Construction of brick houses technology. Technology

Despite the emergence of new modern building materials, brick continues to meet the requirements of engineers today. More than nine thousand years after its invention, brick remains an important material for construction.

● As brick began to be used in the construction of large structures, brick was found to have weakness- he does not like shaking, movement or vibration, as a result of which the brick cracks. The answer to this problem was the invention of a completely new invention of brick - pressed brick or high-density brick. All bricks have small pores - cavities with air, which become a weak point in the masonry when force is applied to it. Dense brick is made by mechanically compressing clay so that it becomes less porous and more dense. Pressed brick was created at one time mainly for the construction of railway tracks, where a brick with a high degree of resistance was needed.

● The brick is quite strong, a fireproof and weather-resistant material, but may have a weak point - the fastening solution. The mortar is required to connect the bricks into a single monolithic masonry. Without mortar, the wall will be just a set of bricks - and nothing more.

● When there is strong external pressure on the wall of a brick structure, the connecting mortar is tested for strength - it may begin to crumble - then the bond between the bricks may break. This disadvantage is especially noticeable during an earthquake. Soil vibrations can cause destruction of the connecting layer. The consequences can be tragic. Many brick buildings do not have a reinforced foundation - they are not designed to withstand seismic shocks. Most engineers agree that when an earthquake occurs, a significant portion of brick buildings will collapse to some degree.

● All buildings are made of brick From ancient times to the present day, people have faced a deadly enemy - earthquake. When the ground begins to sink, the inability of the brick to move from side to side coupled with the vibrations of the soil can destroy the building. When the earth shakes and a building tries to follow the motion, some parts of the building expand while others contract.

● Compression for brick is not a problem, but expansion is dangerous for bricks. During seismic activity, brick buildings are almost completely destroyed. The first victims of an earthquake are brick buildings of traditional construction. If they are not reinforced with steel or other structures, they can collapse from a certain vibration force. For decades, engineers have tried to eliminate this shortcoming of the joint mortar. Modern methods high-rise housing construction involves the use of composite technologies, which involve cladding a steel and concrete frame with several thousand bricks. To ensure that the cladding holds firmly, engineers use a new invention - earthquake-resistant brick masonry connection .

● Steel ties practically attach the bricks to the steel and concrete building frame. The fasteners are attached to the frame. The wire, threaded through the fastenings and embedded in the masonry, allows the building to move separately from the brickwork. Masonry can move up and down in relation to the building frame, but still remain attached to it. These fastenings allow the brick walls to move separately from the main building during ground vibrations and still remain attached to it. In this way the bricks and mortar move together, and the tension that would normally break down the walls is in this case eliminated. Ensuring the strength of a brick-clad building is very important. The brick will simply vibrate along with the wave-like vibrations of the soil. Earthquake-resistant fastening of brick walls holds enormous potential for new buildings.

● What to do with already built brick structures . There are many brick buildings in areas of seismic rock activity. If these buildings are not strengthened, many of them can collapse from the slightest vibration. In many cases, strengthening buildings using steel and concrete structures or earthquake-resistant connections is not possible or is too expensive.

● New technology strengthening brick walls is trying to solve this problem by strengthening the outside. This is state-of-the-art fiberglass that is five times stronger than steel. This fiber can bind bricks with special epoxy resin. Fiberglass helps a brick wall stand up during an earthquake. This achieves a combination of the positive properties of a brick wall - resistance to compression - with the advantages of composites resistant to transverse tension. A building that is properly reinforced along its entire perimeter will not drop its bricks on passers-by in the event of an earthquake.

● Epoxy masonry fastening is very durable. Experiments were carried out to identify this advantage. As external influence a sledgehammer was used on the brickwork. Hitting with a sledgehammer simulates the force that acts on a brick wall during earthquakes. When a sledgehammer hits a wall that is not covered with fiberglass, the wall collapses. The mortar and brick are destroyed. On a wall covered with fiberglass, the result is completely different. During impact, the fiber dissipates the force. The bricks and mortar remain in place.

Fiberglass has incredible capabilities. It can provide support and security to many unfortified brick buildings around the world.

● At the end of the 19th century, when constructing high-rise buildings made of brick, architects were limited by the height of the brickwork. Usage modern technologies steel and concrete allow engineers to build faster and stronger. But modern composite buildings pose new challenges - in buildings constructed from different materials, moisture may collect between internal part walls made of concrete and steel and external brick cladding. As a result, erosion can begin, which leads to the destruction of the building frame. For such walls it is necessary drainage system. Especially in places where weather rapidly change from snow to rain, and then comes hot summer and autumn, bringing moisture. In the USA, technology is being used to solve this problem. A ten-centimeter wall of lightweight masonry is being erected, which should absorb moisture and remove it from the building. To build such a drainage wall, builders have to use sophisticated technology. Before laying the brick, the mason installs a metal shelf covered with a water-resistant rubberized material. He places a piece of rope in the mortar between the bricks, which will act as a wick, drawing moisture to the outer layer of the wall. The water will be safely discharged outside where it cannot cause damage. Composite technologies make it possible to take brick construction to unprecedented heights. Without the need to maintain a decent appearance of the building the beauty of the brick allows survive in the world of modern construction.

● For about 10 thousand years, brick created our world - from simple raw brick to ultra-modern technologies. Engineering continues to improve brick and keep this creation at the forefront of modern construction technologies. But the main quality of this material may be a thousand-year-old attachment to it. Brick has a unique property - we subconsciously feel that this is our story.

It is one of the most relevant technologies in private housing construction. Its high popularity remains even today, despite the introduction of new technologies that make it possible to build faster and cheaper. However, brick cottages rightfully have an elite status.

Construction brick houses- main advantages of the technology

Construction of brick houses retains its high popularity due to a number of advantages that distinguish this material.

Before considering the benefits, it is necessary to note the main problematic side of this technology. It lies in the fact that on construction of brick houses prices are among the highest in brick housing construction. The significant cost is made up of a number of factors. First of all, brick is one of the most expensive materials. In addition, high cost of building brick houses is also due to the peculiarities of the technology. The small format of bricks significantly increases labor intensity and increases the time required to complete the work. In addition, masonry places quite high demands on the skill level of the mason. Brick walls have significant weight, so before their construction, geological exploration work must be carried out, which requires additional costs. Also, the large weight of the walls is reflected in the cost of the foundation.

However, despite the high cost, complexity and long lead times, construction of brick houses in the Moscow region remains an extremely popular technology. The main advantages of brick houses are:

Durability. If construction technology is followed, the service life of brick houses can be much more than 100 years. During this time, high With construction of a brick house price manages to pay for itself many times over.
Favorable microclimatic conditions, which are achieved due to the fact that the brick supports moisture exchange, as well as due to the good insulating properties of walls made of hollow bricks.
Maximum wall strength, ensuring high reliability of the structure, and allowing the use reinforced concrete slabs ceilings
The small format of the material allows for brick construction country house with a wide range of possible architectural solutions.
High degree of fire safety.
Resistance to moisture, atmospheric and biological influences.
Wide range of technologies and materials for outdoor and exterior finishing brick walls.

Construction of brick cottage houses - types of material used

Construction of brick cottage houses can be performed using various types bricks Today there are several types of this material, which differ in composition, processing technology and internal structure. The choice of a specific type largely determines not only how much does construction cost brick house , but also performance characteristics building.

The main types of bricks depending on the material:

Clay brick is one of the most common varieties. Can be used for construction load-bearing walls, columns, basement and ground floor walls, during the construction of the foundation.
Ceramic brick - most often used for exterior finishing. He will be distinguished by his beauty appearance and high surface strength.
Sand-lime brick, made from a mixture of sand and lime, can be used to construct load-bearing walls and partitions. This material is less frost-resistant and durable, but has good insulating properties.
Clinker brick is the most expensive and high-quality type. Has high strength and decorative qualities. Used mainly for exterior wall decoration.
Fire brick. The main part of its composition (about 70%) is occupied by fireproof clay, which allows it to withstand temperatures of up to 2000 degrees. Construction of brick country houses and cottages uses this material for the construction of fireplaces and stoves.

There are also hollow and solid bricks. In the first case, the presence of voids makes it possible to improve the thermal insulation characteristics, which makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the walls. Solid brick has maximum strength, which allows it to be successfully used for the construction of foundations and other heavily loaded structures. structural elements buildings.

Construction of brick houses - technology features

Construction of brick houses must be carried out by qualified masons. The durability of a building largely depends on the quality of its execution. complex work. Therefore everything stages of building a brick house must be carried out with strict adherence to technology.

There are several features specific to the construction of brick houses:

given the significant weight of the building, the foundation must be constructed to the entire depth of soil freezing;
for masonry, a solution of cement, sand, plasticizer and water is used, which reaches maximum strength in about a month;
Construction work is not recommended to be carried out in hot weather and frost, as this may negatively affect the strength of the masonry mortar;
thickness of external load-bearing walls solid brick should be at least 51-54 centimeters, internal load-bearing walls - at least 25 centimeters, the most common thickness of partitions is 12 centimeters;
masonry binding (multi-row or single-row) is mandatory to guarantee high-quality and durable construction of brick houses, photo give the most visual representation of the binding.

The main factor in the successful construction of a brick house is right choice material and high level builder qualifications.

We work in all areas of Moscow and Moscow Region:

Aprelevka, Balashikha, Bronnitsy, Vereya, Vidnoye, Vlasikha, Volokolamsk, Voskresensk, Vysokovsk, Golitsyno, Dedovsk, Dzerzhinsky, Dmitrov, Dolgoprudny, Domodedovo, Drezna, Dubna, Yegoryevsk, Zheleznodorozhny, Zhukovsky, Zaraysk, Zvenigorod, Ivanteevka, Iksha, Istra, Kashira, Klimovsk, Klin, Kolomna, Korolev, Kotelniki, Kraskovo, Krasnoarmeysk, Krasnogorsk, Krasnozavodsk, Krasnoznamensk, Kubinka, Kurovskoye, Likino-Dulyovo, Lobnya, Lukhovitsy, Lytkarino, Lyubertsy, Malakhovka, Mozhaisk, Monino, Moskovsky, Mytishchi, Nar- Fominsk, Nakhabino, Noginsk, Odintsovo, Necklace, Lakes, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Pavlovsky Posad, Peresvet, Podolsk, Protvino, Pushkino, Pushchino, Ramenskoye, Reutov, Roshal, Ruza, Sergiev Posad, Serpukhov, Solnechnogorsk, Staraya Kupavna, Stupino, Skhodnya , Taldom, Tomilino, Troitsk, Fryazino, Khimki, Khotkovo, Chernogolovka, Chekhov, Shatura, Shchelkovo, Shcherbinka, Elektrogorsk, Elektrostal, Elektrougli, Yubileiny, Yakhroma, Losino-Petrovsky, full list cities.

Modern construction technologies, it would seem, have already stepped beyond the boundaries of the possible. More and more new building materials are being invented: reliable, durable and at the same time lightweight - current construction technologies are being developed that give a head start to all previous ones. But, at the same time, we do not forget about the materials that have been used in construction for centuries. What was invented long before us has still not lost its relevance. Humanity still uses “good old” wood and durable brick to build houses. Of course, processing technologies have changed wood materials, the composition of bricks has changed, but they are still indispensable in the construction world.

Thermal insulation of brick buildings

Also in Soviet times brick construction acquired serious proportions. But you should not compare the building bricks of that period with modern materials- the difference will be too obvious. Now brick is a very light ceramic product, which, despite its low weight, has a fairly high degree of strength.

Another undeniable advantage of brick, which makes its use in construction so convenient, is its excellent thermal insulation properties. They are possible thanks to the many holes on ceramic brick. To appreciate the thermal insulation properties of bricks, a comparison can be made: if you build a brick wall whose thickness is 80 cm, its heat-saving properties will correspond to those of wooden wall two meters thick.

Strength and durability of brick

Of course, the property of reliably retaining heat within the walls of a house can be considered one of the most important qualities bricks, which speak in favor of its active use in the construction process of both residential buildings and industrial buildings, office buildings. However, we should not forget that brick has been considered one of the strongest and most durable building materials for many centuries. Over the years of using brick as the main material in construction, its manufacturing technologies have improved. Now we can say with confidence that if all established production standards are observed, the brick from which the building will be constructed will be durable and strong. A brick house is resistant to all kinds of weather conditions; it is not afraid of either rain or strong wind, not even a hurricane. According to experts and according to official GOST data, a brick house is quite capable of standing without restoration and without reconstruction work for 100-150 years.

Other useful properties of brick

Separately, it is worth mentioning that modern brick ideally meets fire safety standards. Since this construction material does not burn, the possibility of a fire in a brick house is reduced to zero. In addition, brick is not exposed to microorganisms, including fungi and mold. Thus, brickwork will not rot, at the same time it is quite capable of passing required amount air. It must be remembered that bricks made from clay are absolutely environmentally friendly: a person living in brick house, is located in the most favorable microclimate.

In addition to all the above properties, it is also worth noting that brick walls perfectly absorb noise. If we compare the sound insulation of brick, wooden and panel houses, it will definitely be higher in the first case. The advantages of building with brick include a variety of configurations and architectural variations. Brick has quite small dimensions compared to houses made of timber or panels, this allows you to come up with various structures and use brick in the construction of the most unexpected architectural forms.

And finally, don't the last word remains up to the color options of the facing brick. The modern “brick palette” is represented by all possible color combinations. In addition to the usual red and white colors, building bricks can be made in other colors color scheme, it all depends on the individual preferences of each individual customer and the capabilities of a particular production.

Generally speaking, the many advantages of brick indicate that its use in construction will be relevant for many years to come.

Table of contents:

Principles and tools
Foundation and plinth
Mortar and masonry
Important points
Roofing

Building a brick house is a complex process that can be done with your own hands. With the help of bricks you can implement various design ideas. There is a certain technology for building a house from this material.

Principles and tools

The walls of brick houses are considered strong and durable structures. They have high fire resistance. To increase their thermal insulation properties, when laying bricks, it will be necessary to leave cavities that are filled with insulation.

The technology for insulating a brick house involves the use of sawdust, cinder blocks and others thermal insulation materials. For the construction of a building with high thermal insulation properties It is recommended to use hollow bricks. Such a structure will be not only warm, but also dry.

The construction of a brick house involves the use of the following tools and materials:

level,
plumb line,
Bulgarian,
Master OK,
cement,
sand,
fittings,
concrete mixer,
capacity.

Initially, the foundation of the house is laid out. The construction of the base involves laying a buried belt system. The design has high load capacity. There are several types of strip foundations:

Monolithic.
Prefabricated.
Mixed.

If the construction of a brick house is carried out on soil with a high probability of foundation settlement, then it is recommended to pour a monolithic structure. It will protect the building from deformations and cracks. The prefabricated system is considered less resistant to deformation. It can be easily installed on homogeneous soil (below the ground freezing level). By doing construction work the foundation is given time to cure (30 days after it is poured).

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Foundation and plinth

The construction of a prefabricated structure consists of laying ready-made blocks. This will require special equipment. For arrangement strip foundation You will need to clear the area and make markings for the future structure. The corners must be right. The next step involves constructing a trench. To do this, you can use an excavator or shovels. If there is a basement or ground floor under a brick house, then a pit is dug. Otherwise, they dig a trench. Then you will need to level the bottom.

If the construction of a monolithic system is planned, then the bottom of the trench is watered and a mixture of sand and gravel is laid. The pillow is compacted. Waterproofing material is laid on top and concrete is poured. The arrangement of the prefabricated base is carried out using a similar method. Tamping and creating a cushion is carried out only at the site where the concrete blocks are installed.

To fill monolithic foundation, you will need to make formwork from boards 40-50 mm thick. By doing installation work check the verticality of the walls. The height of the base above ground level should be at least 40 cm. For wet soil, this figure increases. The bottom of the base can be insulated using roofing felt.

The next step involves laying the reinforcement cage. For this purpose, reinforcement with a thickness of 6-10 mm is used. The rods are welded together. The finished structure is lowered into the trench on brick supports. The next step involves making concrete and pouring it into the formwork. It is recommended to perform this process in layers (15-20 cm). Voids can be eliminated using a shovel or vibratory hammer. Concrete should be of medium fat content. The base is watered for several days. This is necessary to prevent cracks from appearing on the concrete surface.

If the solution has hardened, then the formwork can be dismantled. Waterproofing of the base is carried out using various rolled, coating and other waterproofing materials. The final stage foundation construction is based on backfilling the foundation. The construction of a basement is necessary to protect a brick house from freezing. This design must be highly durable. Rubble stone, concrete, brick and other materials are used for its construction.

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Mortar and masonry

Important element buildings are its walls. They are external and internal. Based on the masonry, a distinction is made between load-bearing (bearing) and ordinary walls(used as partitions between rooms). Initially, a mortar is selected with which the brick will be laid. Builders distinguish 3 types of mortar:

Three-component. Consists of water, sand and cement.
Cement-lime mortar. Consists of lime, water, cement and sand.
Composition with plasticizer. This mixture is considered the highest quality for bricklaying. It has high plasticity. To prepare it you will need sand, water, cement and special additives.

A brick house can be built using different types masonry (three-layer, well, solid). If the walls of the house are erected using continuous technology, then the thickness of the structure should not exceed 60 cm. Builders recommend using this method for construction interior partition.

Solid masonry made of hollow bricks has low thermal insulation and is considered a costly method of building a house.

Well masonry is made using hollow bricks. In this case, insulation is laid between the outer and inner partitions. If the walls are erected using three-layer masonry, then the inner 1st layer is laid out 35 cm wide, the 2nd central one is presented in the form of insulation, and the 3rd outer layer is made of facing material. To give the structure additional strength, reinforcement is laid (between the external and internal masonry).

The construction of turnkey brick houses is naturally divided into several stages and can be carried out and paid for in stages.

Structural box (foundation, walls and roof)

After all the main external work on the construction of a country house has been completed, you can begin to arrange the site.

Engineering systems of country brick houses

The logic of the further progress of construction of a brick country house is as follows: in order to begin interior decoration - painting walls, laying parquet, etc. - a certain temperature and humidity regime is needed, which means the thermal circuit must be closed (windows and doors installed) and the heating is on.

The heating circuit closes after the house has dried out sufficiently. Until this time, you need to ensure good ventilation, the easiest way is natural.

Internal partitions are installed in accordance with the layout.

Then electrical wiring, heating system pipes and other installations are carried out. engineering communications, walls are plastered, this is done if this is provided for in the project, concrete screed with a “warm floor” system, heating radiators are hung, although at the stage finishing They will have to be removed for a while - and you can turn on the heating.

When the desired temperature has been established in the house and the temperature and humidity conditions have stabilized, proceed to last stage construction of a brick house - finishing.

Interior decoration of the walls of brick houses, as a rule, consists of painting, finishing decorative plaster or wallpapering. There are many very beautiful and original systems finishing. Actually, interior decoration brick houses have no limitations and depend entirely on your imagination.

Construction company " Vacation home» carries out all stages of turnkey construction of brick houses using ready-made or modified standard designs, as well as their individual design and construction.