How to lay wiring in a new apartment. Drawing up a wiring diagram for a one-room apartment, selecting the necessary equipment. Drawing up an electrical wiring diagram in the apartment

In the practice of any home master Periodically, questions arise related to the refinement electrical circuit when you need to install an extra outlet, hang a new light or completely refurbish the room.

The question immediately arises: how is the electrical wiring diagram made, where should I connect to it?

The situation is aggravated when the building is old, the apartment has changed several owners, each of whom carried out repairs to his taste. Finally inside decorative coatings all electrical connection points are hidden, and the routes for laying its cables and wires are unknown.

The principles of building an electrical circuit in an apartment

Any wiring is created according to general methods and is somehow different from all other laying schemes.

Required schema elements

The basis for creating electrical wiring is, to which electricity is supplied from the supply organization. It can be set on input to a private house, on the landing entrance of a multi-storey building - storey or directly inside the apartment.

Electricity in the apartment shield from the input immediately goes to the electric meter - a device that takes into account its consumption. After it, it is distributed along the supply lines to consumers by cables and wires.

Used to protect circuits automatic devices embedded in the circuit inside housing shield in front of the cable going to the consumer.

Distinctive features

Each specific wiring diagram necessarily differs from similar developments due to the use of numerous designs of various models of electrical devices, wires and cables with their installation according to standard or individual projects by different methods.

Ways to supply voltage to consumers in the apartment

The electric current from each operating household appliance is summed up in the apartment shield and taken into account by the meter through which the total load passes. Therefore, the current-carrying lines of the apartment shield are made with a thick section, which excludes thermal overload of the wiring, aging of the insulation.

To consumers from the apartment shield, wires are laid with a smaller cross section: the load through them is lower. But the material and cross-section of the core are selected according to reference books that take into account the operating conditions of the wires and the power transmitted through them.

In this case, there are three ways to implement the scheme:

    a loop (tires), when a common wiring trunk is created through junction boxes, and from them there are branches to electrical points (sockets, switches, lamps);

    the radial method, which consists in supplying voltage to each outlet with a separate cable that goes directly without breaks and connections from the protection of the apartment shield;

    in a combined way, combining elements of the first two principles.

Loop voltage supply

All ends of electrical wires and cables are switched inside junction boxes. To connect them, a disconnect map is created.

An example is the wiring diagram used in multi-storey residential buildings forty years old. As an example, consider the structure of the old wiring one-room apartment.

An electric meter and two automatic switches were mounted inside the access shield. One was used for the socket group, and the second worked for lighting. Cables or more often wires went from them in a loop - “aluminum noodles” to three (sometimes four) junction boxes:

1. rooms;

3. san node and bathroom.

Both loops were laid in parallel lines to each box, switched in it. Since earlier the loads on the electrical wiring were small, the separation by wire thickness was not used. The whole circuit was completely mounted with a cross section aluminum conductors 2.5 mm2.

The junction box for the sanitary unit and the bathroom was installed in the corridor and connected by wires to the one that controls the lighting of both rooms.

The diagram shows a variant of consumer protection, connected separately to sockets and lighting devices. The principle of managing consumers by their location in the rooms was also often used. For example, AB No. 1 protects kitchen and bathroom equipment, and No. 2 - corridors and rooms.

Inside one room, several sockets were often connected with a loop, and lighting was done with a three-arm chandelier controlled by a two-gang switch.

The supply of voltage to consumers can also be carried out according to other principles, when part of the load is connected through the third backup circuit breaker of the apartment shield. To determine the method of connecting sockets and switches, proceed as follows:

    light all lamps and connect working electrical appliances to sockets, for example, table lamp or a razor;

    turn off any circuit breaker in the shield and monitor the consumers that have stopped working;

    record for memory;

    turn off the next machine and fix the changes;

    analyze information.


Voltage supply by radial method

The housing shield distributes electricity to circuit breakers, as in the previous case. In this situation, they are more carefully selected according to technical specifications for each consumer according to the individual load current.

The cable connects sockets, switches and lamps directly to circuit breakers without using any additional connections.

With this principle, the electrical wiring provides increased reliability of operation by disconnecting from the protection only the consumer on which the malfunction occurred. However, in this case you need:

    increased number of circuit breakers;

    large dimensions of the apartment shield for their placement;

    long cable lines.

Due to this, the material costs of creating the circuit and its cost increase.

Voltage supply by combined method

The method combines two developments: a loop and a radial connection, taking into account their application to local conditions. Due to the correct selection of loads, it is created reasonable economy funds.

Principles of laying cable lines

Whatever scheme electrical connections whatever was chosen, for its implementation it is necessary to connect the automatic devices of the apartment panel with consumers by wires.

There are the following ways of cabling on building structures:

    along the ceiling;

    on the walls;

    under the floor;

    mixed method.

Ceiling cable routing

Traditional old scheme which is often used today.

Cables from sockets, switches and a shield rise along vertical lines to the ceiling and under it go into the ceiling. When it becomes necessary to turn and connect the wires to the junction box, for example, to connect the switch, then only a right angle is created at least 15 cm from the top.

This method allows you to avoid accidental damage to hidden wiring in the future when drilling walls for mounting shelves, paintings and other elements.

Cable routing on the wall

The method is similar to the previous one, but the cable lines are directed only along the walls.

There may be obstacles on the way of the electric main: pipelines for water supply, sewerage, heating, gas pipelines. They must be bypassed, creating an air gap as an insulating, separating section of at least 3 cm.

Laying cables on the floor

This method has been used relatively recently in the construction of new buildings. The cables from the apartment shield are lowered down, laid under flooring protect against mechanical impact. They are led vertically to the sockets.

When connecting sockets with a loop, the jumpers are laid along the floor in pipes or the walls are ditched.

To connect fixtures and switches, junction boxes are mounted.

Features of laying electrical wiring in panel houses

With a flow factory method of manufacturing multi-storey buildings the same type of wall and ceiling panel templates are created. Inside them, empty channels for laying wires are immediately made.

For technological reasons, their direction may differ from the strict vertical and horizontal orientation.

First panel buildings, called Khrushchev, have a specific electrical wiring laid under the wooden floor of the apartment. It rises vertically to the sockets in the cavities of the walls, and to the lamps and switches it is supplied through a hole in the neighbor's concrete floor slab from above.

In this way, they used to try to save material costs for wiring, but they neglected the safety elements.

How to make a do-it-yourself wiring diagram in an apartment

Electrical equipment requires compliance with strict operating rules. Incorrect connection to the mains voltage creates an increased risk of household injuries. For this reason, all electrical work is carried out by trained professionals who have been trained and passed exams.

Independent connection of electrical appliances is usually not very difficult, it ends successfully even if you make a few small mistakes. However, when engaging in such activities, it is necessary to first study the safety rules and current regulations.

Wiring diagrams are carried out by design organizations that have received state permission for this type of activity. It is quite acceptable to try to make her project with your own hands and get advice from a specialist on it.

This will require:

    create a plan of rooms to scale or use the technical drawings of the developer;

    mark on it all the furniture and large-sized items in compliance with the proportions;

    determine the installation locations of electrical consumers, assess their load;

    plan the placement of electrical points: sockets, switches, lamps, junction boxes;

    mark the routes of electrical wiring on the walls, ceiling or floor;

    make a sketch for each room.

Room plan

Such a drawing should be kept in the housing and communal services documentation. If there is no access to it, then you can use a tape measure and draw a simple sketch yourself on paper.

Furniture arrangement

Stationary placement of large items in the room should not clutter up sockets and lamps. Access to switches must be made free, and their use convenient.

Therefore, all electrical points are placed taking into account the free area of ​​building structures. This gets rid of the .

Assessment of the power consumption of electrical appliances

Analysis of generated loads allows:

    group consumers;

    select protection, switching devices for them;

    choose the design of cables, wires.

Selection and calculation of electrical wiring is carried out according to the applied load for open and closed method operation with the help of electrical manuals.

Determination of installation locations for electrical points

Planning the location of switches, sockets and lamps is carried out taking into account the solution of the issues discussed above.

The coordinates of each electrical point are indicated on the sketch. They are marked on building construction. It will allow you to design the direction and calculate the length of wires and cables for their purchase.

Such a plan is made for each room. It will become the basis for creating a wiring diagram in the apartment, help you acquire the necessary material resources, and perform optimal installation work.

By saving it in home technical documentation, you can always restore the features of the electrical circuit in memory for its modifications and modernization.

More recently, loads on electrical network in residential areas were insignificant. Calculations, installation of networks were not given due attention. Power supply projects were carried out according to standard schemes. Appearance modern technology high power causes the redevelopment of the entire network of electrical apartment wiring, its recalculation in terms of power and the replacement of electricians. To perform design and installation work in a new formation, you need to know modern principles arrangement of the electrical network of the residential premises.

Home electrical planning

So that during the operation of electronic equipment and connecting it from various electrical points does not lead to constant re-laying of network elements, so that you do not have to constantly ditch the walls of the apartment, experts recommend starting work on arranging the electrical network by drawing up a power supply scheme. An example of a wiring diagram and connection of electrical equipment can be seen in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. An example of an apartment power supply scheme

Such a drawing, a diagram is formed by " reverse order": initially, all used lighting equipment, power equipment are applied to the apartment plan; further, on the basis of power calculations, the wiring diagram of the conductors, the cross section of the wires, and protective devices are selected.

Power part

The power part of the electrical network includes powerful equipment used in the apartment: ovens, stoves, heating tanks, air conditioners. To connect them, separate powerful lines are allocated, protected by separate circuit breakers (RCD). This design method will allow safer operation of equipment in the apartment and more efficient production repair work in electrical networks.

lighting part

The next block of the electrical circuit of the apartment is the lighting part. There are two design options here:

  • one group;
  • several groups of lighting equipment.

The first type of circuit is used in small rooms equipped with a relatively small number of lighting devices. The second lighting circuit method is more common. An example of such a connection is shown in Figure 2.


 Rice. 2. Design scheme for several lighting groups in an apartment

If in the room, in addition to lighting elements, there is a need to use power supplies, transformers, they are also recommended to be turned on by a separate electrical circuit with a separate RCD.

Large home appliances

In any apartment, a place where a large number of household appliances, it's a kitchen. Most of them continue to work when the person does not directly use them. This is a fridge electric stove, bakery, other. For the correct operation of the equipment and the constant protection of the network from overloads and short circuits, experts recommend that a separate line be allocated when developing the electrical circuit of the apartment. Such connections are made by laying electrical wiring of an increased cross section and installing an RCD with a high degree of load.

Drawing up a wiring diagram

Electrical wiring in an apartment begins with drawing up a network wiring plan. Installation of electrical wiring according to the existing design drawing is much easier and more expedient for a number of advantages:

  • the power grid scheme will allow you to plan in advance the necessary equipment and facilities;
  • the presence of a circuit will allow you to accurately determine the power of the input input;
  • the drawing gives an understanding to the installation personnel of potentially fire hazardous wiring assemblies in order to take measures for their re-planning or acceptance additional measures security;
  • the scheme will allow you to perform the installation on a planned basis, with verification of the completion of the full cycle.

Examples of schemes for a one-room apartment

Electrical engineers believe that if the total load on the apartment's electrical network does not exceed 25 A, then it is possible and even cost-effective to plan the network with one circuit per machine. This method is a typical typical scheme of the past, when lighting elements with were included in the circuit. Today, these methods have been abandoned and installation is carried out along independent separate circuits. An example of wiring a one-room apartment is shown in Figure 3.


 Rice. 3. Power supply scheme for a one-room apartment

The drawing shows a competent distribution of the load of the network of a one-room apartment into several separate circuits with their own RCDs. Such a system will ensure trouble-free operation and correct operation of the equipment without a voltage drop.

For a two-room apartment

The difference between the drawing for the installation of supplies two-room apartment from a one-room apartment it consists in more circuits in terms of wiring. Some arrangements are possible here. Figure 4 shows an example of such a circuit.


 Rice. 4. Power supply scheme for a two-room apartment

The example clearly shows several lighting circuits, as well as separately allocated protected circuits for the kitchen, rooms and other powerful equipment.

For a three-room apartment

Figure 5 shows an example of a drawing that is often used for apartments with three or more rooms, where a fairly large number of conductors will come out of one switchboard.


 Figure 5. An example of a power supply scheme for a three-room apartment

The peculiarity of this option is separate circuits enclosed in separate blocks with their own protection. In this example, 2 blocks (25 A and 40 A respectively). This method allows you to separate the zones of cable products, makes the system more convenient and practical.

Choice of laying method: open or hidden

After defining the layout cable lines cable laying method should be adopted. There are two ways to lay lines - hidden, open.

The first method is common when the decoration of the premises is carried out with suspended structures and false panels (drywall, MDF). There is no need to make grooves (strobes) in the walls with subsequent puttying. Hidden wiring, made in the apartment, has a number of significant advantages:

  • preservation general view, the integrity of the interior;
  • less stringent requirements for cable installation conditions;
  • increased tolerances for permitted currents.

It is not uncommon to meet the option of open wiring. Wires are often placed in special plastic boxes fixed on the decorative finish of the surfaces of the room. An open cable laying method has the following advantages:

  • the possibility of installation after or during finishing work;
  • faster installation;
  • the possibility of upgrading the network by laying additional cables or dismantling them.

At present, if the arrangement of the electrical network is integral part general repair premises, specialists use more often hidden way conductor strips.

The tool you need to get the job done

Installation, repair of electricians is a complex, time-consuming process, performed by professional electricians. Without set special equipment is indispensable here. In operation (for laying, replacing old wiring) the installation team uses the following a set of professional tools and accessories:

  • angle grinder with cutting wheels for stone;
  • bit;
  • perforator;
  • screwdrivers with handles made of insulating material;
  • phase indicator (indicator);
  • wire cutters;
  • pliers;
  • extension;
  • level;
  • putty knife;
  • portable lamp.

List of further works

After the drawing of the wiring diagram is outlined, they begin to calculate the parameters of the network and its installation.

Cable selection and calculation of its cross section

For an accurate calculation of the cable cross-section according to the power of consumers, the following relationship is used: I \u003d P / U, where P is the total power of all consumers in the circuit, for which the cross-sectional area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe conductor cores is chosen, and U is the voltage of the apartment network. Most often, the wiring circuits are built in such a way that the electric current load in them does not exceed 25 A. In this case, the following sections are used:

  • wire VVG-3 * 2.5 - two-core power cable with a cross section of one conductor 2.5 mm 2. This is the most used wire for organizing the electrical network in the apartment. They connect the switchboard to the junction boxes of the premises;
  • wire VVG-3 * 1.5 - a two-core power cable with a cross section of one conductor 1.5 mm 2. Such conductors are mounted from junction boxes to sockets,;
  • wire VVG-3 * 4 - a three-core power cable with a conductor cross section of 4 mm 2. Such conductors are separated into separate circuits for connecting powerful consumers of apartments (oven, heating tank, etc.).

Marking sockets and switches

The placement of sockets and switches in the apartment should ensure the convenience of their use and cover the needs of residents in connecting equipment. A typical example of the layout of electrical equipment (connection points) is shown in Figure 6.


When marking the locations of sockets, switches, the following requirements of modern standards must be observed:

  • sockets and switches are located to the left of the doors;
  • switches are mounted at a height of 0.9 m from the floor;
  • in living rooms ah sockets are located at a height of 0.4 m from the floor, in the kitchen - 0.95 -1.15 m, the use of sockets in the bathroom is prohibited.

wall chasing

After marking the placement of junction boxes, sockets, switches, installation points for fixtures, they begin to arrange grooves (strobes) along the walls, on the ceiling for wiring. It is worth remembering that chasing should be performed in horizontal and vertical planes in straight lines. This in the future will allow to more accurately determine the location of the wire. The grooves are made using a grinder or a puncher. The depth of the strobe must be at least 20 mm, and the width must be sufficient for laying all the cables planned for laying in this place.

Cabling

The principles of laying cables for hidden and open wiring are the same. Installation starts from the connection points and leads to the switchboard. Next, the line is brought into the shield, go to another circuit. If necessary, identification tags are hung on the final sections of the wiring for a quick reference. After the installation is completed, the cables are covered with boxes or puttied in the wall.

Installation of sockets and junction boxes

The laid wiring is brought to the mounted junction boxes and sockets, wound up in them, the ends are driven out with a small margin. All wiring branches are arranged in boxes. The connection of conductors of aluminum or copper wiring must be reliable. For connection, it is advisable to use special devices, as shown in Figure 7.


Immediately before connecting the wires, they ring and make sure that they are connected correctly. installation work at this stage.

Installation and assembly of the electrical panel

When all the cables of all electrical circuits are laid to the installation site of the electrical panel, they begin to organize the switchboard of the apartment. This part of the electrical network is characterized by a large number of conductors, protective devices, so it is very important to make all connections correctly. For the shield, always choose mounting boxes with a certain margin of seats. This will allow future upgrades or troubleshooting of the system.

An example of an electrical panel diagram standard apartment shown in Figure 8.


 Figure 8. An example of a switchboard diagram

In the figure, positions are indicated: 1 - introductory machine; 2 - electric meter; 3 - zero bus; 4 - tire protective earth; 5–9 - automata; 10 - a separate machine for lighting

Installation of sockets and switches

In advance mounted boxes with the output ends of the wiring, sockets are mounted,. The process is not difficult and will require a minimum set of tools: pliers, wire cutters, a screwdriver. This is the final stage of the installation of the electrical network of the apartment.

Checking the quality of work

The quality of the work performed is checked by turning on the wiring circuits and checking for the presence of voltage, the correct distribution of phases in the network. This procedure is carried out using voltage indicators. Incorrect mounting can also immediately show the disconnected circuit breaker from a short circuit.

Useful video on the topic



As a rule, do-it-yourself electrical wiring in an apartment is carried out during repairs with the replacement of existing electrical equipment. Wiring can be done by a person who has an idea about the methods and types electrical work, skills in working with materials and tools, and also understands electrical networks.

Design

The basic requirements for electrical wiring are presented in SNiP and PUE (rules for electrical installations). Compliance with these standards is very important in apartments to ensure their fire safety.

So, before you install the wiring in the apartment with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with how it works. As a rule, the wiring diagram is standard, there is nothing complicated in it.

Main elements

The most important element in the apartment wiring diagram is considered to be the in-house shield. It is to him that from the main power shield located on the landing, it is directed, passing through the fuse, an electric cable along the way.

It is equipped with an electric meter, residual current devices and several circuit breakers. All these elements are assembled into a single unit and secured by means of a mounting rail and an auxiliary bus (one or more).

The number of internal power lines will depend on the number of rooms in the apartment. This is also affected by the power required for the operation of some devices. They may require an additional dedicated line. In most cases, there are two wires: "zero" and "phase", in some cases a third is added - "ground".

Calculation

Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment can be done after certain calculations. They are produced in two main ways:

  1. According to the formula: P: U \u003d I, where the current strength is directly proportional to the power and inversely proportional to the voltage in the network.
  2. This option is much easier than the previous one. It is necessary to separately add up the electricity that is consumed by devices located on the same line. An additional 10% should be added to the resulting number.

Channel search

In a panel house, as a rule, the wiring is hidden, namely hidden in a strobe or behind drywall. Therefore, do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment should begin with a search for channels. To begin with, let's find out what is a channel in the walls, designed for hidden wiring. In most cases, this is a tube made of polymeric material, having a depth of approximately 30-50 mm, equipped with corrugations in places for leading out and rounding.

Location of outlets

In Soviet old apartments, electrical outlets were usually located where necessary. Sometimes at the height of an outstretched arm, and for someone at a level of 1 meter from the floor surface.

To date, the correct location is considered to be 400 mm from the floor level. At first it may seem strange, but there is logic in this: such sockets behind the furniture are almost invisible, when connected they are closer to the target, you won’t accidentally touch them, and most importantly, such wiring in the apartment, made by yourself, consumes much less cable. Perhaps the only nuance is that when you connect a vacuum cleaner or an iron, you have to not bounce, but bend over.

If you continue this logic, you can install an electrical outlet near the baseboard. In this case, the minimum height causes a risk of water ingress during flooding or mopping. That is why when mounted new wiring in an apartment with your own hands, according to the standard, sockets should be located at a height of 400 mm from the floor level.

Cable management options

Self-installation of electrical wiring in the apartment is not an easy task. However, in this case, you will be absolutely sure that everything is done correctly. There are three main ways to lay an electrical cable:

  • Under plaster.
  • In a plastic box.

Any of the above options is considered correct, so the choice is yours. At the same time, it is worth remembering that it is important to have an exact idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhere the cable passes, otherwise any clogged nail can cause the TV to turn off (in the best case), in the worst case, an electric shock.

What's the best way to wire?

Hidden wiring is carried out inside the walls, under decorative trim or other decorative structural elements. Do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment under drywall is considered the safest, as it is reliably protected from any mechanical damage. However, this installation option is the most time-consuming and requires the ability to handle several tools at the same time.

The combined version of the installation of electrical wiring includes its installation in boxes and skirting boards with a cable channel. This method combines the advantages of closed and open laying at the same time - safety and aesthetic appearance.

Repair or replacement?

If you suddenly began to smell burning plastic, noticed sparks from the junction box, or sockets began to get very hot when used, then it is time to find an electrical wiring project in your apartment and start repairing it immediately.

This phenomenon has many reasons, from standard physical wear and tear to elementary obsolescence of the power supply system due to the appearance of modern electrical appliances in your household.

The wiring of electrical wiring, the scheme of which has long outlived itself, is carried out in several main stages:

  • The first step is to figure out the number of changes required.
  • Calculate the amount of material and equipment required for installation and carry out their subsequent purchase.
  • Next, the preparation of the premises is carried out by dismantling the old obsolete electrical wiring.
  • Laying a new cable and then testing it for normal operation.

Another reason that can serve to repair old electrical wiring in an apartment is the lack of elementary grounding. Of course, its absence is not critical, but for safe and correct operation many modern electrical appliances it is necessary.

Tools required for installation

If you decide that the wiring of electricity in the apartment with your own hands should be done, then you should purchase a serviceable and reliable tool. In places where metal and body come into contact, the insulation must not be broken. At a minimum, you will need the following:

  • Tester.
  • Perforator.
  • Wire cutters.
  • Pliers.
  • Screwdriver.

Mounting materials

As soon as it's ready circuit diagram electrical wiring, the calculation of the power of each individual branch has been made, it will be possible to proceed with the acquisition of the necessary material.

Try not to buy too cheap products and cable with a reduced cross section. So, in order for the wiring in the apartment to be done with your own hands (photo below), you will need the following:

  • Sockets and switches.
  • Copper wires.
  • Installation boxes in the form of plastic cups.
  • Additional insulation if necessary.
  • Clips, if you plan to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands along the ceiling.
  • Connecting terminals for cable.

Cabling

Once you have all necessary materials and equipment, you can go directly to the installation.

  • AT old apartment you need to dismantle the old wiring.
  • In pre-marked places, recesses are drilled for junction boxes and sockets.
  • Further, in the walls, we cut a groove to all switches and sockets for the subsequent laying of wires. We lay a cable of the appropriate section in them and fix it with dowel-nails.
  • After that, the strobes and holes must be puttied.
  • Wires for the lighting system are laid in the voids of the slabs and on the ceiling.
  • As soon as the do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment (diagrams below) is installed, all lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are installed.

Calculation of the nominal value of machines

In order to properly perform the wiring, it is necessary to determine the ratings of the machines installed in the switchboard. To do this, you need to sum up the power of all devices that you plan to connect to it. Then convert kilowatts to watts, and then calculate the current strength using the formula: P: U \u003d I.

There is the following line of machines: 6A, 10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, 32A, 40A, 50A and 63A. Thus, the value of the selected machine should be greater than the value you received.

Installation and connection of the electrical panel

Directly in the electrical panel, the distribution of electricity into groups is carried out:

  • For lighting.
  • For sockets.
  • Other equipment.

The shield is fixed to the wall with dowel-nails, and then outgoing wiring and a supply cable are laid to it. After that, the power cable must be stripped. The outer insulation is removed from it to the required length, then the cable is inserted into the shield, where it is connected to the introductory machine.

A bus is installed at the top of the electrical panel, to which the neutral wire is connected. In a similar way, a bus is mounted on the lower bar, a wire is connected to it, which leads to a protective ground.

Conclusion

Thus, after going through all the stages - from the acquisition necessary equipment and materials, laying the cable before installing and connecting the electrical panel - do-it-yourself electrical wiring in the apartment will be done (the diagram is presented above).

The consistency, reliability, uninterrupted operation and continuity of the operation of the electrical system as a whole directly depend on professional installation, the quality of components and materials, compliance with all rules and regulations, as well as the correctness and literacy of all related calculations. This is a very responsible and serious matter, if you have any doubts, then it is better to entrust this work to specialists, for whom everything related to electricity is a profession.

Electricity has been and remains a valuable boon for the daily life needs of a person, his comfortable living. The electrical wiring in the apartment is a source of lighting, heating, energy supplier for the operation of the entire household appliances. Today, the cable line system, like any communication, has excessive requirements, which makes it necessary to study the rules of installation and gain knowledge about the basic elements of electrics.

modern wiring

Before laying the wiring, you should pay attention to the type of switchboard, which must correspond to the load of electrical appliances. Apartment electric meters must be protected from mechanical damage and easily accessible. To do this, they must be placed in wall niches and in lockable cabinets.

Most often they occur as a result of damage at the junction of the wires. It is also necessary to pay attention to the placement and number of outlets. In order to avoid a short circuit, you should not install them behind electrical equipment, try to remove them as far as possible from places where water gets in.

A small apartment, where in one room there are more than two sockets intended for the use of powerful electrical appliances, is considered a violation of safety regulations, and threatens to ignite the wiring. This can be avoided if you know exactly what section of cables is best suited for an electrical appliance, what length of wires is needed.

In order for the electrical system of the apartment to work for a long time and not need repair, it is necessary to make a correct calculation of the power of the entire wiring system in order to prevent overload and emergency shutdown.

Therefore, when assembling the wiring diagram, switches and sockets are connected to break the phase wire, and lamps and chandeliers are connected to zero. It is forbidden to use devices that do not have a technical passport.

Control methods

When drawing up an electrification project, it is necessary to take into account the architecture of the room and its area. So, for example, to create a cozy atmosphere in a one-room apartment, the amount of electricity consumed depends on the power of the ceiling and additional lights, the number of sockets for connecting household appliances. Here it is important to observe the functional and uniform distribution of energy sources.

When repairing a home at an early stage, it is important for owners to coordinate with professionals the number of expected sockets, switches, ceiling lights. Before purchasing equipment for electrical wiring, it is necessary to accurately measure the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, calculate the required lighting in watts per m², and determine what section of cables the current can provide.

You can get the total amount of electricity consumed by all electrical appliances in the apartment using the table. The indicator of the calculation will allow you to determine what maximum power can be used in the home, based on this, choose the type of wiring. If in the future it is planned to use electrical household appliances such as air conditioning, electric stove, home theater, this will help to avoid wiring problems in the future.

Important Points

When drawing up a wiring plan, you need to take care of the financial costs for electricity consumption. To do this, it is important to purchase lighting sources with maximum light output and a long service life. When choosing fuses, current meters, expect that all electrical appliances will work simultaneously.

When using extension cords and tees, in order to avoid a short circuit or fire, it is recommended to use modern electrical devices with zero contacts and overload protection. When carrying out apartment wiring, accuracy and strict adherence to installation rules are required.

It is strictly forbidden to lay wires and cables in the same pipe. They are not allowed to touch sharp objects, you can not hang on nails, paint, whitewash. Laying electrical wiring in the room is carried out only with the use of junction boxes, socket boxes.

Using the services of professionals, adhering to the drawn up project, observing all norms fire safety, the electrification of any dwelling will be considered viable, durable, economical.

Even 15 - 20 years ago, the load on the power grid was relatively small, today the presence a large number household appliances provoked an increase in loads at times. Old wires are far from always able to withstand heavy loads and over time there is a need to replace them. Laying electrical wiring in a house or apartment is a matter that requires certain knowledge and skills from the master. First of all, this concerns knowledge of the rules for wiring electrical wiring, the ability to read and create wiring diagrams, as well as skills in electrical installation. Of course, you can do the wiring with your own hands, but for this you must adhere to the rules and recommendations below.

Wiring Rules

All construction activities and Construction Materials strictly regulated by a set of rules and requirements - SNiP and GOST. As for the installation of electrical wiring and everything related to electricity, you should pay attention to the Rules for the Arrangement of Electrical Installations (abbreviated PUE). This document prescribes what and how to do when working with electrical equipment. And if we want to lay electrical wiring, then we need to study it, especially the part that relates to the installation and selection of electrical equipment. The following are the basic rules that should be followed when installing electrical wiring in a house or apartment:

  • key electrical components such as distribution boxes, meters, sockets and switches should be easily accessible;
  • installation of switches is carried out at a height of 60 - 150 cm from the floor. The switches themselves are located in places where opened door does not prevent access to them. This means that if the door opens to the right, the switch is on the left side and vice versa. The wire to the switches is laid from top to bottom;
  • sockets are recommended to be installed at a height of 50 - 80 cm from the floor. This approach is dictated by flood safety. Also, sockets are installed at a distance of more than 50 cm from gas and electric stoves, as well as heating radiators, pipes and other grounded objects. The wire to the sockets is laid from the bottom up;
  • the number of sockets in the room must correspond to 1 pc. for 6 m2. The kitchen is an exception. It is equipped with as many sockets as necessary to connect household appliances. Installation of sockets in the toilet is prohibited. For sockets in the bathroom outside, a separate transformer is equipped;
  • wiring inside or outside the walls is carried out only vertically or horizontally, and the installation location is displayed on the wiring plan;
  • wires are laid at a certain distance from pipes, ceilings and other things. For horizontal ones, a distance of 5 - 10 cm from floor beams and cornices and 15 cm from the ceiling is required. From the floor, the height is 15 - 20 cm. Vertical wires are placed at a distance of more than 10 cm from the edge of the door or window opening. Distance from gas pipes must be at least 40 cm;
  • when laying external or hidden wiring, make sure that it does not come into contact with metal parts building structures;
  • when laying several parallel wires, the distance between them must be at least 3 mm or each wire must be hidden in a protective box or corrugation;
  • wiring and connection of wires is carried out inside special junction boxes. Connection points are carefully isolated. Connection of copper and aluminum wire among themselves is strictly prohibited;
  • grounding and neutral wires are bolted to the devices.

Project and wiring diagram

Work on laying electrical wiring begins with the creation of a project and a wiring diagram. This document is the basis for future house wiring. Creating a project and a scheme is quite a serious matter and it is better to entrust it to experienced professionals. The reason is simple - the safety of those living in a house or apartment depends on it. Project creation services will cost a certain amount, but it's worth it.

Those who are used to doing everything with their own hands will have to, adhering to the rules described above, as well as having studied the basics of electrics, independently make a drawing and calculations for the loads on the network. There are no particular difficulties in this, especially if there is at least some understanding of what electric current is, and what are the consequences of careless handling of it. The first thing you need is conventions. They are shown in the photo below:

Using them, we make a drawing of the apartment and outline lighting points, installation locations for switches and sockets. How many and where they are installed is described above in the rules. The main task of such a scheme is to indicate the installation location of devices and wires. When creating a wiring diagram, it is important to think in advance where, how much and what household appliances will be.

The next step in creating the circuit will be the wiring to the connection points on the circuit. At this point it is necessary to dwell in more detail. The reason is the type of wiring and connection. There are several such types - parallel, serial and mixed. The latter is the most attractive due to the economical use of materials and maximum efficiency. To facilitate the laying of wires, all connection points are divided into several groups:

  • lighting of the kitchen, corridor and living rooms;
  • toilet and bathroom lighting;
  • power supply of sockets in living rooms and corridors;
  • power supply for kitchen sockets;
  • power supply socket for electric stove.

The above example is just one of many lighting group options. The main thing to understand is that if you group the connection points, the amount of materials used is reduced and the circuit itself is simplified.

Important! To simplify the wiring to the sockets, the wires can be laid under the floor. Wires for top lighting laid inside the floor slabs. These two methods are good to use if you do not want to ditch the walls. In the diagram, such wiring is marked with a dotted line.

Also in the wiring project, the calculation of the estimated current strength in the network and the materials used are indicated. The calculation is performed according to the formula:

I=P/U;

where P is the total power of all devices used (Watts), U is the mains voltage (Volts).

For example, a 2 kW kettle, 10 60 W bulbs, a 1 kW microwave, a 400 W refrigerator. Current strength 220 volts. As a result (2000+(10x60)+1000+400)/220=16.5 Amps.

In practice, the current strength in the network for modern apartments rarely exceeds 25 A. Based on this, all materials are selected. First of all, this concerns the cross section of the wiring. To facilitate the selection, the table below shows the main parameters of the wire and cable:

The table shows the most accurate values, and since the current can fluctuate quite often, a small margin is required for the wire or cable itself. Therefore, all wiring in an apartment or house is recommended to be made of the following materials:

  • wire VVG-5 * 6 (five cores and a cross section of 6 mm2) is used in houses with a three-phase power supply to connect the lighting shield to the main shield;
  • wire VVG-2 * 6 (two cores and a cross section of 6 mm2) is used in houses with a two-phase power supply to connect the lighting shield to the main shield;
  • wire VVG-3 * 2.5 (three cores and a cross section of 2.5 mm2) is used for most of the wiring from the lighting panel to junction boxes and from them to sockets;
  • wire VVG-3 * 1.5 (three cores and a cross section of 1.5 mm2) is used for wiring from junction boxes to lighting points and switches;
  • wire VVG-3 * 4 (three cores and a cross section of 4 mm2) is used for electric stoves.

To find out the exact length of the wire, you will have to run a little around the house with a tape measure, and add another 3-4 meters of margin to the result. All wires are connected to the lighting panel, which is installed at the entrance. Protection circuit breakers are mounted in the shield. Usually this is an RCD for 16 A and 20 A. The former are used for lighting and switches, the latter for sockets. For an electric stove, a separate RCD is installed at 32 A, but if the power of the stove exceeds 7 kW, then an RCD is installed at 63 A.

Now you need to calculate how many sockets and distribution boxes you need. Everything is pretty simple here. Just look at the diagram and make a simple calculation. In addition to the materials described above, various consumables will be required, such as electrical tape and PPE caps for connecting wires, as well as pipes, cable channels or boxes for electrical wiring, socket boxes.

Installation of electrical wiring

There is nothing super complicated in the work on the installation of electrical wiring. The main thing during installation is to follow the safety rules and follow the instructions. All work can be done alone. From the installation tool, you will need a tester, a puncher or a grinder, a drill or a screwdriver, wire cutters, pliers and a Phillips and slotted screwdriver. It will not be superfluous laser level. Since without it it is quite difficult to make vertical and horizontal markings.

Important! When carrying out repairs with the replacement of wiring in an old house or apartment with hidden wiring, you must first find and, if necessary, remove the old wires. For these purposes, a wiring sensor is used.

Marking and preparation of channels for electrical wiring

We start installation with markup. To do this, using a marker or pencil, we put a mark on the wall where the wire will be laid. At the same time, we observe the rules for placing wires. The next step is to mark the places for the installation of lighting fixtures, sockets and switches and a lighting panel.

Important! In new houses, a special niche is provided for the lighting shield. In the old ones, such a shield is simply hung on the wall.

Having finished with the markup, we proceed either to the installation of wiring open way, or to chasing walls for hidden wiring. First, using a perforator and a special crown nozzle, holes are cut out for the installation of sockets, switches and junction boxes. For the wires themselves, strobes are made using a grinder or a puncher. In any case, there will be a lot of dust and dirt. The depth of the groove of the strobe should be about 20 mm, and the width should be such that all wires fit freely into the strobe.

As for the ceiling, there are several options for resolving the issue with the placement and fixing of the wiring. The first - if the ceiling is suspended or suspended, then all the wiring is simply fixed to the ceiling. The second - a shallow strobe is made for wiring. The third - the wiring is hidden in the ceiling. The first two options are extremely simple to implement. But for the third, some explanations will have to be made. In panel houses, ceilings with internal voids are used, it is enough to make two holes and stretch the wires inside the ceiling.

Having finished with shtrobleniye, we pass to last stage preparation for wiring. Wires to bring them into the room must be pulled through the walls. Therefore, you will have to punch holes with a puncher. Usually such holes are made in the corner of the premises. We also make a hole for the wire plant from the switchboard to the lighting panel. Having finished the wall chasing, we begin the installation.

Installation of open wiring

We begin installation with the installation of a lighting shield. If a special niche was created for it, then we place it there, if not, then we simply hang it on the wall. We install an RCD inside the shield. Their number depends on the number of lighting groups. The shield assembled and ready for connection looks like this: there are zero terminals in the upper part, grounding terminals at the bottom, automatic machines are installed between the terminals.

Now we start the wire VVG-5 * 6 or VVG-2 * 6 inside. From the side of the switchboard, the electrical wiring is connected by an electrician, so for now we will leave it without connection. Inside the lighting panel, the input wire is connected as follows: we connect the blue wire to zero, the white wire to the top contact of the RCD, and connect the yellow wire with a green stripe to ground. RCD automata are connected to each other in series at the top using a jumper from white wire. Now let's move on to the wiring in an open way.

On the lines outlined earlier, we fix boxes or cable channels for electrical wiring. Often, with open wiring, they try to place the cable channels themselves near the plinth, or vice versa, almost under the very ceiling. We fix the wiring box with self-tapping screws in increments of 50 cm. We make the first and last hole in the box at a distance of 5 - 10 cm from the edge. To do this, we drill holes in the wall with a puncher, hammer the dowel inside and fix the cable channel with self-tapping screws.

One more distinctive feature exposed wiring are sockets, switches and distribution boxes. All of them are hung on the wall, instead of being walled in. Therefore, the next step is to install them in place. It is enough to attach them to the wall, mark the places for fasteners, drill holes and fix them in place.

Next, we proceed to the wiring. We start by laying the main line and from the sockets to the lighting panel. As already noted, we use the VVG-3 * 2.5 wire for this. For convenience, we start from the connection point towards the shield. We hang a label on the end of the wire indicating what kind of wire and where it comes from. Next, we lay the wires VVG-3 * 1.5 from switches and lighting fixtures to junction boxes.

Inside the junction boxes, we connect the wires using PPE or carefully insulate them. Inside the lighting panel, the main wire VVG-3 * 2.5 is connected as follows: brown or red core - phase, connected to the bottom of the RCD, blue - zero, connected to the zero bus at the top, yellow with a green stripe - ground to the bus at the bottom. With the help of a tester, we “ring” all the wires in order to eliminate possible errors. If everything is in order, we call an electrician and connect to the switchboard.

Installation of hidden electrical wiring

Hidden wiring is quite simple. A significant difference from the open one is only in the way the wires are hidden from the eyes. The rest of the steps are almost the same. First, we install a lighting shield and RCDs, after which we start and connect the input cable from the side of the switchboard. We also leave it unconnected. This will be done by an electrician. Next, we install distribution boxes and socket boxes inside the niches made.

Now let's move on to the wiring. We are the first to lay the main line from the VVG-3 * 2.5 wire. If it was planned, then we lay the wires to the sockets in the floor. To do this, we put the VVG-3 * 2.5 wire into a pipe for electrical wiring or a special corrugation and lay it to the point where the wire is output to the sockets. There we place the wire inside the strobe and put it into the socket. The next step will be laying the VVG-3 * 1.5 wire from switches and lighting points to junction boxes, where they are connected to the main wire. We isolate all connections with PPE or electrical tape.

At the end, we “ring” the entire network using a tester for possible errors and connect to the lighting panel. The connection method is similar to that described for open wiring. Upon completion, we close the strobes with gypsum putty and invite an electrician to connect it to the switchboard.

Laying electricians in a house or apartment for an experienced craftsman is quite an easy task. But for those who are not well versed in electrics, you should take the help of experienced professionals from start to finish. This, of course, will cost money, but this way you can protect yourself from mistakes that can lead to a fire.