Do-it-yourself backfill water filter. How to make a homemade water filter? Sand option for the pool

Clean water has always been necessary for man, but the more technology develops, the worse it affects the quality of the water system. Man began to fight pollution a long time ago, for which a wide variety of filters and devices were invented, but common man they may not be affordable. Those who want to have purified water have the opportunity to filter it with homemade filters.

What it is?

A water purification filter is a device with which it is possible to remove various impurities, particles that do not dissolve in it, chlorine and pathogenic viruses and microbes.

Three types of filters can be used at home:

  • simple;
  • with an average degree of purification;
  • with the highest degree of purification.

You can apply filters:

  • at home: in an apartment, a private house, to purify drinking water and mains;
  • in industry;
  • in tourism;
  • for aquariums.

Wherever the filter is used, it has a certain structure that allows you to effectively deal with water pollution. To make a filter mechanism yourself, you need to know what exactly is required for this and how to assemble it into a single whole.

Peculiarities

Water purification is necessary measure modern life, because the impact on nature of various factors of human life significantly affected its quality and purity. Filters that can be installed both at home and in enterprises of any size cope best with the problem.

In order for drinking water to be of appropriate quality, it is best to use special carafes with filtering mechanisms installed in them.

Water purification in the filter is carried out by passing through a certain number of stages, and the more of them, the cleaner the resulting product will be. At the first stage of purification, mechanical filtration takes place, when sufficiently large elements that clog it are removed from the water. Through the next stage, the chemical environment of the liquid is affected, and the last level will be the carbon cartridge, passing through which the water becomes completely drinkable.

Most of the filter elements are cartridges that have their own gradation:

  • Mechanical. With his help is coming removal of sand, mechanical suspensions, rust. Composition - polypropylene.
  • Carbonic. Helps to remove substances of organic and inorganic origin, removes unpleasant odors, affects the color of water. Composition - activated or pressed carbon.
  • Softening. Water softening by removing heavy metals from it. Composition - Na-cationic resin.
  • Iron-relieving. Helps to purify water from hydrogen sulfide, improve pH, eliminate the taste and smell of metal. Composition - two fillings of calcite.

Due to the variety of cartridges, they can be used for different functions, which, in turn, leads to the need to use different devices for this.

Pitcher filters are the most common option. when drinking water has low quality. The scheme of their work is very simple, and the price is by no means high, so almost everyone can afford this option. The filter medium is a carbon cartridge that can only handle 500 liters of water, after which it needs to be replaced. There are specialized universal options. In specialized ones, there are additions that make water softer by removing iron from it and adding fluorine.

Carbon cartridges are also installed in the nozzles on the taps. Their feature is the low pressure of water that must pass through the pipes, otherwise the system will be inefficient.

Free-standing units perform work after they are connected to water pipes with a flexible hose.

Cartridges in this case are changed at least once every 5 months.

To disinfect water, it is best to use an ultraviolet filter., which can be used only after preliminary mechanical cleaning. In addition to ordinary drinking water, there is also rainwater, which can also be used effectively. Due to contamination, it is often unsuitable, but with the help of filters it can be used in a wide variety of areas and for any task. In this case, two filters are needed - one primary, for screening out large debris, and the second for more thorough filtration and obtaining usable water.

Suitable materials

In order to make a filter yourself, you need to have certain knowledge and correctly apply them in practice. First of all, you should take care of a suitable container for the future filter, which will include all the components. It should be large enough to accommodate everything comfortably. As a filter medium for a homemade filter, you can use quartz sand, quarry washed sand or activated carbon, gravel and zeolite.

To create the first layer, which will cope with large pollution, you need to pick up cotton fabric, but its use has its drawbacks: it quickly becomes clogged, rotting processes begin inside, and an unpleasant smell appears. To avoid such problems, it is better to take a synthetic material - lutrasil, which is not so afraid of moisture and does not clog too quickly.

The use of quartz sand will be indispensable at the stage of retaining small particles and filtering heavy metals. The use of gravel will help to screen out large particles of unnecessary elements in the water. With the help of zeolite, metal and salt suspension can be easily dealt with, in addition, it helps to fight pesticides and other harmful substances used in industry.

The highest quality filter through which tap water, is coal-fired. Home-made devices allow you to retain mineral formations and toxic substances with the same productivity. In addition, thanks to the action of coal, the water becomes transparent and any odors are neutralized in it. When choosing activated carbon for the filter, it is best to take it in granular form, because the powder version will get into the water, and large particles will filter the water for a long time.

Choosing the right filter content will ensure quality work for a long time and eliminate the need to buy ready-made equipment.

Methods: what is the best way to filter?

If there is no filter at hand, but you need to somehow purify the water with your own hands, you can use a number of methods that will show very good results:

  • Boiling. With it, you can get rid of harmful microorganisms, although a side effect is an increase in the amount of salts that fall to the bottom of the vessel.
  • settling helps to get rid of volatile chlorine and other impurities. It is necessary to carry out such events for at least 8 hours, and after the time has elapsed, pour water carefully and do not raise the sediment. It is important to wash the water container well from time to time with soap to remove residues harmful substances, and water, even settled, does not need to be stored for more than 3 days.

  • Silver. You can use a simple spoon made of this material, which should be washed well and placed in a small carafe. After water is poured into it, you need to wait only a day and you can use the purified liquid. The use of silver coins for such purposes is impractical due to impurities and small size.
  • Ionizer has the form of a chain with a figure at the end, which is lowered into the water, where the ion exchange process takes place, and the chain itself is on the glass. So the water should stand for a while, after which it can be drunk.

  • Freezing- This is the easiest and most affordable way to purify water. To carry out the procedure, you need a bottle into which water is drawn, but not to the very edge, twisted with a lid and placed in the freezer. It is enough to wait six hours and remove the bottle from the refrigerator. As soon as the ice melts, you can drink water.
  • Shungite- This is a special stone that is placed in a decanter with water, infused. After that, the water is ready for use.

  • The use of activated charcoal tablets, which are crushed and wrapped in gauze. You also need a plastic bottle in which you need to cut off the spout and put a layer of gauze into it, then wrapped charcoal and again a layer of gauze. The resulting homemade filter is inserted into a bottle into which water can be poured.
  • Magnets. It is possible to use several identical magnets that will provide a uniform magnetic field in a homemade filter. In addition, it is necessary to have fittings with gaskets, from which a throughput system for water purification is constructed. The magnetic filter helps soften the water and minimize the amount of limescale on the dishes.

It is not difficult to make any of the options, the main thing is to have the right ingredients on hand and use them correctly. Although the methods are diverse, they have a similar principle - this is the disposal of water from unnecessary and harmful components that adversely affect the human body.

You can use such a filter in an apartment, a private house, it is not difficult to find a suitable option for a summer residence, so that purified and healthy water is everywhere nearby.

Device options

In addition to the aforementioned filter jars and a tap attachment, there are also separate view devices. They can be installed under the sink or placed on main pipe, which helps not only to purify water, but also to extend the life of all plumbing in the house.

There are also other devices such as:

  • Prefilter Installation location - water pipe, the goal is to protect household appliances from debris and dirt, which carries low-quality water. The design has the form of a grid, which needs to be washed from time to time.

  • Purifier or cooler. This is a device that is located separately and can purify water, heat or cool it. The quality of such water is very high, even better than bottled water.
  • Travel filters which may come in handy while camping or traveling. A feature is the ability to purify liquid from any container.
  • Nanofilter- have in their composition a semi-permeable membrane, the pores of which are practically the same as water molecules, which allows you to effectively purify water.

In addition, there are filter options such as:

  • Mechanical - they help remove suspended particles in the water using meshes and fibrous and porous polymer materials.
  • Ion-exchange, containing synthetic resins in their composition, the principle of which is water softening by ionization of heavy metals with fluorides.

  • Physico-chemical, which help to remove impurities that dissolve well by sorption. when interacting with clay, ash, peat and slag, water is purified from unnecessary chemical elements. Activated charcoal works best.
  • Electric or ultraviolet, which allow you to purify water with ozone. Viruses and microbes are destroyed with the help of an ecofield.
  • Reverse osmosis works by forcing water under pressure through a membrane with small pores, in which all harmful elements settle.

Manufacturing

A homemade filter can be made from different components, but the most effective is the one that contains activated carbon, which is why it is worth considering the principle of its manufacture in more detail. The first stage is the search for a suitable housing for the product, which can be a plastic bottle.

The order of work is as follows:

  • cut the bottom of the bottle;
  • make holes in the lid;
  • fold gauze or cloth into the bottle, which must be folded in several layers;
  • activated carbon should be poured on the bottom layer, about 7 cm for a five-liter bottle; the bottom layer should have a powdery consistency, and the top one should be granular;
  • sand up to eight centimeters high is poured onto coal;
  • small pebbles are sprinkled on the sand.

So you can make a fully working filter that is suitable for giving or any other use case. It is important to know that the cleaning process will take a long time, because the filter device is suspended near the water source.

Before constant use, it is worth flushing the system by pouring the first batch of water into it, which will wash out all microorganisms and filter materials to the desired state.

You can make a filter device using improvised materials and a purchased element, for which you need:

  • find a 1.5 or 2 liter plastic bottle and cut it into two parts in the place where the product changes its shape;
  • a purchased filter is inserted with the bottom side into the top of the bottle, along the edge of the plastic object inside, the tip of the spout with a cap is cut off;
  • the filter is threaded through the top of the bottle cut off on both sides;
  • the finished structure must be lowered into the base of the can, which will be the finished filter.

How to make a water filter at home?

There are several ways to make a water filter, using a ready-made, purchased filter, or inventing it yourself. Let's look at these two options.

And so, for the first method, we need a purchased water filter, and a plastic bottle.

This filter is very convenient to use when hiking or traveling somewhere. Let's start!

1. We take a knife and cut the bottle into two parts. Cut should be in the place where the top of the bottle (conical) passes into the middle part (cylindrical).

2 . Now we take the filter, and insert it with the lower part into the cut off part with the neck. Thus, we will determine where to cut off the neck of the bottle.

In total, we get a cut bottle into 3 parts and a filter.

3. All parts for the filter are ready, it remains only to assemble it. We take the filter and push it into the cut off top of the bottle, as shown in the photo.

4. We place this design in a bottle, and our filter will be ready. We can pour water and check how it works.

How to make a filter with your own hands?

The second way is more interesting, since we will create the filter ourselves! This is not difficult, but you will have to try. For the filter you will need the following materials:

Filter container.

River sand.

Charcoal.

Cotton wool (can be replaced with gauze or cloth).

Visual scheme of the filter.

The principle of the filter is very simple - water passes through materials that are able to filter it, and at the output we get purified water.

To make such a filter, we used the materials listed above, as a container - a 5 liter bottle.

1. Cut off the bottom of the bottle. We also make a small hole in the bottle cap, 1 centimeter in diameter.

The principles underlying the water purification technology can be used in the manufacture of homemade filters. This is especially true when the quality of water leaves much to be desired, and the purchase of factory products for some reason is impossible. As part of this giant article, we will try to consider various approaches to making water filters with our own hands.

Cleaning methods and filter types

Water treatment technologies differ depending on the initial and required water quality. The goal is to remove contaminants from the water that pose a threat to humans and domestic animals. In the table below, we reviewed the main approaches used in modern water purification filters.

Filtration technologies that can be used in homemade filters
Water purification method* What is removed Features of the cleaning process
Mechanical Solid impurities of various sizes responsible for visible fluid contamination Filter material: insoluble in water, does not bind chemicals contained in it. Sand, gravel, grids with different mesh sizes, cloth, containers with holes, etc. – all this can act as a mechanical filter
Physico-chemical Organic substances, chlorine and its derivatives - everything that causes an unpleasant taste, smell and color of water A bright representative is activated carbon, which has a huge surface area. Purification is carried out by two mechanisms: adsorption (removal of organic matter) and catalytic oxidation (removal of chlorine)
Ion exchange Iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium (hardness salts) - substances responsible for the characteristic metallic taste and scale formation in water heating equipment The main material is ion-exchange resins, passing through which iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium ions bind to the resin complex, replacing sodium ions in it (instead of one we get another). The process is reversible, which makes it possible to restore the properties of the ion-exchange resin by passing a saturated sodium chloride solution through it.
Reverse osmosis Everything except water and the air dissolved in it The heart of the installation is a reverse osmosis membrane, which has the property of semi-permeability. However, for its operation, a pressure of 2 atmospheres is required.
(*) - the option of ozone cleaning was not considered as too costly and difficult to implement at home

Having set out to make a filter with your own hands, you will probably bet on the first two types of cleaning. They are the simplest, and for their manufacture there is no need to purchase expensive Supplies.

Simple water filter device

The efficiency of any water treatment system depends on how correctly the sequence of using certain materials for water treatment is chosen. Traditionally, the scheme shown in the figure below is used. It provides stepwise cleaning, first from large debris, then from suspended particles, organic inclusions and salts.

Most available options- sand or carbon filter, in which the main role is played by the materials of the same name:

  • sand. Use coarse quartz sand or rinse thoroughly with river sand so that it does not contain particles of silt. For greater confidence in the safety of using sand, it can be ignited for several minutes - this will kill all the organic matter that inhabits the material. Only dry sand is suitable for backfilling;
  • coal. In the ideal case, use the possibilities of pharmacy activated charcoal. If it is not available, use coal from the fire. Not for softwood charcoal!

Ion exchange resin is used to purify water from iron, calcium and magnesium and is sold in large bags, so it would be more rational to buy an iron removal cartridge or Aragon-2. A similar function, only more complete cleaning, is performed by a reverse osmosis membrane in the system reverse osmosis. It will also have to be purchased separately - in this case, it is better to immediately buy a ready-made water treatment system.

Filter for a summer residence or a hike

Before proceeding with the assembly of homemade products, you need to be aware that such simple filters carry out only selective water purification. One way or another, worm eggs, viruses and bacteria can remain in it, the content of hardness salts and iron is exceeded. Such water must be additionally boiled, and iodine solution can be used as disinfectants (add 5 drops of a 5% alcohol solution to 1 liter of water), potassium permanganate (tint the water to a barely pink color), hydroperite (0.5 tablets per 1 liter of water) .

One of the homemade devices for primary water purification can be made literally from improvised materials. Often it is used on a hike to remove mechanical impurities and toxins. After the filter, the liquid must be boiled without fail. Instructions for making a filter for a summer residence or some extreme conditions look something like this:

  • take a large plastic bottle, cut off the bottom of it;
  • using the bottle as a funnel, place it in another container, such as glass jar or a piece of another bottle (in the form of a glass);
  • lay out the first filter layer with a clean cloth, gauze, cotton or other available material. This layer will be responsible for the fine purification of water from mechanical impurities. If conditions permit, boil the fabric before laying;
  • fill the bottle with charcoal about a third of the volume. It is better to use activated charcoal, but in the absence of it, charcoal from a fireplace is quite suitable. But at the same time, conifers cannot be used. The larger the layer of coal, the better, because. it is responsible not only for mechanical cleaning, but also for the adsorption of organic substances, which include components that cause an unpleasant taste and smell of water. In addition, coal absorbs toxic impurities;
  • the top layer of an improvised filter will be represented by river sand. Rinse it first, and then bake it on a fire. Sand is responsible for removing large mechanical impurities from the water. So that it does not mix with coal, an intermediate jumper from a thin layer of fabric can be laid between them

Everything, our simplest treatment plant is ready! It is better not to use the first portions of water, because. first, coal dust with ash will be released from the coal.

One of the simplest options involves making some kind of filter jug. But for this you will need to purchase a cartridge, with your own hands for the water filter you will only need to make a suitable container. In our case, a plastic bottle is used for these purposes.

Remove the cartridge from the packaging, clean the plastic bottle as much as possible from contamination. Prepare a sharp knife or scissors for work.

Cut the bottle at its widest point, where the cone ends. The operation must be carried out so that the resulting funnel, when placed in the second part of the bottle, does not fall into it.

Place the cartridge in the funnel and use a marker to mark the line that defines it. lower part. Next, you need to cut off the neck, and insert the cartridge into the resulting hole so that it fits snugly against the funnel. This is a very important step, because otherwise, part of the water will enter the collector in an untreated form.

Place the funnel with the cartridge in the rest of the bottle - congratulations, you have made a filter for the dacha with your own hands! The main advantage of this design is its simplicity and compactness. In fact, for its manufacture, only a factory cartridge is needed, because. Finding a plastic bottle is not a problem.

A good flow system can be assembled from syringes, various parts plastic bottles, as well as a medical tube made of PVC or silicone rubber. Cotton wool and crushed activated carbon can be used as filter layers. A set of tools and materials for its manufacture is as follows:

  • 3 syringes. Choose the largest volume, such that the diameter of the syringe is equal to the diameter of the hole in the whole bottle;
  • 5 plastic bottles. Only for two is the volume important (preferably 1.5 or 2 liters), the rest are needed as sources of spare parts (plugs and necks);
  • a small piece of hose with a diameter matching the diameter of the bottle cap;
  • two plastic tubes. Through them, water will be supplied to the filter and removed from it;
  • with a dozen tablets of activated charcoal. We will make a filter layer from it with our own hands, responsible for the removal of organic matter;
  • cotton wool It will be used for cleaning from mechanical impurities;
  • beeswax, sugar or gypsum egg white. It will serve as an adhesive that can be used when working with food utensils;
  • sandpaper;
  • sharp knife or scissors

We will use two identical syringes as a body. First, remove the piston and use a knife to remove the stops protruding from the body. To make the parts stick together well, sand the area as shown in the picture above. So, you have two halves of the filter housing - how to connect them?

For fastening, we will use the threaded connection of the bottle. Cut off the neck of the bottle in the place where the expansion of the container begins. Unscrew the lid, but do not throw it away - we will still need it. Such operations must be carried out with two bottles. As a result, we get a pair of traffic jams and necks. Everything else can be thrown away. Products for fastening to a part from a syringe must be sanded from the inside. Why, it will become clear later.

Our next task is to glue the parts of the filter housing. There is one caveat: for this you can not use the moment, super glue and other compounds. After all, our filter will be in contact with water for food purposes. Therefore, we will use a caramelized sugar solution as glue. To prepare it, take a couple of tablespoons of sugar and slowly heat them over small fire. Apply the resulting adhesive with a thin layer on the sanded surfaces and immediately connect them. You can also experiment with a solution of gypsum and egg white (add liquid egg white in a ratio of 3 to 1 to pure gypsum powder), natural beeswax, natural resin coniferous trees and other substances that do not pose a threat to health if they get into the water (hereinafter, for brevity, we will call such glue food grade). As a result of these steps, you will get two identical parts. Now let's figure out how to connect them.

To connect the two parts of the water filter housing, you need to make a so-called connector. His constituent parts are two plugs (the same ones that remained at the previous stages of work), a piece of hose with a diameter equal to the diameter of the plugs and a width equal to twice the width of the plug. Work sequence:

  • cut small holes in two corks with a knife (with a diameter equal to 2/3 of the cork diameter);
  • sand the outer parts of the plugs with sandpaper, and inner part- at a piece of hose;
  • apply pre-prepared food glue on the sanded surfaces and assemble the connector. You can use it as soon as the glue dries.

So, we already have almost everything you need to make a water filter with your own hands. It remains to deal with two containers: the first will be responsible for supplying dirty water, the second - for receiving purified. If any clean vessel can act as a receiving container, and everything seems to be clear here, then there are a couple of tricks with the first container.

How to make the first container:

  • take three plastic bottles and a syringe;
  • cut off the bottom of bottle 1 and unscrew the cork;
  • at the syringe, cut off the nozzle with an extension, make a hole in the cork and insert the element cut from the syringe from the inside into it. It should fit snugly into the hole, while the connection is tight. But for greater certainty, you can additionally grab it with food glue. The result of our work will be a plug with a pipe;
  • take bottle 2, we only need a cork from it. Use a sharp knife to cut holes in the cork in the threaded area. Now it can be placed in bottle 1, where it will serve as a coarse water filter (from sand, etc.);
  • take bottle 3 and place it in what is left of bottle 1. As a result of these actions, the screwed cork on bottle 3 should touch our coarse filter (see point 4). Cut off the bottom of bottle 3 so that you get a funnel, make slots in it;
  • assemble all parts together as shown in the picture above

Place a small piece of cotton wool in one part of the filter housing, then pour pre-crushed activated carbon, fill the rest of both housings with cotton wool. It needs to be compacted, but not much, because. this affects the filtration rate. Use a connector to connect the two parts. It remains only to connect the case with plastic tubes to the supply and receiving tanks - you managed to make a filter for water purification with your own hands. However, there are several nuances in using such a device:

  • the performance of the system is determined by the difference in level between the point of water supply and the point of its discharge;
  • at the first stage, it is necessary to initiate a flow of water, creating traction, by analogy with draining fuel from a car tank

In order to avoid silting of the well casing, as well as to reduce the load on the main treatment devices, a mechanical filter is provided at the water intake site. Below we describe two of the simplest and most effective well filter designs made of plastic or steel pipe. They are easier and cheaper to make with your own hands than to buy finished products.

Briefly about what they are. This is a pipe made of plastic or steel 3 m long, divided into three zones from bottom to top: settling (about 0.5 m), filtering (2 m), installation (0.5 m). Through the filtering zone, water enters the sump, where it is pre-cleaned from random impurities under the action of gravity, and the mounting part serves to attach to the casing or fix the cable when it is lowered into a pipe of a larger diameter.

Two situations are possible:

  • in an active well. After washing it, it became necessary to install an additional barrier for mechanical impurities (sand and small stones). In this case, in casing pipe place the finished filter of smaller diameter;
  • when constructing a well. In this case, the well screen is the first section of the casing.

Be that as it may, the technologies for its manufacture are the same in all cases. Let's analyze the simplest version of a plastic filter for a well. By analogy, you can make the same design of steel.

We will need:

  • pipe 3 m long;
  • pipe cap or piece of plastic;
  • cord made of polyamide with a thickness of 3 mm;
  • polyamide mesh P64 for filtration;
  • hacksaw for metal;
  • screwdriver and drill 10 mm;
  • self-tapping screws; roulette;
  • construction stapler

First, let's mark the functional areas of our pipe as shown in the figure below.

It makes sense to immediately mount the bottom of the device. For these purposes, cut out a rounded plastic element, drill three 10 mm holes in it (for water). Fix the bottom with screws. Further, the approach to work depends on how water will flow into the casing: through holes or through cracks.

Drill holes with a diameter of 10 mm in a checkerboard pattern. The distance between the holes in the same line, take equal to 100 mm. Keep the same distance between the longitudinal rows located with an offset of 50 mm - from here checkerboard pattern. From both edges of the filter zone, drill a couple of additional holes that will be required to fix the cord. It should be understood that the role of these holes is solely to ensure the efficient use of the well flow rate, i.e. so that water in the required volume enters the casing pipe.

Fasten a cord on one of the edges and make a dozen tight turns around the pipe. Next, wrap it with a spiral in increments of about 150-250 mm. Closer to the opposite part of the filter pad, rewind about ten tight turns again and fix the cord with a pair of holes. So that an attempt to make a filter for a well with your own hands does not consist in mechanical work according to the instructions, we will explain why this cord is in the design. It is needed in order to create small space between the mesh (about it below), and the holes in the pipe. In this case, the entire grid area works. But if it just fit snugly against the pipe, only the part that is located at the holes would work.

It remains only to wrap the pipe with a special synthetic mesh P64, which will serve as a filter layer, and fix it with a construction stapler.

Instead of holes in the filter tube, slots can be made. This will significantly increase the area through which water will enter the casing, as well as reduce the size of particles that can get there, bypassing the mesh barrier. To do this, use a sharp knife or a hacksaw to make 100 mm long slots on both sides of the pipe in 20 mm increments. At the same time, after every 10-15 slotted holes, leave an untouched gap of 50-100 mm in length. All other operations are similar to those described above for a perforated well filter.

well filter

To purify water in a well, a simple and effective solution is still used, which is called a bottom filter. Naturally, you can do it yourself. There are two approaches here:

  1. direct filter. The choice in his favor is made on the condition that the bottom of the well is constantly eroded and this is the reason muddy water. For example, in the case of a clay bottom. The idea is to reinforce the bottom with large stones, gradually reducing the fraction of subsequent layers. Those. the first layer is stones cleaned of algae, thoroughly washed, which are best collected on the river bank. Next, lay the large pebbles and at the end - the smallest. The thickness of the layers is within 20 cm, hence the total thickness of the entire filter will be approximately 50-60 cm. Of course, the thicker the layer, the higher the quality of the water obtained. But at the same time, the capacity of the well decreases and the load on the bottom part increases;
  2. return filter. If the situation is the opposite, and the turbidity of the water is due to the sandy bottom of the well, then backfilling is carried out in the reverse order. However, coarse quartz sand can be used as the first layer (then there will be 4 layers: sand, small and large pebbles, large stones)

A large volume of water and an abundance of sources of pollution require periodic cleaning of the pools. This task is best handled by a flow-type cleaning device through which liquid will be pumped. When talking about a homemade pool filter, most often they mean a simple sand (or sand) filter. A diagram of an elementary but fairly reliable installation is shown in the figure below.

To make a pool filter with your own hands, you will need the following set of tools and materials:

  • capacity from 50 l.;
  • PVC sewer pipe with a diameter of 110 mm;
  • tee 110x110x45 mm;
  • pipes with a diameter of 45 mm;
  • polyamide mesh;
  • 3-4 corners and self-tapping screws for their fastening;
  • a sheet of plastic for the partition;
  • screwdriver and drill 10 mm;
  • centrifugal pump and 45 mm hose

The idea is as follows: the water will be pumped to the top of the tank and fall on the perforated partition. With its help, a uniform distribution of liquid over the entire surface area of ​​​​the sand load will be ensured; large debris will linger here. Further, the liquid will pass through a layer of sand and be cleaned of mechanical impurities of a smaller size, gradually filling the central pipe. The water outlet is at a level below the inlet, which, according to the principle of communicating vessels, contributes to its exit from the tank by gravity through the pipe.

If desired, instead of sand or together with it, you can use any other suitable material: foam rubber, crushed stone, coal, etc. It all depends on what kind of pollution you want to purify the water in the pool and what labor costs you are willing to go for - a sand filter is easier and cheaper to maintain than its counterparts.

Today it is fashionable to have a small but own pond in the summer cottage. Not everyone is lucky with the location of the dacha, so the problem has to be solved by constructing an artificial reservoir. But if in natural conditions ponds are a self-regulating environment, then the development of man-made objects depends entirely on the measures taken by their owner. To keep the water clean, one of the measures to consider is the installation of a filter. you can buy ready product, but it is quite realistic to make a filter for a pond with your own hands - in order to save money and understand the processes occurring in it.

Two simple design options can be considered:

For the manufacture of the case, we need a container with a volume of 20 to 40 liters. The larger it is, the less often you will have to maintain the filter, but the more difficult it will be to disguise it in a small pond. In the bottom 1/3 of the container, make holes with a diameter of about 5 mm. Place several layers of foam rubber or other waterproof filter material in the container. This must be done in such a way that the foam rubber covers the holes made in the body. To prevent the container from floating up or moving along the bottom of the reservoir, place several heavy stones inside. Now the most difficult thing is to solve the issue with the lid.

Make a hole in the lid for submersible pump, the operation of which will ensure the flow of water through the filter load. The hole is carefully sealed, as well as the fastening of the cover to the body. It remains only to choose a suitable place and flood the water purification device there. Once a week or two, you will have to remove the device from the water and rinse the foam rubber.

There are two types of filters for purifying water in an aquarium: external and internal. Their name is due to the location of the filter element. In the first case, it is installed somewhere outside the aquarium, in the second, it occupies part of the usable area. We will not deal with the question of which of the solutions is optimal. For us, it is much more important how to save money on buying a factory product and make an aquarium filter with your own hands at home. But first, let's think about what we will use as a material for water purification. As we said above, there are solutions for different purposes.

Choosing Filter Materials for Aquarium Filters
Name Short description cleaning Peculiarities
Foam rubber A type of flexible polyurethane foam. It has a porous soft structure. Often used as upholstery and soundproofing. One of the cheapest options. mechanical cleaning. After some time, it is also biological due to the development of beneficial microorganisms in the pores of the filter. It is advisable to choose foam rubber for aquariums. It is more durable and is not believed to harm aquatic life. Inexpensive but effective filter material.
Sintepon Synthetic fiber non-woven fabric. Has a layered structure. Most often used as a heater in clothes and blankets. Cheap. Like foam rubber It clogs quickly, so it is used only for fine water purification. Often have to change. Again, it is better to buy special material for aquariums.
sintered glass Balls with a diameter of about 1 cm made of sintered glass. They have a porous structure. Biological treatment due to the work of microorganisms settling in the pores of the material. The efficiency of water purification by sintered glass is determined by the previous stages of filtration. Quickly clogged with mechanical impurities.
Granular coal An effective adsorbent with a developed internal structure. This increases the area of ​​the reactive areas of the material. Organic cleaning, odor removal, color correction. Applies to external filters only. Washed to remove coal dust before use.
Peat A natural filter that purifies water from coarse mechanical impurities and disinfects it. mechanical cleaning. Reduces the pH of the water, which is good for the inhabitants of the aquarium. You need a special peat. Please consult sellers for additional information.
Zeolite Minerals with a porous structure. Inexpensive material. Purification by sorption. Absorbs ammonium from water. Effective method removal of nitrates. Required loading volume: 1 g/l.
Ceramic rings or tubes porous structures in the form of small tubes or rings. They serve as the basis for the development of microorganisms. As an auxiliary element for the efficient distribution of water flows. Biological cleaning. They can act as support elements for filter structures. Require periodic flushing.
Plastic elements Excised balls or tubules. Inexpensive. Not involved in cleaning. Auxiliary element of the filter. Intermediate loading for the distribution of water flows.

At the very first trip to a specialized store, you can easily replenish this far from complete range of aquarium filters with new items. But even ordinary foam rubber and zeolite can be enough to make a full-fledged bottom filter.

How to make an internal filter

To make a simple internal filter for a bottom-type aquarium, you will need:

  • small capacity. It is better to use an earthenware bowl or clear glassware, i.e. containers that fit into decoration or they will simply be disguised. This reservoir will determine the filter surface area;
  • funnel. It is better to choose products made of transparent plastic or glass. This is purely for aesthetic reasons. The role of the funnel will become clear as we describe the manufacturing process;
  • filter material. For example, a piece of foam rubber, which will take up about a third of the container;
  • pebbles. They will act as supports for the funnel, and also press down the foam rubber, masking it;
  • compressor. Any inexpensive aquarium compressor will do. You need to bring a flexible tube to it, through which air will be supplied. To do this, you can use a medical transparent PVC tube.

Such a simple aquarium filter, which anyone can make with a compressor, works as follows: air is pumped into the funnel, escapes up through its spout, dragging water with it and thereby creating traction in the lower part. Thanks to it, the next portions of water are pulled under the funnel. The operation of such a primitive filter is based on the device of airlifts (see diagram below).

As a container, you can use a regular jar. And the place of the funnel can always be taken by a hose of a larger diameter - it must exceed the diameter of the tube through which air is supplied. Bringing water to the surface will provide more efficient filtration due to the increased volume of water involved in the cycle (see diagram below).

A word of caution: internal filters are suitable for small aquariums. This is due to their low productivity. For volumetric aquariums, it is necessary to design an outdoor installation.

How to make an external filter

The most important thing in this process is to choose a reliable case. Well for this purpose, a sewer cutter has proven itself PVC pipes with socket and coupling. They can be connected and closed on both sides with plastic end caps, installed vertically or horizontally. In order to make an external filter for the aquarium, we need:

  • a piece of plastic pipe with a diameter of 110 mm and a length of 50 cm;
  • two plastic plugs for the pipe;
  • submersible pump (can be aquarium) for pumping water;
  • two fittings with a diameter that matches the diameter of the outlet pipe in the pump;
  • plastic grate (can be used from a sink);
  • foam rubber;
  • synthetic winterizer;
  • biofilter ( ceramic rings, tubes, plastic balls, etc.);
  • valve for air release;
  • cutting pipes to create supports;
  • hoses for pumping water;
  • FUM tape;

First, make the inlet and outlet holes for the fitting. Their location depends on whether the filter will be vertical or horizontal. In the first case, make holes from the edges of the pipe on the side, in the second - right in the covers. The preferred option is the lateral inlet, even with a horizontal orientation of the cleaning plant. To seal the connection, tightly wrap the threads of the fittings with FUM tape, mount them in the holes and tighten with a nut. The following describes the process step by step:

  • supports for filter layers. We need to create an intermediate layer in the filter that will perform the distribution function. The main goal is that the load does not deform over time, and most of the volume of this layer is occupied by water. Here you can go in several ways, for example, stick a plastic pipe trim on the plug. But it will be easier to just cut off the bottom of the plastic bottle, make as many holes in it as possible and place it upside down relative to the plug;
  • partitions between layers. Can be cut round parts from the mesh, which is usually laid in the kitchen sink. Alternatively, use CDs that no one really needs anymore. Poke as many holes in them as you can. Partitions act as dividing walls structural elements to load the filter. Thanks to them, the filter layers will not mix. In addition, they retain large mechanical impurities. Lay the first partition on the supporting structure;
  • foam filter. Cut out a round element from the foam rubber according to the diameter of the pipe. Lay it on the partition;
  • biofilter. Use ceramic tubes/rings or plastic balls/tubes to create a layer with a large cumulative area. Here, fine suspensions will be deposited on the load and gradually processed by colonies of microorganisms;
  • fine filter. Pre-lay the partition, and then a round-shaped element cut out of foam rubber or synthetic winterizer (according to the diameter of the pipe);
  • water pump. It is better to glue the pump with hot glue to the body of our homemade filter;
  • power supply. Make a hole in the cover, pull the pump wire through it and seal the hole securely;
  • air outlet. Install a valve in the cover on the side of the pump to periodically release the air accumulated in the filter. If the filter is horizontal, then during this procedure you will have to periodically move it to a vertical position;
  • connecting tubes. Connect the inlet and outlet hoses as shown in the figure above.

Without taking into account the time spent, the cost of an external filter for a do-it-yourself aquarium is about 2-3 times less than a factory product. The aesthetics of the solution, of course, suffers, but a homemade product can always be hidden in a secluded place, and no one will see it at all.

High-quality water in modern conditions, especially drinking water, is a very rare phenomenon. If several decades ago there were still clean springs, wells, now it is a rarity even in rural areas. Agricultural firms pollute the soil no less than industry and herbicides. Mineral fertilizers inevitably penetrate into the sources. Water filtration has become a necessity.

Jug-type installations have become frequent guests in the kitchen in the city and in the country. For a small volume of liquid, they are effective. But if you need to clean tens or hundreds of liters, similar devices unsuitable. When the site has a well, a well, a pool, water filters are necessary. You can buy those designed for this purpose, but do-it-yourself ones are always cheaper.

Design features of industrial and home-made installations

Purified from harmful chemical and bacteriological impurities, life-giving moisture is considered accessible to people only after filtration. In cities, due to the wear and tear of communications to consumers, it comes with rust, lime inclusions and other additives. In such conditions, even the aquarium needs water purification, otherwise the fish will not survive.

If the house is connected to the water supply, the owners use washing machines, dishwashers which are even more sensitive to water quality. Manufacturers equip their products with mesh filters, which provide coarse cleaning, but fine particles up to 5 microns are passed through. For many home appliances this is harmful, they need additional fine filtration.

Simple household filters for the home

Industrial units are produced separately for cold and hot water, they must not be used for other than their intended purpose. In addition, a pressure regulator is required if pressure drops are observed in the pipes. All such installations have one or more cartridges plus a sump in the form of a flask or glass. The quality of the water depends on the material used and the cell dimensions of the working elements.

All of them require periodic replacement, because harmful impurities accumulate. The cost depending on the design is sometimes very impressive. A do-it-yourself water filter allows you to get rid of unnecessary financial expenses, and the quality of cleaning may exceed some industrial designs.

A simple homemade device

The dacha of an ordinary citizen often does not have a centralized water supply, so all kinds of sources are used: wells, wells and even ponds. In modern conditions, none of them can guarantee the quality of vital moisture. Even in areas remote from industrial centers, there is a danger of bacteriological contamination of water. Any filter, including homemade, will eliminate the risk of poisoning human body.

The main condition for high-quality cleaning is filter filler

The working container is selected in such a way that all the necessary filling fits into it. For absorption, a variety of components are used: artificial and natural. The latter have a higher filtration capacity. These include:

  • sand from a river or quarry;
  • gravel;
  • zeolite;
  • Activated carbon.

For primary rough cleaning, cloth cotton materials or even paper are usually used. By hygiene requirements they are very impractical: they constantly stay in a humid environment, rot, and an unpleasant smell appears. The very structure of such filters contributes to almost instantaneous pollution, which requires frequent replacement.

The best material for filtration is activated carbon

Artificial materials in this respect have best performance. One of the most preferred is lutrasil. He is not afraid of moisture, dirt accumulates to a lesser extent than on cotton. Of the other fabric filters, synthetic filters are used, which are used in coffee machines - the cheapest.

Of the natural minerals that cost a penny, quartz sand, purified from impurities of clay and dirt, deserves attention. It perfectly captures small particles and heavy chemical compounds. Gravel is inferior in this respect - it copes better with large inclusions.

Zeolite also belongs to minerals, but it has a disproportionately large filtration effect. It cuts off metal and salt impurities - everything that comes into the water from the agro-industry: pesticides, herbicides, mineral fertilizers.

Zeolite used in homemade structures

In homemade devices, activated charcoal is most widely used. It equally qualitatively retains mineral formations and toxic substances. Another advantage is that the water after passing through it becomes transparent, unpleasant odors and microorganisms are eliminated.

Such filtration material is available to consumers. It is used both special and the one that is intended for picnics, as well as made by hand. The structure is decisive for the quality of cleaning. If the absorbent is like a powder, it will leave with the water, and a coarse one will not provide a good cleaning.

Self-cooking coal is not particularly difficult. Wood of any breed, except coniferous, is used. Birch has the best qualities. Firewood is loaded into a metal container, which is placed on fire, ideally in a stove. When they are red hot, stop heating and let cool. If overexposed, valuable filtration properties are lost.

Water preparation devices for food

You can clean dirty liquid at home with homemade filters. The resulting product does not always meet all requirements. Only the use of quality elements allows you to achieve the expected results. They retain mechanical, chemical and bacteriological impurities.

In the country, several types of hand-made filters are used:

  • flowing coal;
  • submersible for technical water in an aquarium, pool;
  • external, allowing to get rid of mechanical pollution.

A home-made system is used when coarse filtration of water from a well, well, rainwater is necessary. Fine cleaning achieve the elimination of odors that are caused by the presence of bacteria.

Simple filters for the house from plastic containers

The best absorbent for homemade device than activated charcoal, no. It does not pass mechanical impurities, as well as many toxins and bacteriological harmful substances. For the manufacture of using dishes with a sealed lid, plastic pipes. For a small aquarium, disposable syringes are suitable.

The main thing is that the volume allows you to accommodate required amount filter material in several layers. The process of making the simple device happens in the following sequence:

  1. 1. A plastic bottle or other similar container is taken, in which the bottom is cut off. Below, at a distance of about 2 cm, 2 holes are made with an awl.
  2. 2. One 10 mm is also drilled in the lid. Alternatively, many small ones are pierced.
  3. 3. Screw on the bottle and start laying the cleaning material. On the bottom and walls use natural fabric or ready-made filters, lutrasil.
  4. 4. Next comes activated carbon. Above - clean sand, then gravel, which alternate in several layers. The total volume should not exceed 2/3 of the container capacity.
  5. 5. Everything is covered with a cloth that will not let large particles through. They hang it and fill it with water, waiting for it to be cleaned and poured into a clean dish.

The system has a disadvantage: filtering takes a long time.

It is more convenient to use 2 pieces of pipe, one of which is 4 times longer than the other. The short one is used for rough cleaning. Install the lid tightly plastic container in which a hole has been made. A mesh is laid on it and the space is filled with pharmaceutical cotton wool or padding polyester. On the other hand, the pipe is also closed with a lid and a mesh.

One end of a long piece, which serves as a fine filter, is prepared in a similar way: a tight lid with a mesh. On the other hand - the neck of a plastic container. Pour in the filter material, each layer in turn. Both parts of the structure are connected.

Do-it-yourself water purification for a home aquarium is also simple. Requires 2 disposable 10 ml syringes with cut-off spouts. They are interconnected, holes are made along the entire length. A tube with a spray at the end is placed inside, and if zeolite is added, the water quality will increase - nitrites will be removed. Outside, the device is wrapped with a sponge.

Pool water treatment

Do-it-yourself sand filters allow you to filter a rather voluminous tank. They are simple in the device, their cost is half that of purchased ones. The design consists of the following parts:

  • a container with a wide mouth;
  • branch pipes for water supply and intake;
  • quartz or glass sand as a filter.

It requires a plastic tank, usually a barrel, at the bottom of which there is a fine mesh with cells smaller than sand. Its fraction is from 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The first one changes after 2 or 3 years. The second will last 5 years, but its cost is higher. Multilayer media is also used when the filter elements alternate from larger to smaller or gravel is included.

Dirty water is fed into a sealed container from above, suspended mineral and organic particles remain in the filter, and clean water enters the pool from below. To operate the device, a pump with a power of 150–300 W is required, which is usually installed in front of the tank. Then he pushes the liquid. If you put the pump after the tank, a vacuum is created in it, and water is sucked in. There is no fundamental difference in the two schemes, the procedure is provided in any case.

For the first option, you need a container with reliable tightness that can withstand the pressure created in it. Often use an expansion tank with a membrane. It is removed, and the inside of the case is painted to protect the iron from rust.

Application for such purposes plastic barrel a volume of at least 60 liters is also possible. But not every such container can withstand pressure: they often tear out the lid or the sidewalls diverge at the joints. In this case, it is advisable to apply the connection diagram of the pump after the filter. The lid is additionally sealed to exclude the slightest air leakage. The master class will show the details in more detail.

For water inflow and intake, fittings are cut into the body, the joints are carefully sealed. A coarse filter is installed at the feed: an inexpensive cartridge or a bottle neck with a mesh. Mounted on the reverse side of the filter tank plastic pipe with holes, they are covered with non-woven material, through which even fine sand does not penetrate, and clean water enters the pool.

If a pressure circuit is implemented, be sure to install a pressure gauge on the fitting in the tank cap or between the pump and the filter. It is more reliable to use a manifold that has a pressure sensor, air outlet and safety valves. If the principle of suction is applied, a tap is cut into the lid. When the system is aired, it is enough to open it and bleed the air.

The filter with the top water inlet is placed below the level of the pool mirror. On both branch pipes, valves are installed that regulate the work. The place of release and intake is located as far as possible. Before turning on the pump, the tank is filled with liquid manually.

Now very a large number of people living both in megacities and in the outback are concerned about the quality drinking water. And rightly so: after all, we are, in fact, what we are. And what do we drink ... Let me remind you that the human body is 80% liquid, and it is not surprising that the molecular composition of this fluid matter and well-being is directly related. All sorts of deviations from the normal conditions of functioning lay their convolutions and squiggles in the human genetic code.

The question may arise: why filter water in rural areas? In the same place, a well or well is located away from gasoline, exhaust gases and asphalt. And the answer - here it is, lies on the surface. Or rather, at the depth of the aquifer: you have no way to know what waters this horizon is saturated with, and whether a bunch of nitrates were washed away from the neighboring field during the last downpour. And there may also be impurities that not only worsen the quality of water, but are simply not useful: for example, the level of iron in water, exceeded several times, can lead to liver diseases, allergic reactions, increase the risk and even provoke cerebrovascular accident, leading to stroke. Nice bouquet, isn't it?

Solved: filtering water

Almost all water filters work on the same principle. The difference can only be in the shell, the types and thickness of the filler layers and the throughput of the unit. But for a more complete presentation of homemade options, consider several options for filters.

As fillers, the most accessible today are:

  • paper napkins
  • Gauze, bandage, natural fabric
  • Sand
  • Coal
  • Lutrasil or spunbond.

It is worth taking into account that cotton wool, napkins and gauze, as a filler, are quite effective, but short-lived. So be prepared to replace them frequently. You can either buy wood or make your own. Charcoal is sold in the picnic departments, and a little is required as a filter filler. So, having purchased a bag, you can count on it for a long time.

If you still dare to cook coal yourself, use only hardwoods for this. Lutrasil or spunbond is also called agrofilm. Most often it is popular with gardeners and gardeners for sheltering plants. It has a different density and is sold in 2 colors: white and black.

Homemade filter options

When using water at a summer cottage, it is rather impractical to insert an ordinary household filter into the water supply, since it is customary to drain water from the system for the winter. So that it does not freeze and does not break pipes, according to the laws of physics. You can, of course, bring a jug and spend hours catching zen, watching how he tries to sip water through himself. And if you need quickly and a lot, then here you are first option.

We take the usual five or six-liter plastic bottle and a bucket with a plastic lid. At the bottle, carefully cut off the bottom, clean the edges from sharp burrs. In the lid of the bucket, we cut a hole of exactly such a diameter that the bottle neck fits tightly into it, of course with a lid. If necessary, grind the edges of the hole and use a rubber gasket.

We fold a piece of gauze or fabric in four and put it on the neck, fixing it with a lid, in which 10-20 holes are made with a red-hot nail or drill, briefly borrowed from a dentist neighbor. This blank can already be fixed in the bucket lid. Inside the bottle on gauze with a layer of approximately 5-10 cm, we lay cotton wool tightly. From above, we again make a fabric layer so that when pouring, a jet of water does not quickly turn cotton wool into floating lumps. A layer of fabric can be pressed with cleanly washed pebbles.

That's it, your filter is ready. Use on health. And here's a little secret: putting a silver coin, ring, chain or other trinket between the lower layers of cotton wool and gauze, you will get pure water saturated with silver ions. Delicious, healthy and almost royal!

You can improve your gadget a little. Instead of a bucket, use a 20-liter plastic bucket with a small tap embedded at the bottom. So it is much more convenient to pour water into the same kettle.

Second option The filter will be useful in areas where the water in the well-faucet-pipe at the outlet is cloudy. In this case, lay out a layer of coal on top of the upper fabric layer - 7-8 cm is definitely enough. And on top of the coal we make a 5-centimeter layer of pure river sand (but do not be too lazy to boil it, then you will definitely be sure of the purity of the water). The procedure for pouring water into a canister does not need a description, I think. And the fact that the bottom of the bottle is wide, so it’s convenient to pour even from a bucket, even from a hose.

Third option for sure will appeal to lovers of crafting. We leave the filling and pouring vessels, but instead of a cap with holes, a piece of a propylene pipe is used here, the diameter of which is selected according to the neck of the bottle. The pipe and bottle must be mounted without gaps, most likely the pipe will need to be put on hot melt adhesive. The top and bottom of the tube must be closed with perforated plastic bottoms (you can use the same hot glue), and fill the tube itself with charcoal.

Only here there is one caveat: the first portion (2-4l) of filtered water will need to be drained. The first portion is used to wash the filter from small particles of coal that can pollute the water.

Fourth option assumes the presence of a full-fledged water supply in a private house. Those who wish can independently make a three-flask filter for drinking water purification. You need to purchase 3 identical flasks, which need to be connected in series with two adapters with a diameter of ¼ inch. Pay attention to the in/out designations so that the water flows freely. Use fum tape for sealing.

Flasks with extreme holes using straight adapters are attached to a ¼ inch tube. And already it is connected to the water supply with a tee and a ½ inch connector. At the exit, the three-flask is equipped with a tap for. In the flasks themselves, according to your desire, put the filler: coal, nonwoven fabric, silicon is also a very useful additive for drinking water.

Fifth option quite on the shoulder and first grader. So, we take a plastic 2-liter bottle, we twist the holes in the cap. We literally push a piece of cotton wool into the lid itself, into which crushed activated charcoal tablets are wrapped. Pour water into the bottle, screw on the lid and put the neck down in a 3-liter jar. Check - the water will be very clean. As an option, cut the bottle in half, insert the neck down into the bottom. Quite a "office" option.

Of course, each filter has its own service life. You will replace fabric fillers according to the degree of wear, but coal fillers? Calculate based on the following data: 1 activated carbon purifies 1 liter of water. The tablet form of the filter is easy to calculate, but charcoal? A piece of coal the size of a walnut replaces 7-8 tablets, depending on the density. And you can count the number of nuts in a bottle yourself.

Our advice to you: change the fillers in the filter in time, and you will get amazing quality water. How grateful your body will be!

So, according to the theory offset, we move on to practical exercises.

And be healthy to me!