Premises with constant occupancy should, as a rule, have natural lighting - illumination of the premises with sky light (direct or reflected). Natural lighting is divided into side, top and combined (top and side).

ЎNatural lighting of premises depends on:

1. Light climate - a set of conditions natural light in a given area, which consist of general climatic conditions, the degree of transparency of the atmosphere, as well as reflective abilities environment(albedo of the underlying surface).
2. Insolation mode - the duration and intensity of illumination of a room by direct sunlight, depending on the geographic latitude of the place, the orientation of buildings to the cardinal points, shading of windows by trees or houses, the size of light openings, etc.

Insolation is an important healing, psycho-physiological factor and should be used in all residential and public buildings with permanent occupancy, with the exception of individual premises public buildings, where insolation is not allowed due to technological and medical requirements. According to SanPiN No. RB, such premises include:

§ operating rooms;
§ hospital intensive care rooms;
§ exhibition halls of museums;
§ chemical laboratories of universities and research institutes;
§ book depositories;
§ archives.

The insolation regime is assessed by the duration of insolation during the day, the percentage of the insolated area of the room and the amount of radiation heat entering the room through the openings. Optimal insolation efficiency is achieved by daily continuous irradiation of premises with direct sunlight for 2.5 - 3 hours. natural lighting insolation

ЎDepending on the orientation of building windows to the cardinal points, three types of insolation regime are distinguished: maximum, moderate, minimum. (Appendix, Table 1).

With a western orientation, a mixed insolation regime is created. In terms of duration it corresponds to a moderate insolation regime, and in terms of air heating - to a maximum insolation regime. Therefore, according to SNiP 2.08.02-89, windows of intensive care wards, children's wards (up to 3 years), and playrooms in children's departments are not allowed to be oriented to the west.

In mid-latitudes (territory of the Republic of Belarus) for hospital wards, day care rooms for patients, classrooms, group rooms of children's institutions, the best orientation, providing sufficient illumination and insolation of rooms without overheating, is the southern and southeastern (acceptable - SW, E).

The windows of operating rooms, resuscitation rooms, dressing rooms, treatment rooms, delivery rooms, therapeutic and surgical dentistry rooms are oriented to the north, north-west, north-east, which ensures uniform natural illumination of these rooms with diffused light, eliminating overheating of the rooms and glare sun rays, as well as the appearance of shine from a medical instrument.

Standardization and assessment of natural lighting in premises

Standardization and hygienic assessment of natural lighting of existing and designed buildings and premises is carried out in accordance with SNiP II-4-79 using lighting engineering (instrumental) and geometric (calculation) methods.

The main lighting indicator of natural lighting of premises is the natural illumination coefficient (KEO) - the ratio of natural illumination created at some point on a given plane inside a room by sky light to the simultaneous value of external horizontal illumination created by the light of a completely open sky (excluding direct sunlight), expressed in percent:

KEO = E1/E2 100%,

where E1 is indoor illumination, lux;

E2 - outdoor illumination, lux.

This coefficient is an integral indicator that determines the level of natural light, taking into account all factors influencing the distribution conditions natural light indoors. Measuring illumination on the working surface and below open air produced by a lux meter (Yu116, Yu117), the operating principle of which is based on converting the energy of the light flux into electric current. The receiving part is a selenium photocell having light-absorbing filters with coefficients of 10, 100 and 1000. The photocell of the device is connected to a galvanometer, the scale of which is calibrated in lux.

ЎWhen working with a lux meter, the following requirements must be observed (MU RB 11.11.12-2002):

· the receiving plate of the photocell must be placed on the working surface in the plane of its location (horizontal, vertical, inclined);
· random shadows or shadows from people and equipment should not fall on the photocell; If workplace is shaded during operation by the operator himself or by protruding parts of the equipment, then the illumination should be measured under these actual conditions;
· meter should not be located near sources of strong magnetic fields; Installation of the meter on metal surfaces is not allowed.

The coefficient of natural illumination (according to SNB 2.04.05-98) is normalized for various rooms, taking into account their purpose, the nature and accuracy of the visual work performed. In total, 8 categories of visual accuracy are provided (depending on smallest size object of discrimination, mm) and four subcategories in each category (depending on the contrast of the object of observation with the background and the characteristics of the background itself - light, medium, dark). (Appendix, Table 2).

With side one-sided lighting, the minimum value of KEO is standardized at the point of the conventional working surface (at the level of the workplace) at a distance of 1 m from the wall farthest from the light opening. (Appendix, Table 3).

ЎGeometric method for assessing natural light:

1) Light coefficient (LC) - the ratio of the glazed area of windows to the floor area of a given room (the numerator and denominator of the fraction are divided by the value of the numerator). The disadvantage of this indicator is that it does not take into account the configuration and placement of windows, and the depth of the room.
2) Laying depth (depth) coefficient (CD) - the ratio of the distance from the light-carrying wall to the opposite wall to the distance from the floor to the upper edge of the window. The short circuit should not exceed 2.5, which is ensured by the width of the ceiling (20-30 cm) and the depth of the room (6 m). However, neither SK nor KZ do not take into account the darkening of windows by opposing buildings, so they additionally determine the angle of incidence of light and the angle of the opening.
3) The angle of incidence shows at what angle the rays of light fall on the horizontal work surface. The angle of incidence is formed by two lines emanating from the point of assessment of lighting conditions (workplace), one of which is directed towards the window along the horizontal working surface, the other - towards the upper edge of the window. It must be at least 270.
4) The angle of the hole gives an idea of the size of the visible part of the sky illuminating the workplace. The opening angle is formed by two lines emanating from the measuring point, one of which is directed to the upper edge of the window, the other to the upper edge of the opposing building. It must be at least 50.

The assessment of the angles of incidence and opening should be carried out in relation to the workstations furthest from the window. (Appendix, Fig. 1).

The assessment of natural lighting in production due to its variability depending on the time of day and atmospheric conditions is carried out in relative terms of the natural illumination coefficient - KEO. KEO - the ratio of natural illumination at the considered point indoors (Ev) to the simultaneous value of external (En) horizontal illumination without direct sunlight.

KEO is expressed as a percentage and is determined by the formula:

The KEO value is influenced by the size and configuration of the room, the size and location of light openings, the reflective ability of the internal surfaces of the room and objects shading it. KEO does not depend on the time of day and the variability of natural light. Depending on the purpose of the room and the location of the light openings in it, KEO is normalized from 0.1 to 10%. Standards for natural lighting of premises are established separately for the side and top locations of light openings. With one-sided side lighting, the minimum KEO value is normalized at a distance of 1 m from the windows, and with two-sided side lighting in the middle of the room. In rooms with overhead or combined lighting, the average KEO value on the working surface is normalized (no closer than 1 m from the walls). In domestic premises of industrial buildings, the KEO value should be at least 0.25%.

KEO values for combined lighting of buildings located in the III light climate zone range from 0.2 to 3%.

The level of natural light in rooms can be reduced due to contamination of glazed surfaces, which reduces transmittance, and contamination of walls and ceilings reduces reflectance. Therefore, the standards provide for cleaning the glass of skylights at least 2 times a year in rooms with insignificant emissions of dust, smoke and soot, and at least 4 times in case of significant contamination. Whitewashing and painting of ceilings and walls should be done at least once a year.

As is known, light stimuli from certain parts of the solar spectrum cause various psychological reactions. Cold tones in the blue-violet part of the spectrum have a depressing, inhibitory effect on the body, yellow-green color has a calming effect, and the orange-red part of the spectrum has an exciting, stimulating effect and enhances the feeling of warmth. This property of the spectral composition of light is used to create light comfort in the aesthetic design of workshops, painting equipment and walls.

When choosing the color of paint for premises and equipment, you should use the “Instructions for lighting surface finishing of industrial premises and technological equipment” issued by the State Construction Committee. industrial enterprises" In enterprises where workers, due to the nature and working conditions or due to geographical conditions (northern regions), are completely or partially deprived of natural light, it is necessary to provide ultraviolet prevention with sources of UV radiation (erythema lamps), which compensate for the deficiency of natural UV radiation and have a pronounced bactericidal and psycho-emotional impact on a person. Prevention of “light” starvation is carried out with long-term ultraviolet irradiation units that are part of the general system artificial lighting and irradiating workers with a low-intensity UV stream during the entire operating time. Short-term ultraviolet irradiation installations are also used - fotariums, in which UV irradiation occurs within a few minutes.

Insolation of industrial buildings through light openings with a large glazing area significantly increases the natural illumination of the premises, has a blinding effect due to direct or reflected glare from the sun's rays, and to combat excessive insolation it is necessary to use sun-protection devices of a stationary or adjustable type - visors, horizontal and vertical screens , special landscaping, transparent blinds, curtains, etc.

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Surface illuminance represents the ratio of the incident luminous flux to the area of the illuminated surface.

In building lighting technology, the sky is considered as a source of natural light for building premises. Since the brightness of individual points in the sky varies significantly and depends on the position of the sun, the degree and nature of cloudiness, the degree of transparency of the atmosphere and other reasons, it is impossible to establish the value of natural illumination in a room in absolute units (lx).

Therefore, to assess the natural light regime of rooms, a relative value is used, which allows taking into account the uneven brightness of the sky - the so-called daylight factor (KEO)

Natural light factor e m at any point in the room M represents the illuminance ratio at that point E to m to simultaneous external illumination of the horizontal plane E n located on open place and illuminated by diffuse light from the entire sky. KEO is measured in relative units and shows what percentage at a given point in the room is the illumination of the simultaneous horizontal illumination in the open air, i.e.:

e m = (E in m / E n) × 100%

The coefficient of natural illumination is a value standardized by sanitary and hygienic requirements for natural lighting of premises.

According to SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", natural lighting is divided into

lateral,
top,
combined (top and side)

The main document regulating the requirements for natural lighting in residential and public buildings is SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1278-03 " Hygienic requirements to natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings."

In accordance with SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises,” living rooms and kitchens in residential buildings must have direct natural light. According to these requirements of KEO in living rooms and kitchens there should be at least 0.5% in the middle of the room.

According to SNiP 31-01-2003 “Residential multi-apartment buildings”, the ratio of the area of light openings to the floor area of residential premises and kitchens should be taken no more than 1:5.5 and no less than 1:8 for the upper floors with light openings in the plane of inclined enclosing structures - not less than 1:10, taking into account the lighting characteristics of windows and shading by opposing buildings.

In accordance with SNiP 23-05-95, the normalized values of KEO - e N for buildings located in different light-climatic regions should be determined by the formula:

e N = e N × m N Where N- number of natural light supply group according to the table

Light openings	Orientation of light openings to cardinal directions	Light climate coefficient, m
		Administrative district group number
		1	2	3	4	5
in the external walls of buildings	northern	1	0,9	1,1	1,2	0,8
	northeast, northwest	1	0,9	1,1	1,2	0,8
	western, eastern	1	0,9	1,1	1,1	0,8
	southeast, southwest	1	0,9	1	1,1	0,8
	southern	1	0,9	1	1,1	0,8

Illumination in the room is achieved due to direct diffuse light from the sky and reflected diffuse light from the internal surfaces of the room, opposing buildings and the surface of the ground adjacent to the building. Accordingly, KEO at the point of placement M is defined as the sum:

e m = e n + e O + e Z + e π Where e n- KEO created by direct diffuse light from a section of the sky visible from a given point through openings, taking into account light losses during
the passage of light flux through a glazed opening; e o - KEO, created by reflected light from the internal surfaces of the room (ceiling, walls, floor); e Z - KEO, created by reflected light from opposing buildings; eπ - KEO, created by reflected light from the surface of the earth adjacent to the building (soil, asphalt, grass, etc.)

Direct light from the sky has the greatest influence on the KEO value.

The component from direct light from the sky is determined by the formula:

e n = e n 0 × τ 0×q Where e n 0- geometric KEO (sky coefficient); τ 0 - the overall light transmittance of the opening; q- coefficient taking into account the uneven brightness of the sky;

The overall light transmission coefficient of the opening τ 0 with side lighting is defined as the product of two components:

τ 0 = τ 1 × τ 2 Where τ 1- transmittance of uncontaminated glass or other translucent filling (in modern regulatory documentation
- directional transmittance visible light window glass or double glazing) τ 2- transmittance of a window block without glazing, taking into account the shading created by the sashes.

The values of the coefficients τ 1 can be taken according to

Introduction

Premises with constant occupancy should have natural light.

Natural lighting is the illumination of premises by direct or reflected light penetrating through light openings in external enclosing structures. Natural lighting should be provided, as a rule, in rooms with constant occupancy. Without natural lighting, it is allowed to design certain types of industrial premises in accordance with the Sanitary Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises.

Types of natural lighting

Distinguish the following types natural lighting of premises:

· lateral one-sided - when the light openings are located in one of the external walls of the room,

Figure 1 - Lateral one-way natural lighting

· lateral - light openings in two opposite external walls of the room,

Figure 2 - Lateral natural lighting

· upper - when lanterns and light openings in the covering, as well as light openings in the walls of the height difference of the building,

· combined - light openings provided for side (top and side) and overhead lighting.

The principle of normalizing natural light

Natural lighting is used for general lighting of production and utility rooms. It is created by the radiant energy of the sun and has the most beneficial effect on the human body. Using this type of lighting, one should take into account meteorological conditions and their changes during the day and periods of the year in a given area. This is necessary in order to know how much natural light will enter the room through the light openings of the building: windows - with side lighting, skylights on the upper floors of the building - with overhead lighting. With combined natural lighting to overhead lighting side is added.

Premises with constant occupancy should have natural light. The dimensions of light openings established by calculation can be changed by +5, -10%.

The unevenness of natural lighting in industrial and public buildings with overhead or overhead and natural side lighting and main rooms for children and adolescents with side lighting should not exceed 3:1.

Sun protection devices in public and residential buildings should be provided in accordance with the chapters of SNiP on the design of these buildings, as well as with the chapters on building heating engineering.

The quality of lighting with natural light is characterized by the coefficient of natural illumination to eo, which is the ratio of illumination on horizontal surface indoors to simultaneous horizontal illumination outside,

where E in is the horizontal illumination indoors in lux;

E n - horizontal illumination outside in lux.

With side lighting, the minimum value of the natural illumination coefficient is normalized - to eo min, and with overhead and combined lighting - its average value - to eo avg. The method for calculating the natural light factor is given in Sanitary standards design of industrial enterprises.

In order to create the most favorable conditions labor standards for natural light have been established. In cases where natural light is insufficient, work surfaces should be additionally illuminated with artificial light. Mixed lighting is allowed provided additional lighting is provided only for working surfaces in general natural light.

Building codes and regulations (SNiP 23-05-95) set the coefficients of natural illumination of industrial premises depending on the nature of the work in terms of accuracy.

To maintain the necessary illumination of the premises, the standards provide for mandatory cleaning of windows and skylights from 3 times a year to 4 times a month. In addition, walls and equipment should be systematically cleaned and painted in light colors.

The standards for natural lighting of industrial buildings, reduced to the K.E.O. standardization, are presented in SNiP 23-05-95. To facilitate the regulation of workplace illumination, all visual work is divided into eight ranks according to the degree of accuracy.

SNiP 23-05-95 establish the required value of K.E.O. depending on the accuracy of the work, the type of lighting and the geographical location of production. The territory of Russia is divided into five light belts, for which the values of K.E.O. are determined by the formula:

where N is the group number of the administrative-territorial region according to the provision of natural light;

The value of the natural illumination coefficient, selected according to SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work in a given room and the natural lighting system.

Light climate coefficient, which is found according to SNiP tables depending on the type of light openings, their orientation along the horizon and the group number of the administrative region.

To determine the suitability of natural light in production premises Illumination to the required standards is measured with overhead and combined lighting - at various points in the room, followed by averaging; with side-by-side lighting - in the least illuminated workplaces. At the same time, the external illumination and the calculated K.E.O. are measured. compared with the norm.

Natural Light Design

1. The design of natural lighting of buildings should be based on the study of labor processes performed indoors, as well as on the light-climatic features of the building construction site. In this case, the following parameters must be defined:

characteristics and category of visual work;

group of the administrative district in which the construction of the building is proposed;

the normalized value of KEO, taking into account the nature of visual work and the light-climatic features of the location of the buildings;

required uniformity of natural light;

the duration of use of natural light during the day for different months of the year, taking into account the purpose of the room, operating mode and light climate of the area;

the need to protect the room from the glare of sunlight.

2. Design of natural lighting of a building should be carried out in the following sequence:

determination of requirements for natural lighting of premises;

choice of lighting systems;

selection of types of light openings and light-transmitting materials;

choosing means to limit the glare of direct sunlight;

taking into account the orientation of the building and light openings on the sides of the horizon;

execution preliminary calculation natural lighting of premises (determining the required area of light openings);

clarification of the parameters of light openings and rooms;

performing a verification calculation of the natural lighting of the premises;

identification of rooms, zones and areas that have insufficient natural lighting according to standards;

determination of requirements for additional artificial lighting of rooms, zones and areas with insufficient natural light;

determination of requirements for the operation of light openings;

making the necessary adjustments to the natural lighting design and repeating the verification calculation (if necessary).

3. The natural lighting system of the building (side, top or combined) should be selected taking into account the following factors:

purpose and adopted architectural, planning, volumetric-spatial and structural design of the building;

requirements for natural lighting of premises arising from the peculiarities of production technology and visual work;

climatic and light-climatic features of the construction site;

efficiency of natural lighting (in terms of energy costs).

4. Overhead and combined natural lighting should be used mainly in one-story public buildings of large area (indoor markets, stadiums, exhibition pavilions, etc.).

5. Lateral natural lighting should be used in multi-story public and residential buildings, one-story residential buildings, as well as in one-story public buildings in which the ratio of the depth of the premises to the height of the upper edge of the light opening above the conventional working surface does not exceed 8.

6. When choosing light openings and light-transmitting materials, you should consider:

requirements for natural lighting of premises;

purpose, volumetric-spatial and constructive solution buildings;

orientation of the building along the horizon;

climatic and light climatic features of the construction site;

the need to protect premises from insolation;

degree of air pollution.

7. When designing side natural lighting, shading created by opposing buildings should be taken into account.

8. Translucent fillings of light openings in residential and public buildings are selected taking into account the requirements of SNiP 23-02.

9. For side natural lighting of public buildings with increased requirements for constant natural lighting and sun protection (for example, art galleries), light openings should be oriented towards the northern quarter of the horizon (N-NW-N-NE).

10. The selection of devices for protection from the glare of direct sunlight should be made taking into account:

orientation of light openings on the sides of the horizon;

the direction of the sun's rays relative to a person in the room who has a fixed line of sight (student at his desk, draftsman at the drawing board, etc.);

working hours of the day and year, depending on the purpose of the premises;

the difference between solar time, according to which solar maps are constructed, and maternity time adopted on the territory of the Russian Federation.

When choosing products to protect against the glare of direct sunlight, you should be guided by the requirements building codes and rules for the design of residential and public buildings (SNiP 31-01, SNiP 2.08.02).

11. During a single-shift work (educational) process and when operating premises mainly in the first half of the day (for example, lecture halls), when the premises are oriented towards the western quarter of the horizon, the use of sunscreens is not necessary.

Natural light is most favorable for vision, since sunlight is necessary for normal human life. Visible rays solar spectrum (400-760 microns) provide vision function, determine the natural biorhythm of the body, have a positive effect on emotions, intensity metabolic processes; ultraviolet spectrum (290-400 microns) - stimulates the processes of metabolism, hematopoiesis, tissue regeneration and has an antirachitic (vitamin D synthesis) and bactericidal effect.

All rooms with constant occupancy should, as a rule, have natural light.

Natural lighting of the premises is created due to direct, diffused and reflected sunlight. It can be side, top, combined. Side lighting - through light openings in the external walls, top lighting - through light openings in the covering and lanterns, and combined lighting - in external walls and coverings.

The most hygienic is side lighting penetrating through windows, since overhead light with the same glazing area creates less illumination in the room; in addition, light openings and lanterns located in the ceiling are less convenient for cleaning and require special devices for this purpose. It is possible to use secondary lighting, i.e. lighting through glazed partitions next room, equipped with windows. However, it does not meet hygienic requirements and is allowed only in such areas as corridors, wardrobes, bathrooms, showers, utility rooms, washing departments.

The design of natural lighting in buildings should be based on a detailed study of technological or other processes carried out indoors, as well as on the light-climatic features of the territory. This takes into account:

Characteristics of visual work; location of the building on the light climate map;

Required uniformity of natural light;

Equipment location;

The desired direction of incidence of the light flux on the working surface;

Duration of use of natural light during the day;

The need for protection from the glare of direct sunlight.

The following are used as hygienic indicators of natural light in premises:

Natural illumination coefficient (NLC) - the ratio of natural illumination indoors at control measurement points (at least 5) to the illumination outside the building (%). There are two groups of methods for determining KEO - instrumental and calculated.

In rooms with side lighting, the minimum value of the coefficient is normalized, and in rooms with overhead and combined lighting - the average value. For example, KEO in trading floors with side lighting should be 0.4-0.5%, with top lighting - 2%.

For public catering establishments, when designing side natural lighting, the KEO should be: for halls, buffets - 0.4-0.5%; hot, cold, confectionery, pre-cooking and procurement shops - 0.8-1%; washing kitchen and tableware - 0.4-0.5%.

Luminous coefficient is the ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the floor area. In industrial, commercial and administrative premises it should be at least -1:8, in domestic premises - 1:10.

However, this coefficient does not take into account climatic conditions, architectural features buildings and other factors affecting lighting intensity. Thus, the intensity of natural light largely depends on the design and location of windows, their orientation to the cardinal directions, and the shading of windows by nearby buildings and green spaces.

Angle of incidence - the angle formed by two lines, one of which runs from the workplace to the upper edge of the glazed part of the window opening, the other - horizontally from the workplace to the window. The angle of incidence decreases as you move away from the window. It is believed that for normal illumination by natural light, the angle of incidence should be at least 27o. The higher the window, the greater the angle of incidence.

The opening angle is the angle formed by two lines, one of which connects the workplace with the upper edge of the window, the other with the highest point of the light-obscuring object located in front of the window (opposing building, tree, etc.). With such darkness, the illumination in the room may be unsatisfactory, although the angle of incidence and luminous coefficient are quite sufficient. The hole angle must be at least 5°.

The illumination of the premises is directly dependent on the number, shape and size of windows, as well as on the quality and cleanliness of the glass.

Dirty glass with double glazing reduces natural light to 50-70%, smooth glass retains 6-10% of light, frosted glass - 60%, frozen glass - up to 80%.

The illumination of the premises is affected by the color of the walls: white reflects up to 80% of the sun's rays, gray and yellow - 40%, and blue and green - 10-17%.

For best use light flow entering the room, walls, ceilings, and equipment must be painted in light colors. Particularly important is the light coloring of window frames, ceilings, and the upper parts of walls, which provide maximum reflected light rays.

Cluttering of light openings sharply reduces the natural illumination of the premises. Therefore, at enterprises it is prohibited to fill windows with equipment, products, containers both inside and outside the building, as well as to replace glass with plywood, cardboard, etc.

In warehouses, lighting is usually not provided, and in some cases it is undesirable (for example, in pantries for storing vegetables), and is not allowed (in refrigerators). However, natural lighting is advisable for storing flour, cereals, pasta, food concentrates, and dried fruits.

In case of insufficient natural light, combined lighting is allowed, in which natural and artificial light are used simultaneously.

Duration of natural light. Course work: Calculation of natural lighting. Selecting window systems for a building

Introduction

Types of natural lighting

More on the topic Hygienic requirements for natural lighting: