area, the volume of drainage, correct calculations for all building codes. The fundamental role is also played by climatic conditions, topography, soil features and the location of underwater waters, and many other factors. Therefore, it is up to you, weigh and consider all the arguments and make the right decision for you and your family.