Installation and subsequent dismantling of structures scaffolding is the first item in the estimate calculations in the main section “general construction work", subsection "external walls". The same item is added in the subsection “ facade works" From this it becomes clear that this design becomes necessary when people work at heights.
Installation of scaffolding is carried out in the following cases:
- external masonry of brick or block external walls;
- insulation of external walls from the facade side;
- installation of ventilated facades;
- carrying out wet processes on external walls (plaster);
- repair of facade surfaces;
- dismantling of structures.
Indeed, it is quite difficult, for example, to perform brickwork without such auxiliary elements, if its height has already reached the standard level and carry out further work being on entry level difficult.
The use of scaffolding is not limited to civil and industrial construction in urban areas. Installation of such structures is a widespread type of work in suburban construction. Photos of scaffolding often appear on construction websites when various companies advertise their activities.
Rules for installing scaffolding at a construction site
Often the customer requires a work permit for the installation of scaffolding to be submitted for approval. The document is developed on the basis of a concluded agreement provided by terms of reference, including the following data:
- a package of working documents for carrying out work on the facade;
- copies of passports with seals of suppliers and instructions for installing structures;
- design of the building facade in various sections (from different sides) with reference to scaffolding installation points.
- drawings showing the layout and dimensions of scaffolding, the procedure for attaching to the building with a breakdown of the nodes.
The PPR always clearly indicates what type of scaffolding will be used. Several types of such structures are known: clamp, “post-transom”, frame and wedge scaffolding.
The choice is based on pre-calculated loads, configuration and height of the building. The highest height of the forests reaches sixty meters.
Types of scaffolding
Clamp scaffolding is considered to be inventory, lightweight, and collapsible. The main advantage is that they are a reusable design. Their average term service is about five years. The process of assembly and disassembly involves about sixty periods.
"Rack-transom" is the most famous design. It is used on simple facades, but unfortunately it is not suitable for complex ones.
Frame scaffolding has connections where there are horizontal and diagonal connections. The main advantage of this type is the speed of installation and dismantling of the structure.
Use of structures in various types of construction
Organizations involved in the construction of various buildings and structures prefer to rent forests. This is more profitable, since the supplier company not only delivers the structure to the site, but also installs it in the design position. Plus, every detail is strictly accountable and the number of main frame parts is verified at the time of loading and sending to the site.
The situation in suburban construction looks somewhat different. Due to the reduced amount of required material, repair and construction organizations prefer to have scaffolding at your complete disposal. Also, among other things, the organization must have assembly instructions and scaffolding drawings.
It's no secret that many country residents undertake construction on our own. And when it comes to outdoor work, then here they also have to use scaffolding.
Buying or renting them is not an option for a summer resident. The height of the house is not large enough to resort to such actions. Based on this, many are beginning to wonder how to make scaffolding. This way of posing the question is the most acceptable way out of the situation.
In most cases country option represents wooden structure made from available materials. It is most often disposable. When doing façade work, it is better to install the structure on all sides at once to avoid transfer to a new location.
However, if the house is small and only one floor, then the scaffolding can easily be moved and installed to next wall. As soon as construction work on the house is completed, the scaffolding is dismantled.
Here the impossibility can be included as a minus further use materials, but due to the small volume of wooden panels and bars used, this is a small loss in funds.
Photo of scaffolding
Are you planning a capital or cosmetic repairs, restoration of external walls or construction of a new building? Then you definitely need to familiarize yourself with the design of frame scaffolding. Let's do this as succinctly and clearly as possible.
In a general sense, this is temporary frame construction reusable. Its main purpose is to place people and equipment at a certain height. Basically, all elements for frame structures are made of lightweight material (aluminum or steel alloys), thereby minimizing the weight of the device. However, scaffolding does not become any less durable and reliable. Sometimes, if we are talking about a large-scale facility, such systems are equipped with additional wheels, which greatly simplifies transportation on site. Frame scaffolding is used in both private and industrial construction, because thanks to the stacked design, their height is adjustable.
Reusable temporary frame structure
Such construction devices have many advantages. First of all, this is the simplicity of the design, and the minimum number of component elements allows you to assemble it into as soon as possible. Frame scaffolding can be used for both interior and exterior work. If you have special metal plugs, you can fix them on a vertical plane. There are no difficulties with dismantling; when disassembled, these scaffoldings are quite compact and can be stored in a shed, garage or other utility room.
The prefabricated open structure provides an excellent overview of the surface being processed, you can monitor the quality of work from the outside. This configuration also ensures maximum access to light and air. Despite all the bulkiness, frame scaffolding has minimal weight due to the hollow pipes from which the frames are assembled. With all the abundance of advantages, this is also the most budget option.
Prefabricated open structure
But there is one significant drawback. If you need to restore a building with a complex facade, then it is better to look at other scaffolding. The fact is that frame structures are assembled from rectangular modules of certain sizes, and if the object has a complex spatial shape, then it will not be possible to repeat the contour of the building. Consequently, there will be hard to reach places, which will significantly complicate the workflow. Frame scaffolding also has a limited load capacity. If the load exceeds 200 kg/m2, then they are definitely not suitable.
Let's consider the main types of such systems and their features. First, let's look at the characteristics of the LSPR 200 frame scaffolding. This design is available in two types - for masonry and. The maximum height of the first type of device is 20 m, the step of the tier in height and along the wall is 2 and 3 m, respectively. The racks are located at a distance of 95 cm, so the LSPR 200 frame scaffolding has enough space to move freely at the top and place the necessary devices.
Construction frame scaffolding LSPR 200
Scaffolding LSPR 200 for finishing works the height can reach 40 m. The frames are located at a distance of 2 meters from each other. The height step of the tier also has this significance. But the width of this version of LSPR 200 is the same as in structures intended for masonry - 0.95 m. The diameter of the pipes is 42 or 48 mm. Scaffolding type LRSP 40 has similar characteristics; they are also designed for work at a height of up to 40 m. The step along the wall is from 2 to 3 meters, and the height of the tier is 2 m. In the case of LRSP 40, the distance between the posts has increased slightly and is 976 mm.
The LRSP 40 and LSPR 200 kit includes frames with and without stairs, which can be built on top of each other to the required level. To make the structure as stable as possible, these frames are connected to the street with diagonal ties located in checkerboard pattern. WITH inside strengthen special connections. Thanks to the locks on the frames, the design of LSPR 200 and LRSP 40 is assembled in the shortest possible time. These scaffolding can be secured to the wall using anchors and plugs.
Set LRSP 40 with ladders
The flooring for the scaffolding is wooden, the crossbars are made of metal. They are installed on the two upper tiers (working and safety). For safety reasons, longitudinal and end guards are provided. In addition, side boards are also attached to the decking with staples. Thanks to the lightning rod and grounding, you can not be afraid even of a thunderstorm that takes you by surprise.
It should be noted right away that only a specialist who knows them should assemble scaffolding or control this process design features. First comes the stage of acceptance of all elements and, if necessary, rejection. Then you need to draw up an installation diagram taking into account all the features of the object. Workers are given instructions in which the design features, operating rules and safety precautions are discussed. After the formal part, you need to prepare the work site. It should be well compacted and level. It is also necessary to maintain horizontality in all directions. It is also necessary to ensure water drainage in case of precipitation.
Let's take a closer look at the installation process using the example of LRSP 40 frame scaffolding. wooden coasters, shoes and, if necessary, screw supports. Then the frames are mounted at a certain pitch. Their number depends on the desired length of the structure. The extreme ones are special frames with guards. Also, do not forget to provide ascent and descent; frames with ladders are used for this. We fix the structure using diagonal and horizontal connections. They are attached quite easily, because the frame has special locks for them.
Installation of scaffolding with a certain step
The lifting of elements and their subsequent lowering are carried out only with the help of special equipment.
Now the second tier is assembled in a similar way. Only in this case, the diagonal connections are located above the horizontal ones of the first row in a checkerboard pattern. All frames should be installed plumb, strictly vertical. Distortions are unacceptable and can be life-threatening. On top of each tier, crossbars are installed, on top of which decking is laid. Hatches are provided at the locations of the stairs.
Laying flooring on scaffolding
Then you need to fix the structure to the wall. The anchors are staggered in 4 m increments. We repeat all previous operations until the scaffolding is of the required height. We install guards at the highest level, and safety should also be taken care of in the lifting areas. At this time, the flooring is also being laid. The system is disassembled into reverse order. Despite certain differences in dimensions, the LSPR 200 design is assembled in the same way as the LRSP 40.
Such equipment can be transported on any vehicle. The main thing is that everything is in accordance with the rules traffic. All large elements are sorted depending on the type (frame, tie, fence, etc.) and securely twisted together with 4 mm wire. Small details placed in boxes. Scaffolding must be loaded and unloaded carefully; parts should not be thrown onto the ground.
Four-millimeter wire for transporting equipment
If it is expected long-term storage such construction equipment, it is first necessary to cover all metal elements grease or other lubricant with a similar effect. Place scaffolding on pallets. Avoid contact with the ground. If space is limited, then it is allowed to place elements in boxes and bags with parts in a maximum of three layers.
Whatever good specialist No matter how you are, you should never forget about safety, especially when it comes to working at height. First of all, check whether the structure is securely installed. It must be fixed to a vertical plane along its entire height. Evaluate the surface of the flooring; no defects are allowed on it. The boards must be smooth, strong and preferably clean.
Structures for high-rise work
You can go up and down only using the stairs provided for this purpose. It is prohibited to place cargo on the racks that exceeds the permissible weight. Also, equipment should not be lifted onto scaffolding using a crane. If there are power lines within a radius of less than 5 meters, they must be de-energized or placed in special protective boxes. And on the system itself there should be signs indicating the movement pattern and load capacity.
Technological process of installation and installation of scaffolding different types can be divided into several important stages, such as:
- preparatory work;
- preparation of the workspace;
- assembly and installation of scaffolding;
- checking the reliability and quality of the installation.
Scaffolding assembly technology
Below we will look at each stage of the work in more detail.
Preparatory work
When installing scaffolding, it is necessary to take into account a number of important factors:
Checking the reliability and quality of the installation
- Wooden pads are installed on the selected site. You need to make sure that everything supporting surfaces the frames of the entire structure were in a horizontal plane;
- Next is carried out construction installation frames of the first tiers and connecting them with diagonal and horizontal connections. At this stage, protective barriers are also installed;
- The second tier is being assembled. Diagonal connections must be installed strictly in a checkerboard pattern. During installation, crossbars are used, on which decking panels are placed;
- Next comes the installation of inclined ones;
- At this stage, the scaffolding is secured to;
- Repeating the previous three steps, type required height designs;
- On final stage The installation of all protective fences is underway, as well as the installation of facade mesh and lightning protection.
Installation and installation of scaffolding is a responsible matter, and such work can only be entrusted to professionals. To date construction market sells different types of scaffolding and offers many services for installing it on your construction site. Smart specialists and extensive experience will guarantee you that the installation of scaffolding will be carried out reliably and efficiently, and the construction work carried out using them will be safe.
If you decide to make scaffolding, you will have to choose from two materials: wood or metal. In the first case, you will get a disposable structure that anyone who knows how to work with wood can make, and in the second, it will be reusable, but also quite easy to make. In this article we will tell you how to make scaffolding with your own hands from metal ( profile pipe), as well as from wood (boards), we will demonstrate diagrams, photos and video instructions.
Although metal or wood is predominantly used for the manufacture of scaffolding, they may differ in the method of fastening, and accordingly have different functional elements in their design. So, let's look at the main types of forests.
The component elements are connected by a special wedge fixation. Scaffolds of this design are highly reliable. They are able to withstand quite large loads. At the same time, they are easy to use and can be quickly assembled and disassembled. The use of wedge scaffolding during construction and lifting is especially important heavy materials and nodes.
The main element of this design is a rigidly mounted frame. They are mainly used for painting or plastering work. The frame in this design is connected to horizontal posts and diagonal braces thanks to node connections. The main advantage of frame scaffolding is its low cost. Their construction does not require large investments.
In these scaffoldings, the connection point, as is obvious from their name, is the pin. This type of scaffolding is very popular among builders, as they are very easy to assemble and disassemble directly on the construction site. It often takes a day or even two to assemble the scaffolding. In this case, assembling the pin scaffolding will not take much time.
If the object where repair work is carried out has a complex configuration, then clamp scaffolding is great solution. The fastening method used is professional. And for their manufacture, height and size play an important role. working area, distance between tiers and pitch of racks. All this is selected individually for each facility.
We invite you to familiarize yourself with a simple guide to making scaffolding from boards. To do this, follow a few simple sequential steps:
- Lay out 4 racks or boards parallel to each other on a flat area. Their size must immediately correspond to the height of the scaffolding.
- The racks are connected to each other by horizontal jumpers, on which the flooring will later be laid.
- Place the 2 frames made horizontally opposite each other, tie them diagonally and horizontally with boards that will serve as ties.
- Lay the flooring from the boards on the horizontal ties and attach it to the lintels with self-tapping screws.
- Attach the railings to the posts and secure the stairs.
If you need to lengthen the scaffolding structure, connect several similar sections of boards together. The boards are placed on the support posts.
When assembling wooden scaffolding, if nails are used, it is recommended to pre-drill holes to prevent the boards from splitting.
Design
All forests consist of the following elements:
- racks;
- diagonal and horizontal struts (they give spatial strength to the structure);
- flooring lintels;
- a flooring made of boards on which a person will stand;
- stops (to create stability of the scaffolding and prevent it from falling away from the wall);
- a fencing element (so that a person standing on the flooring does not fall down);
- ladder (stepladder) for climbing required level forests
Made of wood and boards
You can find quite a lot of advice on how to make scaffolding on the Internet. Moreover, the recommended designs differ mainly from each other only in the thickness of the board and the size of the scaffolding itself. To avoid getting confused in all this “diversity”, try to focus on the following values:
Let's get started:
- Prepare the necessary materials in advance:
- boards with a thickness of at least 50 mm and a width of 100 mm (or round timber, or timber 10x10 cm) - for racks and stops;
- boards for spacers and fencing 30 mm thick;
- boards for lintels and flooring 50 mm thick;
- nails (screws in this case are less reliable).
Photo instructions
We invite you to view a number of photographs on the topic of how to make wooden scaffolding yourself:
From a profile pipe
Now about how to make scaffolding (collapsible) from metal (dimensions of one section: height - 1.5 meters, width 1 meter, length 1.65 meters). Determine the number of sections based on the height of the scaffolding you need.
- Prepare the necessary materials:
- for racks - profile pipe (square section) 30x30 mm - length 1500 mm;
- for spacers - a pipe with a diameter of 15 mm;
- for connecting inserts (adapters) – profile pipe 25x25 mm;
- Make the flooring from boards 40-50 mm thick and 210-220 cm long.
- for diagonal elements – 2 meters;
- for horizontal elements connecting the racks from the sides of the structure - 96 cm each.
"For" and "against"
Firstly, scaffolding is not a small scaffolding, but a rather bulky structure that will need to be stored somewhere after the need for it disappears.
Wooden scaffolding, of course, can be disassembled later, but the work is labor-intensive, and the boards, if you don’t need them in the near future, also need to be stored somewhere. Do not forget that wooden scaffolding is assembled using nails, not screws, so the boards will no longer be completely intact. In addition, when working on scaffolding, the wood often gets dirty with mortar or paint.
Self-made metal scaffolding can not only be disassembled, but also rented out in the future.
Secondly, non-prefabricated scaffolding is designed to work maximum at the second floor level (from the ground). Operation at higher altitudes homemade scaffolding becomes dangerous.
Thirdly, scaffolding is required quite rarely (only for repairing the facade of a building), so the assembly and disassembly of such a temporary structure is not profitable in terms of the time spent on this work.
Fourthly, scaffolding often has to be made long (for example, at least 6 meters for installing siding). Accordingly, their weight increases, and moving homemade wooden scaffolding to the other side of the house becomes a problem even for three or four people.
It is worth thinking about forests at the stage of designing a house.
If you don’t plan to carry out the façade work yourself (but are planning to hire a construction team), then you don’t have to think too much about scaffolding, since builders usually come to the site with their own scaffolding and scaffolding.
However, upon completion of construction (and after some time has passed), scaffolding may be needed for small façade works. repair work. Can this be avoided?
Certainly. And first, make sure that the facade of your house does not require repairs for many years. To do this, it is enough to use it when building walls. facing brick. Now it is produced by many manufacturers and in a fairly wide range of colors.
But others facing materials(such as siding, plaster and others) will periodically require your attention and, accordingly, additional costs, since you will not be able to make scaffolding (buy or rent) for free.
Video
From this video you will learn how to make scaffolding for apartment renovation:
Photo
The photographs show various designs scaffolding:
Schemes
The diagrams will help you design your own scaffolding:
PROJECT OF WORKS (PPR)
INSTALLATION OF SCAFFOLDING
1. General part
1. General part
1.1 This work project was developed for the installation of scaffolding for the reconstruction of the facade of the building located at the address: Moscow, Smolensky Blvd., 24, building 1.
According to SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production"Clause 3.3, before starting work, the general contractor must carry out preparatory work on organizing the construction site necessary to ensure construction safety, including:
- arrangement of fencing of the construction site;
- clearing the territory, preparing the surface for the installation of scaffolding;
- arrangement of storage areas for materials and structures.
The completion of the preparatory work must be accepted according to the act on the implementation of occupational safety measures, drawn up in accordance with SNiP 12-03-2001 "Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements."
Basic standards and guidelines used during development:
- SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction”, part 1;
- SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction”, part 2;
- PPB-01-03 "Rules fire safety in the Russian Federation";
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008 N 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content”;
- Decree of the Moscow Government N 857-PP dated December 7, 2004 “Rules for the preparation and execution of earthworks, arrangement and maintenance of construction sites in Moscow”;
- GOST 27321-87 "Rack-mounted attached scaffolding for construction and installation work. Technical conditions";
- GOST 24258-88 "Means of scaffolding. General technical specifications";
- SNiP 5.02.02-86 “Requirement standards for construction tools”;
- POT R M 012-2000 "Inter-industry rules for labor protection when working at height."
2. Basic requirements for the construction of scaffolding
Scaffolding must meet the requirements of GOST 24258-88 "Means of scaffolding. General technical conditions" and GOST 27321-87 "Rack-mounted attached scaffolding for construction and installation work."
Scaffolding should be operated in accordance with the instructions attached to the product and SNiP 12-03-2001 "Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements."
To verify compliance of scaffolding with the requirements of the standards, the manufacturer must carry out acceptance, periodic and type tests.
Forests must be registered in the logbook in accordance with Appendix 3 of GOST 24258-88; The log must be kept on site.
Scaffolding means must withstand the load from its own weight and temporary loads from people, materials and wind.
The mass of assembly elements per worker during manual assembly of scaffolding means, according to GOST 24258-88 "Scaffolding means. General technical conditions", should be no more than 25 kg - when installing scaffolding means at a height and 50 kg - when installing scaffolding means on earth.
The registration number must be placed in a visible place on the scaffolding elements or on a plate attached to it, made in accordance with GOST 12969-67.
Scaffolding must have a passport from the manufacturer.
Installation and dismantling of scaffolding must be carried out under the supervision of the person responsible for the work.
It is prohibited to load the scaffolding flooring with materials and products whose weight exceeds the permissible weight according to the scaffolding passport.
3. Installation and dismantling of scaffolding
3.1. Before starting scaffolding work, you must:
- install temporary fences along the border of the danger zone for the period of installation and dismantling of scaffolding. The limits of the danger zone are established in accordance with SNiP 12-03-2001 "Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements", clause 7.4, and its boundaries are taken from the outer row - scaffolding posts. Close all entrances to the premises where scaffolding is being installed and post warning signs;