Heating water for domestic hot water needs. DHW on one unit: what is it. Hot water law

The second component

In general, the fee for hot water supply is calculated using the following formula:

P i gv = Vi gv × T hv+ (V v cr × Vi gv/ ∑ Vi gv × T v cr)

Vi Guards- the volume of hot water consumed during the billing period (month) in an apartment or non-residential premises

T xv- tariff for cold water

V v cr- the volume of thermal energy used during the billing period for heating cold water at independent production hot water management company

∑ Vi gv- the total volume of hot water consumed during the billing period in all rooms of the house

T v cr- tariff for thermal energy

Calculation example:

Let's assume that hot water consumption in an apartment for a month is 7 m3. Hot water consumption throughout the house is 465 m3. The amount of thermal energy spent on heating hot water according to a common house meter is 33.5 Gcal

7 m 3 * 33.3 rub. + (33.5 Gcal * 7 m 3 / 465 m 3 * 1331.1 rub.) = 233.1 + 671.3 = 904.4 rub.

Of which:

233.1 rub. - payment for actual water consumption (DHW line in the receipt)

671.3 - payment for thermal energy spent on heating water to the required temperature (DHW heating line in the receipt)

In this example, 0.072 gigacalories of thermal energy were spent to heat one cube of hot water.

IN a value showing how many gigacalories were required to heat 1 cubic meter of water in billing period called DHW heating coefficient

The heating coefficient is not the same from month to month and largely depends on the following parameters:

Cold water supply temperature. At different times of the year, the cold water temperature ranges from +2 to +20 degrees. Accordingly, in order to heat water to the required temperature, different amounts of thermal energy will have to be expended.

The total volume of water consumed per month in all areas of the house. This value is largely influenced by the number of apartments that submitted their testimony in the current month, recalculations, and, in general, the discipline of residents in submitting their testimony.

Thermal energy consumption for hot water circulation. Water circulation in the pipes occurs continuously, including during the hours of minimum water consumption. That is, for example, at night, hot water is practically not used by residents, but thermal energy for heating water is still spent to maintain the required temperature of hot water in heated towel rails and at the entrances to apartments. This figure is especially high in new, sparsely populated buildings and stabilizes as the number of residents increases.

The average values ​​of DHW heating coefficients for each block are given in the section “Tariffs and calculation coefficients”

With the arrival of cold weather, many Russians are concerned about how to pay for utilities. For example, To How to calculate hot water and how often you should pay for these services. To answer all these questions, you first need to clarify whether a water meter is installed in this home. If the meter is installed, then the calculation is made according to a certain scheme.

The first thing you need to do is look at the receipt for housing and communal services that came last month. In this document you should find a column that indicates the amount of water consumed for the last month; we will need figures with indicators at the end of the last reporting period.

The first thing you need to do is look at the receipt for housing and communal services that came last month

After these readings are written out, they should be entered into a new document. In this case, we are talking about a receipt for payment for housing and communal services for the next reporting period. As you can see, the answers to the questions of how to calculate the cost of hot water using a meter and how to determine its consumption are quite simple. It is necessary to take all water meter readings promptly and correctly.

By the way, many management companies themselves enter the above information into the payment document. In this case, you won’t have to look for data in old receipts. You also need to remember that in situations where the water meter has just been installed and these are the first readings, the previous ones will be zeros.

The initial readings of some modern meters may contain some other numbers rather than zeros

I would also like to clarify that the initial readings of some modern meters may contain not zeros, but some other numbers. In this case, in the receipt in the column where you need to indicate the previous readings, you need to leave exactly these numbers.

The process of searching for previous meter readings is very important if you need to understand the question of how to calculate hot water according to the meter. Without this data, it will not be possible to correctly calculate how many cubic meters of water were used in a given reporting period.

So, before you start studying the question of how to calculate the cost of hot water, you should learn how to take water meter readings.

Symbols on the meter

Almost everything modern meters have a scale with at least 8 digits. The first 5 of which are black, but the second 3 are red.

Important

It is important to understand that only the first 3 digits, which are black, are displayed on the receipt. Because these are cubic meters data, and it is based on them that the cost of water is calculated. But the data that is colored red is liters. They do not need to be indicated on receipts. Although these data make it possible to estimate how many liters of water a particular family consumes over a certain reporting period. In this way, you can understand whether it is worth saving on this benefit or whether the consumption is within normal limits. And of course, you can determine how much water is spent on bathing procedures, and how much on washing dishes, and so on.

It is important to understand that the receipt displays only the first 3 digits, which are black.

To correctly understand how to calculate the tariff for hot water, you should know on what day of the month the readings of this device are taken. Here, you need to remember that water meter data must be taken at the end of each reporting period, after which it must be transferred to the appropriate authority. This can be done through a phone call or via the Internet.

Note! It should be remembered that the figures are always indicated at the beginning of the reporting period (that is, those that were taken last month) and at the end (these are those that are being taken now).

This regulation is prescribed in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011, number 354.

How to calculate the service correctly?

It is no secret that the legislation of our country is constantly changing, and therefore citizens are beginning to worry about the question of how to calculate hot water or any other utility costs.

If we talk specifically about water, then we should take into account the fact that payment consists of certain components:

• indicators of a water meter, which is located in the room and controls the flow of cold water;
• indicators of the meter, which shows the consumption of hot water in a given apartment;
• indicators of a device that calculates the cold water consumption of all tenants;
• data from the meter that monitors the consumption of the residents of the house; it is installed in the basement of the house;
• the share of a specific apartment in the total expense;
• the share that corresponds to a specific apartment in this building.

The penultimate indicator is the most incomprehensible, although in fact everything is quite accessible. It is taken into account when determining the amount of resource that was spent on everyone. It is also called “general house needs”. This, by the way, also applies to the last indicator; it is calculated when general house needs are calculated.

Calculation of hot water consumption

As for the first two indicators, they are quite understandable. They depend on the residents themselves, because a person can choose for himself whether to save the consumption of a particular resource or not. But in other cases, it all depends on how often wet cleaning is done in the entrance of the house, on the number of riser leaks, and so on.

The worst thing about this calculation system is that almost the entire part of the general household needs is fictitious. After all, in every building there are residents who incorrectly indicate their individual indicators, or, for example, one person is registered in their apartment, but five live. Then the general house needs had to be calculated based on the fact that 3 people live in apartment No. 5, and not 1. In this case, everyone else would have to pay a little less. As you can see, the question of how to calculate hot water still needs careful research.

That is why our officials are still trying to figure out how to calculate the fee for hot water and which mechanism would be the most successful.

Do everyone have the same rates?

To save money, you should always tighten the tap if at the moment no need to use water

To do this, just go to the website of the management company or just call them. Also, similar information is contained on the receipt that comes to each resident.

After this data has been found, the cost of the consumed cubic meters of resource should be calculated. Next, calculating the payment for hot water is quite simple; this is done in the same way as in the case of all other resources. You should take the number of cubic meters spent and multiply by the specific tariff.

It should be noted that today there are many ways you can save hot water consumption, thereby reducing your costs for paying for it. To do this, you can use special nozzles on the faucet; they will help you not spray water so much and control the pressure power. You should also open the tap valve not at full strength, so the stream will flow under less pressure, but the water will not fly out in all directions. And of course, you should always turn on the tap if you don’t need to use water at the moment. For example, when a person brushes his teeth or washes his hair (while his head is being soaped or his toothbrush is being lubricated, the water tap can be closed).

All these tips will help reduce the cost of paying for hot or cold water, thereby helping to correctly calculate hot water consumption.

Difference between hot and cold water calculations

Of course, this formula, as well as the one that takes into account hot water consumption, has many flaws. Due to the fact that general house indicators are taken into account, it is difficult to control where the difference went between the individual indicators of all residents and the data that was taken from the water meter installed on the house. Perhaps this is really true, and all this water was used to clean the entrance. But this is hard to believe. Of course, there are residents who deceive the state and give incorrect data, but there are also errors in the operation of the pipeline system itself (the sewer pipes in most houses are old and can leak, so the water goes nowhere).

Hot water invoice

For a long time now, our government has been thinking about how to correctly calculate hot and cold water and how to improve the existing mechanism.

For example, in 2013, our authorities came to the conclusion that it was necessary to establish standard norms for general household needs and that this data should be taken into account when calculating the cost of one cubic meter water. This helped to slightly restrain the zeal of our management companies and help the citizens of the country. You can find out these numbers from the management company. But this only applies to those cases where residents have entered into an agreement with the management company. If we are talking about Vodokanal, then each locality will have its own separate fixed minimum payment. And, for example, an overpayment in a given reporting period may cover expenses in the next one.

As you can see, there is a whole diagram that makes it clear how to calculate hot water heating or how to calculate how much to pay for cold water consumption.

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2017:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rub/Gcal = 43.8285 rub/sq.m.

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 14.6095 rub./sq.m

October 0.0322 * 1211.33 rubles/Gcal = 39.0048 rubles/sq.m.

November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1211.33 rub./Gcal = 44.3347 rub./sq.m

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply per person in 2017:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1197.50 rub./Gcal = 253.87 rub./person.

July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1211.33 rub./Gcal = 256.80 rub./person.

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2017:

January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 55.9233 rub./cubic. m.

July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cu.m. m * 1211.33 rub./Gcal = 56.5691 rub./cubic. m

2016

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2016:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rub/Gcal = 42.8429 rub/sq.m.

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 14.2810 rub./sq.m

October 0.0322 * 1197.50 rubles/Gcal = 38.5595 rubles/sq.m.

November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 43.8285 rub./sq.m

Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2016:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1170.57 rub./Gcal = 248.16 rub./person.

July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1197.50 rub./Gcal = 253.87 rub./person.

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2016:

January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 54.6656 rub./cubic. m

July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cu.m. m * 1197.50 rub./Gcal = 55.9233 rub./cubic. m

2015

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2015:

Heating consumption standard * Thermal energy tariff = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 36.2523 rub./sq.m

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 12.0841 rub./sq.m

October 0.0322 * 1170.57 rubles/Gcal = 37.6924 rubles/sq.m.

November-December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 42.8429 rub./sq.m

Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2015:

DHW consumption standard * Heat energy tariff = cost of DHW service per 1 person

An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *990.50 rub./Gcal = 209.986 rub./person.

July-December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month *1170.57 rub./Gcal = 248.1608 rub./person.

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2015:

The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of service for heating 1 cubic meter. m

January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 46.2564 rub./cubic. m

July-December 0.0467 Gcal/cu.m. m * 1170.57 rub./Gcal = 54.6656 rub./cubic. m

2014

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2014:

Heating consumption standard * Thermal energy tariff = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:

January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 34.2001 rub./sq.m

May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 11.4000 rub./sq.m

October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 31.8941 rub./sq. m

November – December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 36.2523 rub./sq.m

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply per 1 person in 2014:

DHW consumption standard * Heat energy tariff = cost of DHW service per 1 person

An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:

January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 198.0991 rub./person.

July – December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 209.986 rub./person.

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2014:

The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of service for heating 1 cubic meter. m

January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 43.6378 rub./cubic. m

July – December 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 990.50 rub./Gcal = 46.2564 rub./cubic. m

2013

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2013:

Heating consumption standard

• January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 31.1477 rub./sq.m
• May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m *851.03 rub./Gcal =10.3826 rub./sq.m
• October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 30.0886 rub./sq. m
• November – December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 34.2001 rub./sq.m

Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2013:

DHW consumption standard

An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:

• January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 180.4184 rub./person.
• July – December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 198.0991 rub./person.

Calculation of the cost of service for hot water supply using a domestic hot water meter in 2013:

The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water

• January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 39.7431 rub./cubic. m
• July – December 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 934.43 rub./Gcal = 43.6378 rub./cubic. m

2012

Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2012:

Heating consumption standard * Thermal energy tariff (supplier MUP "ChKTS" or Mechel-Energo LLC) = The cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m

• January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 27.3578 rub./sq. m
• May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 9.1193 rub./sq. m
• October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 27.4032 rub./sq. m
• November - December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 31.1477 rub./sq. m

Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services per person in 2012:

DHW consumption standard * Heat energy tariff (supplier MUP "ChKTS" or Mechel-Energo LLC) = cost of DHW service per 1 person

An example of calculating the cost of a hot water supply service for 1 person with a fully equipped apartment (from 1 to 10 storeys, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathtub 1500-1700 mm long with shower) in the absence of hot water meters:

• January - June 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 158.47 rub./person.
• July - August 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 792.47 rub./Gcal = 168.00 rub./person.
• September - December 0.2120 Gcal/per person. per month * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 180.42 rub./person.

Calculation of the cost of hot water supply services using a domestic hot water meter in 2012:

The standard thermal energy consumption for heating is 1 cubic meter. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy (supplier MUP "ChKTS" or LLC "Mechel-Energo") = cost of service for heating 1 cubic. m

• January – June 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 747.48 rub./Gcal = 34.9073 rub./cubic. m
• July – August 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 792.47 rub./Gcal = 37.0083 rub./cubic. m
• September–December 0.0467 Gcal/cubic. m * 851.03 rub./Gcal = 39.7431 rub./cubic. m

By order of the Committee on Tariffs and Prices of the Moscow Region dated December 13, 2014 No. 149-R “On setting tariffs for hot water for 2015”, a two-component tariff for hot water was approved on the basis of Resolution of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2013 No. 406 “On state regulation of tariffs in in the field of water supply and sanitation." The procedure for calculating and paying fees for utility services is defined in the Rules for the provision of utility services, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354. Accordingly, the procedure for calculating payments for hot water has been changed. Now the fee for 1 cubic meter of hot water consists of two components:

First- fee for 1 cubic meter of cold water.

Second- payment for thermal energy that was spent on heating 1 cubic meter of cold water.

The cold water component is the volume of cold water (CW) for hot water supply needs. If there are individual metering devices (meters), this component is determined - according to the readings of the hot water metering device (DHW), in the absence of an individual metering device - according to the standard, i.e. 3.5 cubic meters per 1 person. per month.

From January 1, 2015, residents apartment buildings in the city of Lyubertsy, which are equipped with communal metering devices, charges for hot water are made according to a two-component tariff: the cold water component for DHW and the thermal energy component for DHW.

Payment for hot water for residents of the house must also be made according to a two-part tariff. The house is equipped with common house hot water metering devices. Payment for hot water from 07/01/2015 must be calculated according to the current two-component tariff: the cold water component for DHW (at a tariff of 33.28 rubles / cubic meter) and the thermal energy (TE) component for DHW at a tariff of 2141.46 rubles ./Gcal.

In receipts for payment for housing and communal services from July 1, 2015, “Hot water supply” is indicated in two lines:

Cold water supply for hot water supply - the volume of cold water (cold water supply) for hot water supply needs;

TE for hot water supply - thermal energy spent on heating 1 cubic meter of cold water.

The readings of a common house meter - the amount of hot water for the current month and the amount of thermal energy consumed in the current month for circulation and heating of the specified amount of water are shown on back side receipts, for example, are as follows:

1089.079 cu.m. m. - PV for hot water supply (physical water for hot water supply);

110.732 Gcal. - TE for hot water supply (thermal energy for hot water supply).

The actual amount of thermal energy that is spent on heating 1 cubic meter of cold water for a home is determined based on the total volume of thermal energy to the total volume of hot water for the current month, which is:

= TE for DHW / PV for DHW = 110.732 Gcal. / 1089.079 cu.m. m. = 0.1017 Gcal/cub.m

then, the actual cost of thermal energy spent on heating 1 cubic meter of water in the current month will be:

0.1017 Gcal/cub.m x 2141.46 rub. for 1 Gcal. = 217.79 rub.

Please note that the amount of thermal energy spent on heating 1 cubic meter of cold water in each billing month may differ, because is a calculated value and depends on the amount (volume) of hot water consumed by the house in the current month and the amount of thermal energy spent on circulating and heating this volume. Every month, these readings are taken from the general house heat energy meter and transferred to the heat supply organization and at the same time recorded on the back of the receipt for each current month.

Currently, hot water supply is an integral part of the lives of most people on the planet. No apartment or residential building can live without it. Installing a hot water supply system is a complex process; moreover, there are several types of system connections. In this article we will look at all hot water supply systems, calculations and types of water heaters.

Regardless of the type of hot water supply, a set of equipment is connected, which are designed to heat water and distribute it to various water intake points. IN this equipment The water is heated to the required temperature, after which it is supplied to the house and through the pipeline using a pump. There are open and closed system hot water supply.

Open system

An open hot water system is characterized by the presence of a coolant circulating in the system. Hot water comes directly from the centralized heating system. The quality of water from the tap and heating equipment is no different. The result is that people use coolant.

The open system is so named because hot water is supplied from the open taps of the heating system. DHW scheme multi-storey building provides for the use of an open type. For private homes this type is too expensive.

You should know that the cost savings of an open system occur due to the no need for water heating devices to heat the liquid.

Features of open hot water supply

When installing an open hot water supply system, it is necessary to take into account the principle of operation. There are two types of open hot water supply depending on the type of circulation and transportation of coolant to the radiators. There are open systems with natural circulation and those using pumping equipment for these purposes.

Natural circulation is carried out in this way: an open system eliminates the presence of excess pressure, so at the highest point it corresponds to atmospheric pressure, and at the lowest point it is slightly higher due to the hydrostatic action of the liquid column. Thanks to a small pressure, it occurs natural circulation coolant.

The principle of natural circulation is quite simple, due to the different temperatures of the coolant and, accordingly, different densities and masses, cooled water with a low temperature and a larger mass displaces hot water with a smaller mass. This simply explains the existence of a gravity system, which is also called gravitational. The main advantage of such a system is absolute energy independence, if parallel heating boilers do not use electricity.

Important to know! Gravity pipelines are made with a large slope and diameter.

If natural circulation is not possible, pumping equipment is used, which increases the rate of coolant flow through the pipeline and reduces the time it takes to warm up the room. The circulation pump moves the coolant at a speed of 0.3 - 0.7 m/s.

Advantages and disadvantages of an open system

Open hot water supply is still relevant, thanks primarily to energy independence and other advantages:

1. Easy to fill open hot water and vent. No need for control high pressure and release additional air, since the release is carried out automatically when filling through an open expansion tank.
2. Easy to recharge. Because there is no need to monitor the maximum pressure. It is also possible to add water to the tank even with a bucket.
3. The system functions properly, regardless of leaks, since the operating pressure is not high and the presence of such problems does not affect it.

Among the disadvantages is the need to control the water level in the tank and its constant replenishment.

Closed hot water system

The closed system is based on the following principle: cold water is taken drinking water from the central water supply and heating it in an additional heat exchanger. After heating, it is supplied to water intake points.

A closed system implies separate operation of the coolant and hot water; it is also distinguished by the presence of a return and supply pipeline, which are used for circular circulation of water. Such a system will ensure normal pressure even when using a shower and sink at the same time. Among the advantages of the system, the ease of regulating the temperature of hot liquid is also noted.

DHW can be circulation or dead-end. A dead-end system consists only of water supply pipes, the method of connecting which is the same as in the first case.

The advantage of a closed hot water supply is the reduction of costs by ensuring a stable temperature. It is possible to install a heated towel rail. A closed hot water system requires water heaters, the types of which we will consider below.

Types of water heaters

All water heaters are classified as follows:

1. Flow devices. Such heaters heat water continuously, leaving no reserve. Since water has a high heat capacity, constant heating requires increased energy consumption. In addition to this factor, the flow-through heater must be immediately brought into working condition: when turned on, supply hot water, and when turned off, stop heating. Traditional flow-through heaters include a gas water heater.
2. Storage devices. They are characterized by slow heating of a certain volume of water, which often consumes 1 kW/hour. Hot liquid is used as needed. Storage heaters operate immediately after opening the tap, but the power is much less. Among the disadvantages of such devices are also noted large sizes, the larger the volume, the larger the device.

Calculation and recirculation of hot water supply

The calculation of hot water supply systems depends on the following factors: the number of consumers, the approximate frequency of shower use, the number of bathrooms with hot water supply, some technical specifications plumbing equipment, required water temperature. By calculating all these indicators, you can determine the required daily volume of hot water.

Water recirculation in a hot water supply system ensures that liquid is returned from a distant water intake point. It is necessary when the distance from the heater to the farthest water intake point is more than 3 meters. Recirculation is used using a boiler, and if it is not possible to use it, it is started directly through the boiler.

The hot water supply system can be of two types, which are used depending on the specified parameters. IN open system a heating boiler is used, and in a closed one - a water heater. In some cases, it is necessary to additionally organize water recycling. Before installing and purchasing equipment, it is important to calculate the hot water supply.

It is difficult to imagine a comfortable house or apartment without warm water. Proper organization necessary not only for household needs, but also is the basis of individual hygiene. A warm morning shower or a relaxing evening bath have become familiar everyday procedures. But few people know the specifics of organizing hot water supply. What is this, what important requirements must be observed when designing a system and how to monitor its condition? To answer these questions, you need to understand the fundamental principles of hot water supply.

What is hot water supply: tasks and functions

The main function of this system is to provide water with the proper temperature for residential or production premises. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the quality of the liquid, the characteristics of its pressure in the pipes and the method of increasing the temperature to the required value. Depending on the last parameter, the DHW system is divided into 2 types:

• Central. Water is heated at thermal substations (CHS) and from them, through pipelines, it is supplied to consumers.
• Autonomous. To achieve the required temperature conditions, special heating devices are installed - boilers, storage boilers or This type of DHW organization is intended for a small area of ​​​​the room - an apartment or house.

Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. The central system is more convenient for consumers, but only if its operation is constant and complies with temperature standards. Unfortunately, this situation in our country is the exception rather than the rule. Central hot water supply - what is it, reliable way ensure comfort in the apartment or " headache» for consumers? This largely depends on the degree of efficiency of local regulatory and control authorities.

The offline method is more expensive as it requires installation special equipment, gaskets water pipes. However, his performance characteristics and the degree of comfort far exceeds central hot water supply. The consumer can set the temperature level and control energy consumption.

Hot water requirements

Frequent planned outages and low temperature regime are the main disadvantages of central hot water supply. Such situations occur frequently, but according to current laws their frequency is strictly regulated. Russian Government Decree No. 354 defines the following standards:

The composition of the water must comply sanitary standards SanPiN 2.1.4.2496-09.

To control coolant flow, install special devices for DHW. Meters are installed only by representatives of the management organization with which an agreement is concluded for the supply of hot water to an apartment or house.

Autonomous systems

The practical implementation of these systems requires a professional approach to each stage of work. For design, you should know the main types of autonomous hot water supply. What it is, and how effectively a certain type will work, depends on the initial technical parameters.

Cumulative

The storage boiler takes water from an external source and then heats it to the desired temperature. A DHW scheme of this type is applicable for country houses and cottages.

Modern boiler designs have a number of additional functions:

• Several operating modes - economical, optimal and maximum. It is also possible to delay the start of heating.
• Thermal insulation of the housing ensures heat retention, which directly affects energy consumption.
• A large selection of models differing depending on the useful volume, functional and performance characteristics.

To achieve the required level temperatures use electric heating elements- Heating elements.

Flow-through

IN apartment buildings The use of heat exchange water heaters is popular. Depending on the installed equipment, the following types of devices exist:

• flow heaters;
• double-circuit heating boilers.

Can be used as energy carriers electrical energy or thermal, resulting from gas combustion. The latter method is preferable, since it is less financially expensive and more effective due to its low inertia.

Regardless of the choice, any domestic hot water system must comply with standards, perform its direct functions and be absolutely safe for users.