Task 1. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of errors each of them belongs to. Write down the corrected version
He took the belt and hit him.
The dogs run fast.
We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army.
In the near future the weather will be somewhere around zero degrees.
The engineers gathered for a meeting.
I live on a small side street leading to the Don.
He said an offensive word.
The owner of the house was sleeping.
None of them had a word of sympathy for the sick man.
-Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.
Task 2. Read phraseological units with the word LANGUAGE. Write out only those of them , which characterize speaker (person) , dividing them into two groups: those who evaluate positively and those who evaluate negatively. Come up with sentences using any three phraseological units.
Strike on the tongue. Keep your mouth shut/on a leash. Long tongue. Bite/bite your tongue. Angry with his tongue. It's on the tip of your tongue. Find a common language. Hold your tongue. Sharp on the tongue. Swallow your tongue. Get on the tongue. Loosen your tongue. Loosen your tongue. It rolled off the tongue. Begs to be spoken. Pull/tug on the tongue. Peck on your tongue. Well hung/suspended tongue. Tongue slurred. Tongue without bones. The tongue is stuck/dried to the larynx. The tongue will not turn / will not turn to say. Tongue flutter/scratch/chatter/grind. Swallow your tongue. The tongue itches. You'll break your tongue. The tongue is gone. Shorten your tongue. Shorten your tongue! The devil pulled his tongue. Run with your tongue out/sticking out/sticking out. As if / as if / as if a cow had licked it with its tongue. Like a tongue licked it off. Show/show tongue. Tongue on the shoulder. Rolls on the tongue/tip of the tongue. Give free rein to your tongue. Does not roll off the tongue (for anyone). Aesopian/Aesopian language. Speak different languages.
Task 3. Write each word in the nominative case plural. Specify the meaning of the words (depending on the ending):
Camp, pass, order, leaf, teacher, conductor, son.
Task 4. Preparing a public speech
Repeat the materials from the last lecture (topic “Culture and mastery of public speech”: techniques and principles of constructing public speech. Methods of attracting attention, proof and refutation. Organization of the beginning and end of speech. Means of structuring the text. Intonation, pauses, logical stress, pace, rhythm. Nonverbal means) and prepare his public appearance (for 2 minutes!) on any of the proposed topics.
TOPICS:
A woman's purpose is family, not career.
A woman's purpose is a career, not a family.
In modern Russia there is no real equality of rights between men and women.
The institution of family is becoming a thing of the past.
Television series are not a genre for smart people.
At the university, they demand a lot of unnecessary things from us.
To succeed in life, you need a good education.
There is no real equality of rights for citizens in Russia.
The abolition of the death penalty in Russia is premature.
The state should not force people to serve in the army.
Happiness, what is it?
What does freedom mean to me?
How to deal with a bad mood?
Money in our life
It is impossible to embrace the immensity
You can learn to be happy.
1. Define the concept of “speech culture”.
2. Three aspects of speech culture: normative, communicative, ethical.
3. Define the concept “norm” literary language».
4. What are imperative and dispositive norms? Give examples.
5. Historical variability of language norms. Show examples of the variability of the norm.
6. Name deviations from the norms of literary language, give examples of speech errors.
Literature
1. Culture of Russian speech / Ed. OK. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaeva. –
M., 1999. – P. 1–90.
2. Dantsev A.A., Nefedova N.V. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities. – Rostov n/d, 2001. – pp. 109–151.
3. . Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. manual for universities. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2000. – P. 69–163.
4. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. for universities / Ed. V.D. Chernyak. – M.: Higher. school: publishing house RGPU im. A.I. Herzen, 2003. – pp. 121–137.
5. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu.. Russian language and speech culture for engineers. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2003. – pp. 140–142.
Written assignments
1. Place stress in the following words (check your knowledge in the Russian spelling dictionary): agent, august, agronomy, alcohol, apartments, asymmetry, atlas, scam, pamper, pamper, pampered, birch bark, barge, incessantly, gas pipeline, fear, ease, maneuver, Romans, unrestrained, sorrel, ringing, began, means, rust , document, carrots, parterre, strengthening, beautiful, catalogue, contract, offer, industry, alphabet, intention, loop, provision, carpenter, beets, repeat.
2. Prepare in your notebooks your dictionary of accents on one of the letters of the alphabet in those words that cause you difficulty (you can choose a letter in accordance with the capital letter of your surname).
3. Prepare reports (5-6 students) on the history of words and expressions, in which you can note the variability of the norms of the literary language (see: Russian Speech magazine and other sources), for example the word galoshes – galoshes, legate, nuncio(Russian speech. 1998. No. 6), etc. custom - custom(Russian speech. 2006. No. 4); patriot (Russian speech. 2005. No. 3). See other issues of the Russian Speech magazines.
4. Test yourself using any explanatory dictionary; to do this, write down the words located on one page in three columns:
1. I know the meaning of the word 2. I understand the meaning of the word, 3. I don’t know the meaning
and I use it. but I don’t use words in speech. words.
Calculate the result.
5. Find errors in the sentences, determine what type each of them belongs to.
1) He took the belt and hit him. 2) Dogs run fast. 3) We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army. 4) The general responded to the health resort with gratitude. 5) The engineers gathered for a meeting. 6) I live on a small side street leading to the Don. 7) He said an offensive word. 8) The uncle took the guitar with his bony hands, blew off the dust, and lovingly tapped the lid. 9) No one had a word of sympathy for the sick man. 10) Where are my shoes? - Here's your shoe.
Lesson 4
Codification of norms. Modern dictionaries of correctness
1. What is “codification of a literary norm”?
2. What is the difference between concept and linguistic dictionaries?
3. What are terminology dictionaries? Why are they created?
4. What is the purpose of bilingual dictionaries?
5. List the types of monolingual dictionaries.
6. What are correctness dictionaries? What is their purpose?
7. What is a dictionary entry called?
8. What is a nested arrangement of words in a dictionary?
Written assignments
1. Make a table “Regulatory linguistic dictionaries" Determine the type of dictionary and its purpose, list the most famous dictionaries of this type.
2. Using the plan below, make short message about one of the linguistic dictionaries. When completing the task, use the materials in the introductory article to the dictionary (at least 18 different dictionaries per group).
Message plan:
1. Name of the dictionary. When and by whom was the dictionary compiled?
2. Purpose of the dictionary.
3. Abbreviations and symbols. (Give 4–5 examples).
4. Number of words in the dictionary. What determines their choice?
5. The principle of word arrangement.
7. Construction of a dictionary entry. What parts can it be divided into?
8. What methods of explaining words are used?
9. To what extent and for what purpose is illustrative material used?
10. Conclusion about the type of dictionary.
3. Answer the question: “Which dictionaries should you turn to in order to correctly a) use a word or phraseological unit; b) form their shape; c) say a word; d) write a word; e) replace a word or expression with a similar meaning; f) find their figurative equivalent?”
Literature
1. Shansky N.M.. Lexicology of the modern Russian language (section “Lexicography”) - any edition, preferably the latest.
2. Introductory articles to dictionaries.
3. Vvedenskaya L.A. Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu.. Russian language and speech culture. Ch. "An Annotated List of Linguistic Dictionaries and Reference Books." – Rostov n/d, 2000. – pp. 517–529.
4. Sidorova M.Yu., Savelyev V.S.. Russian language and speech culture. Course of lectures. – M., 2002. Ch. "The world in dictionaries and the world of dictionaries." – pp. 271–273.
5. Russian language and culture of speech / Ed. V.D. Chernyak. – M., 2002 – Ch. “Dictionaries and speech culture.” – pp. 21–32.
6. Vvedenskaya L.A. Pavlova L.G. Culture and art of speech." – Rostov n/d, 1998. – Ch. "An Annotated List of Linguistic Dictionaries and Reference Books." – pp. 556–564.
7. Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V.. Modern Russian language: In 3 hours - M., 1981. - Part 1. - P. 92–105.
8. Modern Russian language / Ed. L.A. Novikova. – Section “Lexicography”. – M., 2001. – P. 307–330.
Dictionaries for analysis
Dictionaries
1. Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Comp. and ch. ed. S.A. Kuznetsov. – St. Petersburg: Norint, 1998.
2. Dal V.I.. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 volumes - M.: Russian language, 1998.
3. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / A.N. Russian. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – M.: AZ, 1994.
4. Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Russian language, 1981-1984.
Dictionaries of foreign words
1. Komlev N.G.. Dictionary of foreign words. – M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999.
2. Krysin L.P. Dictionary foreign words. – M.: Russian language, 1989.
3. Lekhin I.V., Petrov F.N. Dictionary of foreign words in Russian. – M.: UNWES, 1996.
4. Dictionary of foreign words: Current vocabulary. Interpretations. Etymology / N.N. Andreeva and others - M.: Citadel, 1997.
Synonym dictionaries
1. Alexandrova Z.E.. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. – M.: Russian language, 1989.
2. Gorbachevich K.S.. Russian synonymous dictionary. – St. Petersburg: ILI RAS, 1996.
3. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: In 2 volumes / Ch. ed. A.P. Evgenieva. –
L.: Science, 1970–1971.
Dictionaries of paronyms
1. Vishnyakova O.V.. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. – M.: Russian language, 1984.
2. Kolesnikov N.P.. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. – Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Publishing House, 1971.
Phraseological dictionaries
1. Bystrova E.A., Okunev A.P., Shansky N.M. A brief phraseological dictionary of the modern Russian language. – St. Petersburg: Prosv., 1992.
2. Grushko E., Medvedev Yu. Modern catchwords and expressions. – M.: ROLF, 2000.
3. Nikolayuk N.G.. The biblical word in our speech: Dictionary-reference book. – St. Petersburg: Firefly, 1998.
4. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. A.I. Molotkov. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1967.
Spelling dictionaries
1. Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V.. Dictionary of accents of the Russian language. – M.: Russian language, 1993.
2. Eskova N.A. A brief dictionary of difficulties in the Russian language. Grammatical forms. Emphasis. – M.: Russian language, 1994.
3. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical rules/ Ed. R.I. Avanesova. – M.: Russian language, 1989.
Grammar dictionaries
1. Zaliznyak A.A.. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language: Inflection. – M.: Russian language, 1980.
2. Kuznetsov S.A. Russian verb: Formative dictionary-reference book. – St. Petersburg: Norint, 2000.
3. Tikhonov A.N. and others. Dictionary-reference book for the Russian language: Spelling. Pronunciation. Emphasis. Word formation. Morphemics. Grammar. Frequency of words used. – M.: Slovari LLP, 1995.
Spelling dictionaries
1. Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P.. Modern spelling dictionary of the Russian language. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 1997.
2. Spelling dictionary. – M.: Skorina, 1994.
3. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. S.G. Barkhudarova and others - M., 1975.
4. Tikhonov A.N.. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Citadel, 1999.
5. Universal spelling dictionary / Ed.-comp. L.V. Barabanova, V.P. Rose. – M.: Sovremennik, 1999.
Librarian, brother, accountant, director, contract, daughter, uncle, boat, cooperator, proofreader, cruiser, godfather, dome, mother, spotlight, protector, professor, editor, matchmaker, sector, sister, mechanic, son, report card, turner, cake.
19. Write each word in the nominative plural. Specify the meaning of the words (depending on the ending):
Camp, pass, order, leaf, teacher, conductor, son.
20. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of errors each of them belongs to (lexical, grammatical). Write down the corrected version.
He took the belt and hit him.
The dogs run fast.
We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army.
In the near future the weather will be somewhere around zero degrees.
The engineers gathered for a meeting.
I live on a small side street leading to the Don.
He said an offensive word.
The owner of the house was sleeping.
None of them had a word of sympathy for the sick man.
-Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.
21. Read phraseological units with the word LANGUAGE. Write out only those of them , which characterize speaker (person) , dividing them into two groups: those who evaluate positively and those who evaluate negatively. Come up with sentences using any two phraseological units.
Strike on the tongue. Keep your mouth shut/on a leash. Long tongue. Bite/bite your tongue. Angry with his tongue. It's on the tip of your tongue. Find a common language. Hold your tongue. Sharp on the tongue. Swallow your tongue. Get on the tongue. Loosen your tongue. Loosen your tongue. It rolled off the tongue. Begs to be spoken. Pull/tug on the tongue. Peck on your tongue. Well hung/suspended tongue. Tongue slurred. Tongue without bones. The tongue is stuck/dried to the larynx. The tongue will not turn / will not turn to say. Tongue flutter/scratch/chatter/grind. Swallow your tongue. The tongue itches. You'll break your tongue. The tongue is gone. Shorten your tongue. Shorten your tongue! The devil pulled his tongue. Run with your tongue out/sticking out/sticking out. As if / as if / as if a cow had licked it with its tongue. Like a tongue licked it off. Show/show tongue. Tongue on the shoulder. Rolls on the tongue/tip of the tongue. Give free rein to your tongue. Does not roll off the tongue (for anyone). Aesopian/Aesopian language. Speak different languages.
22. Pay attention to the distortion of phraseological units, to the justification of their use in context. Correct stylistic flaws, speech errors, write your corrected version. 1. Commercial stores are now a dime a dozen. 2. The fuss mainly unfolded due to the intention of the city authorities to close the stadium. 3. As a representative of the traffic police, I can say that drivers very often get into trouble without thinking about the consequences. 4. Some are trying to drive wedges under the relations between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. 5. You can’t rush in politics, otherwise you might end up chopping wood. 6. My father turned to the trade union committee with a request to provide him with a plot of land, since he had been working at the factory all his life, and as a result, in his declining years, he was left on beans. 7. Loans had to be repaid, willingly or unwillingly. 8. At the forefront, the party raised two questions. 9. Answering questions about the reasons for leaving her post, the minister said: “I wanted to feel that what I was doing was not a monkey’s work.” 10. After the unsuccessful end of the celebrations, the artistic director of the program explained that this holiday was brought down from above.
Literature :
1. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by R.I. Avanesova. Electronic resource http://dazor.narod.ru/russkie/slovari/orfoepicheskij-avanesov-1988/orfoepicheskij-avanesov-1988_0021.htm
2. Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers / Ed. Rosenthal D.E.
3. Vvedenskaya L. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers.
14. Reference and information portal GRAMOTA.RU
15. Golub I.B. Russian language and speech culture. Textbook. Electronic resource http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook083/01/
16. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva.
17. Vvedenskaya L.A. Speech culture. Textbook. Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2001 - 448 pp..
Introduction. Qualities of good speech.
Answer the questions
1. What is “speech culture” and what are its components?
2. What meaning do we bring to the concept “ speech etiquette»?
2. Define the concept of “standard of literary language”.
3. List characteristic features norms.
4. Tell us about the variants of literary language norms.
5. Describe the grammatical, lexical, orthoepic norms of the literary language.
6. What groups are linguistic dictionaries divided into?
7. What explanatory dictionaries do you know?
8. Tell us about etymological dictionaries.
10. What does “precision of speech” mean?
11. What is “generally intelligible”, “generally accessible” speech?
12. Describe the vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of its use.
13. What is the wealth of the Russian language?
14. What is “expressiveness of speech”?
15. Describe the main means of speech expressiveness.
16. Tell us about the use of proverbs, sayings, catchwords, and phraseological expressions in speech.
No. 1. Write how you greet your family, friends, neighbors, colleagues, boss at work.
#2. Get to know the greetings and think about which ones convey additional information and which one?
– Hello, dear Evgeniy Petrovich!
- Hello, Zhenya!
- Hello!
- Great!
- Good afternoon!
- Hello!
- Hi!
- Greetings!
- Glad to welcome you!
- Let me welcome you!
- What a joy!
– What a meeting!
- Well, what a meeting!
-Who do I see!
– What a surprise!
- Is that you?!
No. 3. The following letter is included in one of the works of the writer and philosopher G. Grachev.
What makes it difficult to read and perceive correctly? What role does compliance/non-compliance with language norms play in the communication process?
Hello dear dear husband and father writes to you your faithful wife Iraba dila vparadki chi go itibe zhalaim health taxi arrived everyday galubchik calmed the soul dirjis more firmly fall down sgary ta.
No. 4. Using the diagram, find errors in the sentences and determine what type of errors each of them belongs to.
Types of norms
1. Orthoepic (pronunciation)
2. Spelling
3. Punctuation
4. Lexical
5. Morphological
6. Word formation
7. Syntactic
1. He took the belt and hit him. 2. Dogs run fast. 3. We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army. 4. The general responded to the health resort with gratitude. 5. The engineers gathered for a meeting. 6. I live in a small alley leading to the Volga. 7. He said an offensive word. 8. The owner of the house was sleeping. 9. None of them had a word of sympathy for the sick man. 10. – Where are my shoes? - Here's your shoe.
No. 5. Construct phrases, taking into account the difference in the lexical meaning of these words.
Successful - lucky, legacy - inheritance, whole - whole, ardent - furious, advisor - advisor, tourist - tourist.
No. 6. Write each word in noun. plural case.
Fence, garden, side, sleeves, train, rail, year, cruiser, tractor, director, contract, accountant, vacation.
No. 7. Write everything down. possible options your name. Determine which of them are used in formal and which in informal speech. What function does each option perform?
No. 8. Prepare a message on the topic: “Language norm and the history of its development.” See V.D. Chernyak Russian language and culture of speech. – M.: Forum, 2004.
No. 9. Using the qualities of good speech, write a discussion on the topic: “A person who is dear to me” / at least three pages /.
Phonetics
No. 10. Read, indicate what role stress plays in words.
Put emphasis, make 5-7 sentences.
Pack protein - vegetable protein; organ of speech- sounds organ, majestic lock- door castle; smells perfume - smells the breeze; picturesque shores- from the opposite bank; deep-water rivers- along the shore rivers; news from loved ones - lead by the hand of a child; dense forests- edge forests; drank coffee - drank tree.
No. 11. Rewrite. Name the sounds and letters in the highlighted words.
Write these words in three columns: in the first - those in which the number of sounds and letters coincides; in the second - those in which there are more sounds than letters; in the third - those in which there are more letters than sounds.
No. 12. What theme are the following statements united by? Determine the lexical meaning of the word communication. Explain the meaning of the first statement. Do phonetic analysis highlighted words.
1. A person cannot live one. Higher happiness, human joy is communication with other people (V. Sukhomlinsky). 2. An affectionate word that spring day (proverb). 3 Study light, but ignorance is darkness (proverb). 4. Word - great instrument of life (V. Korolenko). 5. Error in thoughts causes an error in words, an error in words causes an error in deeds. (D. Pisarev)
No. 13. Determine the place of stress in words
Worthless, introduced, imported, brought in, donated, nonsense, loaded, brought in, gutter, induced, glider, brought, eponymous, faded, edge, emphasize.
No. 14.Place emphasis in words. In difficult cases, consult a dictionary. Remember the stress place in these words:
a) agent, argument, alphabet, alcohol, arrest, aristocracy, anatomist, Augustan, agronomy, agency, apartments, pamper, disinterested, acquisition, run, bourgeoisie, bombard, gross, perceive, introduced, belief, confession, elections, reprimands, genesis, group, armorial, penny, caterpillar;
b) democracy, dialogue, dispensary, production, contract, agreement, document, nap, leisure, dollar, long-standing, conspiracy, frost, clog, rust, anger, jagged, sealed, significance, ancient, invention, occasionally, import, industry, tool, inform, spark, spoil, otherwise, incident, confession, gradually, catalog, disaster, quarter, kilometer, combine operator, more beautiful, kitchen, self-interest;
c) masterfully, medicine, metallurgy, scanty, youth, monologue, maneuver, thinking, barter, intention, hatred, worthless, rationing, provision, facilitate, embittered, inform, uncork, partly, simultaneously, eponymous, stalls, funeral, bonus, sentence, call, force, acquisition, pseudonym, mindful, anticipate, precedent, plowing;
d) developed, dispersion, angry, belt, lead, symmetry, case, condolences, convocation, concentration, means, means, status, statute, statue, carpenter, modern, customs, immediately, warm, speed up, notification, notified, Ukrainian, mention, aggravate, porcelain, phenomenon, form, forum, hypocrisy, petition, owners, workshop, gypsy, scoop, driver, sorrel, expert, expert, export, escort.
No. 15. Determine whether a soft or hard consonant is pronounced in the position before [e] in these words. In which words is only one option possible, and in which are both options possible?
Aggression, adequate, academician, accordion, anemia, antithesis,
anesthesia, mezzanine, apartheid, artesian, asteroid, atheist, outsider, barter, business, bestseller, sandwich, steak, meringue, beret, bacon, brunette, genesis, hypothesis, debate, debut, devaluation, degenerate, decade, dean's office, demagoguery, dispatch, deposit, depositor, dispensary, deficit, index, interval, code, competent, computer, specific, correct, coffee, cafe, coefficient, compartment, Lutheran, leader, manager, museum, neologism, unpresentable, pastel, pate, press, resume, sweater, sideboard, strategy, text, telefax, pace, trend, term, terror, French, plywood, charter, overcoat, energy, ephemeral, jurisprudence
No. 16. Divide the given words into three groups depending on the pronunciation option chn:
a) words in which [chn] is pronounced;
b) words in which [shn] is pronounced;
c) words that allow both pronunciations
Antique, library, bakery, bottled, oriental, forever,
mustard plaster, sunflower, secondary, single, unprofitable, pepper shaker, shopkeeper, of course, penny, Kuzminichna, feverish, pettiness, scientific, deliberately, nightly, eyeglass student, excellent student, monotonous, stove, kidney, decent, trifling, manual, Savvichna, heartfelt, boring, filming, birdhouse, sunny, creamy, accuracy, training, loss, street, hat, barley, scrambled eggs
No. 17. Fill in the missing vowels.
Pl...tish, paid...cheno, paid...chen, underpaid...tit, over...pl...ed, pri-pl...chen, od...lie, defer...to assign, adjust...to, condition...to pour in
No. 18. Say the following words. What errors in the pronunciation of these words are found in the speech of poorly educated people?
Can, cardboard, sinusitis, deception, comfort, corridor, tram, compost, compliment, incident, compromise, state, badminton, post office, cap, ruble, performance, sausage, crane, escalator, military leader, jacket, currant, handwriting, other, viands
No. 19. Read. Indicate which sounds are indicated by highlighted letters.
Make a phonetic analysis of the highlighted words, indicating in each: 1) the number of syllables, place of stress;
2) vowel sounds (stressed and unstressed);
3) consonant sounds (characterize each: dull or voiced, hard or soft);
4) the number of sounds and letters in a word.
1) ABOUT smoldering (birds)- (young) athlete; development e get involved (downwind)- (stormy) development And to be; ve h you (hay)- lead (conversation). 2) Night patrol, an imperious gesture, our dreams, stand at the cash register, growth rate. 3) The streets are deserted. In the distance something is smoking.
No. 20. Read aloud, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of words with highlighted letters. Write the words in this order:
1) with unpronounceable consonants; 2) with the combination th, pronounced as [pcs]; 3) with the combination chn, pronounced [shn]; 4) with a combination chn, allowing pronunciation [shn] and [chn].
Late evening previous owners, something new, something known, eternal call, do it on purpose, a heart attack, a new laundry, Natalya Savvichna, Olga Nikitichna, a trifle, go to a bakery, the end result, of course, to perform, quite boring, dairy products, our peers, participate in the parade, feel responsible.
No. 21. Read aloud, paying attention to the pronunciation of foreign words with double consonants and consonants before e. Write down words with double consonants that are pronounced as single consonants, and words with hard consonants before the sound [e]. Indicate (orally) the lexical meaning of the written words.
Thick mass, factory territory, file an appeal, group of students, fuel cylinders, correct person, fight the occupiers, double the pace, be an atheist, folk art museum, sheet of plywood, youth cafe, cup of coffee, rental shop, participate in cross-country, press reviews, ballot, stand, decade of Ukrainian art, silk muffler.
No. 22. Read and indicate the stress in the highlighted words. Rewrite it, labeling it.
Convincing argument, English aristocracy, large bourgeoisie, public activity, conclude contract, rust from dampness, calls phone, useful invention, plantations rubber, new residential quarter, work combine operator hard intention, to ease pain, place in stalls, express condolences, means connection, cup of porcelain, intercede about enrollment in courses.
No. 23. Rewrite. Indicate the stress in the highlighted words.
What rules are used to write missing letters?
1) Ducks over the lakes raised scream. (A.K.T.) 2) We burst into the stop and occupied his. (Versh.) 3) There were already lights lit..us. (Ch.) 4) Long hair he was completely white. (P.) 5) Half of these stripes were already bevel..on.(L.T.) 6) The buildings and fences were okle..ny posters. (Primary) 7) In the tomb found..but grain of dry Egyptian wheat. (Pinch.) 8) In the middle portrait picture..on there was a young woman. (T.) 9) Crowded and numerous cities scattered in our country. On many languages say the people who inhabited this majestic country. (CM.)
No. 24. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters z or s. Graphically explain the spelling
To make an account, an account...with someone, a thrifty owner, a magnificent...drinker, and...a skilled worker, and...a bit...of woven silk, at least...excessively hot water, a... shapeless pile of rubble, a... tasty thing. priceless gift, materialistic worldview, restored station, ...conserve strength, inexhaustible source, climbing the mountain, descending order of numbers, destroy through...the stripe, raise a... saddle, perfect bad...taste, no temperature, no education.
No. 25. Group the words into two columns: E or O after sibilants. Compare: setting a house on fire - setting a house on fire
I. Smooth wool - smooth fur(wool), narrow g..forehead, fallen g..pears, complex calculation..t, hearty person, alkali solution, millstone, hold on black..porn, durable sh..v, give slap..damage, forest dust..drops, sh..sweat of leaves, torments the waste..ha, bring string..wake, set fire..g, burn...faces, set fire...to grass, modern hairstyle, buy cheap, harsh conditions, forest slum..ba.
II. Flag over the tower..th, upset by failure..th, car with a brick..m, paralyzed..m, watch the match..m, rare fluff..k, tough nut..k, cramped shop..nk , seeing a hare, scooping a ladle, tension before the finish line, mocking a prude, being embarrassed by a stranger, gusts of fresh wind.
Vocabulary and phraseology
Answer the questions
1. What is the “lexical meaning of a word”?
2. Talk about common and non-common words.
3. What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word?
4. On the basis of what and how is the name of one object (sign, action) transferred to another?
5. What are the origins of words?
6. Tell us how polysemantic words differ from homonyms.
7. Define dialectisms and neologisms.
8. What groups are obsolete words divided into?
9. What is a lexical norm?
10. What is a tautology?
11. What is alogism?
12. Define phraseological units.
13. Define homonyms.
14. Tell us about the types of homonyms.
15. Define synonyms, antonyms, paronyms.
16. What words are called professional?
17. What groups are scientific terms divided into?
No. 26. Compose a message on the topics: “Lexical norms and speech culture”, “Borrown words in the modern Russian language. My attitude to borrowed vocabulary" (See the textbook edited by V.D. Chernyak "Russian language and culture of speech", M.: Forum, 2004, pp. 92-99, 102-106.
No. 27. In the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, find phraseological units related to your future profession.
No. 28. Fill in the table with examples (10 examples each)
No. 29. In the explanatory “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, find words of colloquial style, professional words. Read the dictionary entry, give your examples for all the meanings of the selected words. What marks in the dictionary indicate the stylistic characteristics of a word?
No. 30. From the “Dictionary of Foreign Words”, write down words from the field of science, music, sports, medicine. What languages are they borrowed from? Find Russian synonyms for them.
No. 31. Using the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by L.A. Voinova, V.P. Zhukov, explain the meaning of the following phraseological units:
thorn in the eye, the soul hurts, a sore spot, from a sore head to a healthy one, screw the brains in, to the marrow of the bones, you can’t get the bones together, the blood plays, the blood runs cold, the nose bleeds, the heart bleeds, the eyes pop out of the forehead, an extra mouth, sink into oblivion, break your head, break your back, put it on both shoulder blades, burst from fat, tinned throat, go crazy with your mind, drip on your brains, callous your tongue, only over my corpse, set your brains, scatter your brains, suck with milk, chills on your skin, chills on the back, blurry vision, wash the bones, stuff the eyes, put water in the mouth, put on a mask, inflate the ears, find access to the heart, won’t breathe much, smear the heels, step on the throat, insatiable womb, fray the nerves, living place no, there will be no leg, go under the knife.
Write catchphrases(at least 5), which are based on the myths of Ancient Greece.
No. 32. Select borrowed words from a newspaper or magazine whose meanings are unknown or not entirely clear to you. Find out their meanings in a dictionary of foreign words.
Write down the lexical meanings of words from an explanatory dictionary or dictionary of foreign words precedent And incident. Make up sentences with these words.
No. 33. Based on newspaper and magazine articles, make a list of 10-15 borrowed from recent years words denoting professions. If you don’t know the meaning of some words or know them inaccurately, write down their meanings from the dictionary.
No. 34. Select several examples of how a new word is explained directly in the text of a newspaper or magazine article. Think about how justified this borrowing is, and whether it can be replaced with a Russian equivalent. Justify your point of view.
No. 35. Formulate the meanings of the following words:
Internet, chat, website, virtual, Pentium, laptop.
Check the correctness of your wording in a dictionary of new words or a dictionary of foreign words.
No. 36. Independently select examples of unmotivated use of borrowed words in oral or written speech (newspapers, magazines, TV and radio programs). Use dictionaries to confirm your observations and conclusions are correct.
No. 37. Make up sentences with the following words, turning
attention to the difference in their compatibility:
spectacular - effective, everyday - everyday, selective - selective, display - reflection, care - care, diplomatic - diplomatic, militant - militant, color - color, criminal - criminogenic, economical - economic - economical.
No. 38. Compare combinations of paronymous words:
put (on) a coat - dress a child, do smth. deliberately - to behave deliberately provocatively, to give the floor - to present a picture of the incident. Make up sentences with these phrases
No. 39. Find the erroneous phrases among the phrases below and make the necessary corrections.
Demonstrative material, methodological literature, defensive line, tear-off calendar, find respect, pay for travel, express
recognition, gain a key, earn a living, find a way home, put on a hat, submit a report to the directorate, aquatic plants.
No. 40. Determine how the compared words differ: lexical meaning, presence or absence of imagery, expression, emotionality, evaluation.
Loafer - loafer - loafer, talker - balabolka - idle talker - idle talker, modify - vary - modify, demarcation - split, frail - flimsy - dead, squirrel - squirrel, horse - nag - bucephalus - horse - horse - horse - horse - Savraska - trotter - horse, squander - squander, writer - poet - rhymer - poet - lyricist, careless - reckless - extravagant, incompetent - stupid, sweet - dear - beloved, crybaby - nurse, face - physiognomy - muzzle - mug - snout, warrior - warrior, husband - spouse - faithful, miser - stingy - greedy - greedy.
No. 41. Select synonyms for the following borrowed words Make up sentences with borrowed words and their synonyms of Russian origin. In each case, motivate the justification of your choice:
Anomaly, spontaneous, resuscitation, degradation, amateur, bias, rarity, tolerant, citadel, electorate, unprecedented, killer, devaluation, legitimate, presentation, exclusive, variable
No. 42. Write the names of birds, insects, animals, plants that figuratively characterize a person. Come up with a few sentences with them and write them down.
№ 43. Make up phrases with each of the paronyms:
subscription - subscriber; life - being; memory - reminder;
heroism - heroism - heroism; pride - pride; kindness - good quality; rigidity - cruelty; conservation - conservation; posture - posturing - position; topic - topic; fact - factor; booths - everyday; deep - deep; distant - distant; gaming - sparkling - playful - playing - gambling; diplomatic - diplomatic; trustful - trusting; executive - performing; lyrical - lyrical; intolerable - intolerant; editorial - editorial; effective - effective; inhale - sigh; call - call; put on - put on; cover - cover, gain - find
No. 44. First, write down general linguistic antonyms from proverbs, and then contextual ones.
1. The beginning is not expensive, but the end is praiseworthy. 2. Much noise, but little use. 3. Raised high, but lowered low. 4. Prepare a sleigh in summer, a cart in winter. 5. He who wants to know a lot needs to sleep little. 6. He looks like a morel, but eats porridge like a hero. 7. Every quarrel is a blessing. 8. If you take care of yourself for an hour, you will live a century. 9. Labor always gives, but laziness only takes.
No. 45. Find words used incorrectly, without taking into account their meanings (for help, consult one of the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language), suggest your own version of editing.
1. Argument best reflects a person’s intelligence.
2. At night, dogs came to the camp and ate people's garbage.
3. These functions are entrusted to the propaganda and advertising departments.
4. On the eve of the cold season, an issue of particular importance in
area is preparing for winter.
5. Journalists have different broadcasting styles.
6. A whole galaxy of new brands of passenger cars will soon be produced by the plant.
7. Ionych prances on a chaise with a lazy coachman on the box.
8. The plot of patriotism runs through the entire novel.
No. 46. Rewrite the examples, eliminating repeated cognates.
1) The appearance of A. N. Ostrovsky’s plays was a huge event in the history of our theater. 2) The author satirically depicts the images of landowners. 3) Having inherited his uncle’s inheritance, Onegin began to live in the village. 4) The French emperor miscalculated, counting on quick victory. 5) When the enemy troops began to approach closer, the whole people came out against the enemies. 6) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” called on the Russian people to unite as one.
No. 47. Read. Indicate what mistakes were made when using steady turns. Rewrite to correct these errors.
1) The truth contained in the poet’s poems hits you in the face. 2) Already the writer’s early romantic works made an indelible impression on his contemporaries. 3) “Song of the Petrel” played a great revolutionary significance. 4) Plyushkin’s peasants are dying like flies. 5) Throughout the work, the red thread is the idea of the future of Russia. 6) Among artistic means comparisons play a special role in poems. 7) Immediately after Bazarov’s arrival, life on the Kirsanov estate began to take on a different momentum. 8) Famusov does not like to deal with business for a long time, he has the following custom: “It’s signed, and off your shoulders.” 9) According to Chatsky, “the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to everyone.”
No. 48. Rewrite, choosing the right word or phraseological turn.
The city of Nizhny Novgorod is (valid, genuine) Volzhsk.. (capital, main city). He/she rises where (merge, merge) waters of the Volga and Oka. It is no coincidence that the symbol (her, him)- slim, (thrown up, raised) deer antlers. It seems as if the city itself is easy (took off, ran up) to the steep and (made a stop, stopped) there, (looking around, looking) from the heights of the Kremlin towers the distances beyond the river.
The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was pleasing to the eye even when along the river (leisurely, at a snail's pace, slowly) (moved, slid) sailing ship
Parts of speech
Answer the questions
1. What parts of speech are called independent? Name them.
2. What parts of speech are called function parts? Name them.
3.How is gender determined? indeclinable nouns foreign language origin?
4. How is the gender of Russian indeclinable nouns determined?
5.What kind of form do nouns retain that denote persons by profession, position, academic or military rank?
6. What should you pay attention to when using adjectives in speech?
7. What should you consider when using the numeral oba (both) in speech?
8. In what cases are collective numerals used?
9. Tell us about the features of cardinal numbers?
10. What pronouns should you pay attention to when using them in speech in order to avoid mistakes?
11. Tell us about difficult cases nominal and verbal control.
12. Tell us about the use of participial phrases.
No. 49. Indicate the numbers of phrases formed in accordance with modern norms of the Russian literary language.
1) black coffee, 2) red dahlia, 3) a sore callus, 4) thick mascara, 5) an old sala, 6) expensive shampoo, 7) a thick sideburn, 8) fashionable shoes, 9) fashionable shoe, 10) pickled Iwashi, 11) pickled Iwashi, 12) expensive salami, 13) warm muffler, 14) checkered muffler, 15) my vis-a-vis, 16) my vis-a-vis, 17) spoken Hindi, 18) written Hindi, 19) green Sochi , 20) green Sochi, 21) silver medalist Ivanova, 22) silver medalist Ivanova, 23) familiar veterinarian, 24) left rail, 25) steel rail.
No. 50. Choose sentences that correspond to the norms of literary language
1. This dead forest, perhaps, had its own poetry. 2. In “The Forest” by Ostrovsky, all the characters in the play are depicted with great talent. 3. The story written by Greene was "Reno Island". 4. With all the speed of the pace chosen by Charlie Chaplin, he was still confident that he was right. 5. There was neither a rumor nor a breath about the travelers. 6. The world has a shirt to spare. 7. Trees in the cherry orchard. 8. The scenery in The Cherry Orchard was skillfully made. 9. According to the plan, we need to arrive on time. 10. The role of Ne-schastlivtsev in Ostrovsky’s “The Forest” was played by a young talented actor. 11. Michurin creatively reworked much of what Darwin created. 12. Buy me a pair of stockings and two pairs of socks. 13. Today you could clearly see Sirius in the sky. 14. We ask all ticket holders to take their seats. 15. The girl wanted to buy all these dolls. 16. We watched the Earth satellite fly by. 17. The state farm garden occupies over one hundred hectares. 18. Documents must be completed by the first of August. 19. Assembled big harvest tomatoes. 20. Divide it all into several equal shares. 21.Multiply the numerator of the first fraction by the denominator of the second. 22. On the night of the second there was a severe frost.
No. 51. Choose the correct options, explain the errors in the use of number forms of nouns.
1. Our friends belong to different social environments.
2. Incorrect expressions are often found in the speech of children.
3. The partisans often found themselves surrounded, but bravely broke out of them. 4. All workshops of the plant are operating at full capacity. 5. In the ideas of Chernyshevsky’s heroes, everything was different. 6. A variety of segments of the population participated in partisan movements. 7. Tatyana has a subtle understanding of Russian nature.
No. 52. Select correct option.
1. The student was capable of mathematics. 2. Such an answer is meaningless.
3. We were in even worse conditions. 4. The poems were successful both in content and form. 5. The first student answered more vigorously than the second. 6. The room is low for such furniture. 7. The room is low for such furniture. 8. The game was postponed in a better position for White. 9. The student is always smart, always dressed in uniform, and polite in manners. 10. Life path The hero is difficult and tragic. 11. His contribution to the work was significant. 12. The most capable student. 13. This work is worse. 14. This is his worst work. 15. The plot of the story is interesting in many respects. 16. The plot of the story is interesting in many respects.
No. 53. Choose the correct option.
1) three boys, 2) three girls, 3) three students, 4) 22 scissors, 5) 22 pieces of scissors, 6) 22 pairs of scissors, 7) with both hands, 8) with both hands, 9) two hundred and fifty years of the city, 10) two hundred and fifty years cities.
No. 54. Choose the correct option.
1. This transition was about four hundred and sixty-five kilometers. 2. This transition was about four hundred and five kilometers. 3. This event took place at the beginning of one thousand eight hundred and four. 4. This the event took place at the beginning of one thousand eight hundred and four. 5. I vote for her with both hands. 6. I vote for her with both hands. 7. Add one and a half full glasses of flour. 8. The ship was in orbit for 383 days. 9. Cars stood at both gates. 10. Of the 21 participants in the competition, three athletes especially stood out. 11. Starting your business with five hundred thousand means failing the business from the very beginning. 12. Both contenders for a medal have equal chances.
No. 55.Choose the wrong option.
1. There is no name for her. 2. Their child. 3. Their child. 4. People crowded around him. 5. She wrote to her daughter in a letter that she should come. 6. She wrote to her daughter that she should come. 7. The comedy denounces provincial bureaucracy. Bribery, lawlessness, and theft flourish among them. 8. The comedy denounces provincial bureaucracy. Bribery, lawlessness, and theft flourish among them. 9. Turgenev leads the hero to a gradual realization of his mistakes. 10. Turgenev leads the hero to a gradual awareness of the mistakes he has made. 11. Everyone persuades the guest to go to his place. 12. The boy is now an orphan; his father died when he was three years old. 13. The tenant asked the janitor to take the things to him. 14. The professor invited the assistant to read his report. 15. The professor invited the assistant to read his report. 16. The group passed all the tests and asked to be examined at the beginning of the month. 17. When the holidays came, the students went to their relatives; they were waiting for them with great impatience, hoping to have a good rest. 18. The patient asked his sister to pour himself some water. 19. The young artist’s first performance brought him great success, and much can be expected from him in the future. 20. The adjutant crumpled up the note, lit a cigarette, then threw it into the trash can.
No. 56.Choose the correct option. Pay attention to the highlighted words.
1. He often (a) lies, b) puts) things on the table. 2. He lies down to the hospital. 3. I (a) will feel, b) will be able to feel) this is when I experience something similar myself. I (a) I will win, b) I will be able to win, c) I will win). I (a) I will run away, b) I will convince, c) I will be able to convince, d) I will be able to convince) him in the correctness of the decision. 6. Results (a) summarized, b) summarized). 7. After the lecture, listeners often delayed in the audience.
8. After the lecture, listeners often remain in the audience. 9. After a lecture, students often detain in the audience. 10. He (a) responds, b) responded) on the events of surrounding life and (c) noted, d) notes) phenomena arising in it. 11. To do it right (a) make up, b) make up) documents must be carefully (c) study, d) study) document management 12. At the center of the story is a representative (a) nascent, b) nascent) class. 13. At the meeting there were representatives of all departments, with the exception of two employees, (a) absent, b) absent) for good reasons.
No. 57. Choose the correct option.
1. The store is closed by the seller at exactly eight in the evening. 2. The seller closes the store at eight o'clock in the evening. 3. Sunflower seeds are crushed, kneaded and washed cold water from impurity. 4. The grandson often dresses up as his grandmother. 5. Grandmother often dresses her grandson. 6. We must help young people grow and demonstrate their abilities. 7. The part is thrown into the bath and then washed out. 8. The part is thrown into the bath and then dried thoroughly. 9. Do not damage the furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table. 10. Where did you hear about this? 11. On the advice of a doctor, the patient gargles with a soda solution. 12. The flowers were drying in a vase. 13. Dried in the sun. 14. The door opens automatically. 15. Harvest goes to different parts of the world railway, by air and by water. 16. Our department has been awarded several times.
No. 58. Using the words below, create phrases “noun + adjective”. Choose your own adjective. Example: minibus.
Avenue, aerosol, parcel, meringue, borjomi, sconce, bourgeois, veil, riding breeches, little house, depot, jury, ivashi, cockatoo, kohlrabi, contralto, coffee, lady, salmon, menu, corn, mole, pemoxol, penalty, pony, purse, salami, travesty, tulle, roofing felt, flamingo, foyer, frau, smart girl, tsetse, shampoo,
No. 59. From the nouns given below, write down the indeclinables and determine their gender. Which words have fluctuations in gender? Which words only have a plural form?
Curlers, bikini, biennale, bureau, whiskey, tour, ghetto, depot, child, domino, blinds, jelly, Ivasi, rosin, koala, entertainer, coffee, mango, menu, metro, lady, coat, jam, journeyman, puree, stew, soprano, spaghetti, dressing table, fillet, hippie, popsicle, Mississippi, Capri, Tbilisi, Gobi, Baku, Sochi.
No. 60. Divide the nouns into three groups:
1) nouns feminine;
2) masculine nouns;
3) common nouns.
Attache, idiot, mediocrity, grump, counterpart, bigwig, doctor, head, thug, dandy, greedy, victim, bully, arrogant, snake, impresario, cockatoo, hummingbird, entertainer, croupier, maestro, touchy-feely, rake, receptionist, protégé, simpleton, pig, sweet tooth.
No. 61. Put the words below into singular form. Where possible, provide two options.
Graceful giraffes, Russian idioms, terrible slobs, open shutters, red dahlias, comfortable chairs, white keys, dirty cuffs, new shoes, strict prefects, theater curtains, crumpled banknotes, black fires, high boots, starched sheets, children's knees, concert halls , old calluses, steel rails, new sanatoriums, old pianos, curly sideburns, early vegetables, cheap reserved seats, cheerful singers, nasty sneaks.
No. 62. Form, if possible, the singular nominative case form of the nouns given below. Are there any words with hesitating gender forms here? 1
a) Bits, zrazy, waffles, biscuits, croutons, dumplings, chicken, pancakes, dumplings, meatballs, sprats;
5.1. The linguistic norm is a historical phenomenon
The most important feature of a literary language is the presence of norms.
The most important sign of a culture of speech is its correctness. The correctness of speech is determined by compliance with the norms inherent in the literary language.
What is the norm?
What are the standards?
What makes them special?
How are norms born?
These are the questions that need to be answered.
Norm - rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of a literary language.
Norm is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).
The norm is mandatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language.
The standards differ:
Task 128. Using the diagram, name the norms that are characteristic only for oral, only for written speech and related to both forms of speech. How can this division be explained?
Task 129. Find errors in the sentences and say what type of errors each of them belongs to.
1. He took the belt and hit him. 2. Dogs run fast. 3. We write to the newspaper about the situation of those demobilized from the army. 4. The general responded to the health resort with gratitude. 5. The engineers gathered for a meeting. 6. I live on a small side street leading to the Don. 7. He said an offensive word. 8. The owner of the house was sleeping. 9. None of them had a word of sympathy for the sick person. 10. - Where is my shoe? - Here's your shoe.
Language norms are a historical phenomenon. Some of them were developed a long time ago and remain to this day, and some have changed. Who, for example, is now called an applicant? Everyone will answer: “The one who enters higher or secondary specialized educational institution" Do you know the etymology of this word? It was borrowed in the 19th century. from German language. The German Abiturient goes back to the Middle Latin abituriens, -ntis - “about to leave.” Here, it turns out, is a contradiction: the one who is called an applicant must leave, leave, and not come, enroll somewhere. What’s the matter? Indeed, in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by D.N. Ushakov, the first volume of which was published in 1936, we read: an applicant is “a student of a secondary educational institution who is taking final exams.” As you can see, the semantics of the word corresponds to its etymological meaning. Subsequently, applicants began to be called not only those who graduated high school, but also those who entered the university, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. The changes that have occurred with the use of the word entrant are reflected in the second edition of the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language,” published in 1991. Here is how the word is presented in it:
Entrant. 1. Outdated A student graduating from a secondary educational institution; graduate.
2. Anyone who enters a higher or secondary educational institution. Lists of applicants. Consultations for applicants.
Consequently, the norm of using the word applicant has changed.
Over time, pronunciation also changes. So, for example, A.S. Pushkin in his letters there are words of the same root, but with different spellings: bankruptcy and bankruptcy. How can we explain this? You might think that the poet peed himself or made a mistake. No. The word bankrupt was borrowed in the 18th century. from Dutch or French and originally sounded like bankrut in Russian. The derivatives had a similar sound: bankruptcy, bankrupt, bankrupt. During the time of Pushkin, a pronunciation variant appeared with “o” instead of “u”. You could say and write bankrupt and bankrupt. TO end of the 19th century V. The pronunciation bankrupt, bankruptcy, go bankrupt finally won. This has become the norm.
Now let's do a little research. Task: to monitor how the norm of pronunciation of the chn combination has changed and whether you are breaking it.
Task 130. Rewrite the words and after each indicate how you pronounce the chn combination: as [chn] or [shn]. If it seems to you that you pronounce both [chn] and [shn], then write both options.
Sample: of course- [shn].
Everyday, bakery, snack bar, toy, on purpose, decently, decent, creamy, scrambled eggs, apple, Ilyinichna, Nikitichna.
Task 131. Using the table, determine how many of the twelve words retain the same pronunciation [shn], how many have equal variants [shn] and [chn], how many words have the winning pronunciation [chn]. Draw a conclusion in which direction this norm is changing.
|
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (1935-1940) |
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language (1983) |
|
|
everyday |
[chn] and additional [shn] |
|
|
bakery |
[shn] and additional [chn] |
|
|
snack bar |
||
|
toy |
||
|
quite a bit |
||
|
decent |
||
|
creamy |
add. outdated [shn] |
|
|
apple |
||
|
Ilyinichna |
||
|
Nikitichna |
Check how you completed the previous task. Do you pronounce all the words correctly? Remember their pronunciation.
Morphological norms also change. In this regard, the history of the endings of the nominative plural in masculine nouns is indicative.
Task 132. Write each word in nominative case plural.
Fence, table, garden, side, shore, eye, sleeve, train, year, cruiser, tractor.
As you can see, it's not that simple. Why do some words in the nominative plural have the ending -ы, and others -a? What does this depend on? Which ending in each specific case corresponds to the modern norm? To understand this, let's look at the history of the language.
In the Old Russian language, in addition to the singular and plural, there was also a dual number. It was used when talking about two objects: table (one), tables (two), tables (more than two); side (one), sides (two), booms (more than two). From the 13th century the form of the dual number gradually begins to collapse and is lost over time. But the trace remains. Think about why the words side, shore, eye, sleeve have the plural ending -a? Did you guess it? Yes, because these words denote paired objects. In such words, first of all, the ending of the dual number was preserved, which became an indicator of the plural number. Gradually, the ending -а spread to other words, displacing the ending -ы.
Look at the ending you wrote for the word train. Of course, trains. But N.G. Chernyshevsky, in a letter to his father on February 8, 1855, writes: “Railway travel was stopped due to heavy snowfall for four days.” In the 19th century Trains, not trains, were the norm.
Task 133. Find in the sentences from “ Dead souls” N.V. Gogol is a word whose ending does not correspond to the norm of the modern Russian language. How do you explain this phenomenon?
1. About ten of them (dogs - author) put their paws on Nozdryov’s shoulders. 2. Already the chair with which he decided to defend himself was torn out of his hands by the serfs, already, having closed his eyes, neither alive nor dead, he was preparing to taste his master’s Circassian chibouk, and God knows what would happen to him; but fate was pleased to save the sides, shoulders and all the well-mannered parts of our hero.
The change in the norm for the word tractor is indicative. It was borrowed at the beginning of the 20th century. from the English language, in which traktor is a suffix from the Latin traho, trahere - “to pull, drag.” It was first recorded by the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” in the 3rd volume, published in 1940. Only tractors are recognized as a literary form, and the ending -a (tractor) is considered colloquial, i.e. non-literary. After 23 years, the 15th volume of the “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” is published. In it, both forms - tractors and tractors - are given as equal rights, but the tractor form is given preference, it comes first. 20 years later, in the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” (1983), the ending -a is put in first place as it is more common. It can be assumed that in 10-20 years, tractors, like trains, will be listed in standard dictionaries as obsolete.
What plural ending do you think the words sweater and jumper should have?
Currently, in official speech (for example, in articles, documents), the ending -ы (sweaters, jumpers) corresponds to the norm; in colloquial speech, i.e. somewhat reduced, perhaps a sweater, jumper. Remember this.
Now let's pay attention to the ending of the plural of animate nouns.
Task 134. Write each word in the nominative plural. What can you say about the features of their endings?
Engineer, accountant, elevator operator, pastry chef, associate professor, editor, designer, conductor, driver, rector, lecturer, inspector, professor.
Compare the endings you wrote with those given in the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” (1983):
Engineer, pl. -s! grossly wrong, pl. engineer
Accountant, pl. -s! wrong, pl. accountant
Lifter (plural form not specified)
Confectioner, plural -s
Associate Professor (plural form not specified)
Editor, many editors and editors
Constructor, plural -s! not rec. pl. designer
Conductor, plural conductors and conductors
Driver, plural -s! in the profession. speech plural driver
Rector, pl. -s! not rec. pl. rector
Lecturer, plural -s! not rec. pl. lecturer
Inspector, pl. inspectors and inspectors
Professor, plural professor.
Summarize your observations and put them in writing.
There is also a group of words that has its own characteristics when forming the plural.
Task 135. Write each word in the nominative plural:
Camp, pass, order, leaf, teacher.
Have you guessed what the plural ending of these words depends on? It turns out that sometimes you have to consider the meaning of a word.
Check: camp (sports, school) - camps, camp (“socio-political group”) - camps, pass (“document”) - passes, pass (“something missed”) - passes, order (“insignia” ) - orders, order (“community, secret community”) - orders, leaf (paper) - sheets, leaf (tree) - leaves, teacher (“teacher”) - teachers, teacher (“head, author of the teaching”) - teachers .
If the letter A denotes the old, original norm, and the competing version the letter B, then the competition between them for a place in the literary language takes place in four stages and graphically looks like this:
|
B is wrong. |
B open, and |
At the first stage, the only form A dominates; its variant B is outside the boundaries of the literary language and is considered incorrect. At the second stage, option B penetrates into the literary language, is considered acceptable in colloquial speech (letter colloquial), and subsequently, depending on the degree of its distribution, is qualified as equal to A (mark and). At the third stage, norm A loses its dominant role, finally gives way to norm B and becomes obsolete norms. At the fourth stage, B becomes the only norm of the literary language.
5.2. Variation of the norm
Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers.
Options are presented at all language levels:
|
Options |
|
|
Phonetic |
To - so, fern - fern, empower - empower |
|
Derivational |
Comprehension - comprehension, plumbing - metalworking, heroically - heroically, reading room - reading room, she-wolf - she-wolf |
|
Morphological |
This roofing felt - this roofing felt, the coffee has cooled down - the coffee has cooled down, towels - towels, in the workshop - in the workshop, go - go - go, the most important - the most important - the most important, a hundred meters away - a hundred meters away - a hundred meters away |
|
Syntactic |
Wait for the train - wait for the train, buy bread - buy bread, ride the train - ride the train - ride the train, recommend as a coach, recommend as a coach, recommend as a coach |
|
Phraseological |
The tongue is stuck / dried to the larynx, the tongue will not turn / cannot speak. |
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Phraseological |
tongue wagging / scratching / chattering / grinding, as if / as if / as if a cow had licked its tongue |
Task 136. Determine the type of word variants.
Sawmill - sawmill, boundless - boundless, napoi - napoi, annual - annual, double-cavity - double-cavity, cellulose - cellulose, arm - arm, foil - foil, driver - driver, arabesque - arabesque, bekesha - bekesh, tablet - tablet, rabbit - rabbit, turkey - turkey - turkey, achieve - achieve, splash - splash.
Task 137. Tell me, are the given words variants? If not, why not?
Dicotyledonous - bipartite, bipartite - two-year-old, bivalve - double-leafed, half-platoon - half-platoon, semicircle - half-circle, peninsula - half-istrova, half-barka - half-barka, youth - youth, head - head, gate - gate, cold - cold, Wednesday - Wednesday, quarry - career, manner - manner, key - key, cataract - cataract, drive - drive, cuff - cuff.
Task 138. Tell me what the fate of the following word options is.
Osm - eight, sharp - sharp, otchina - patrimony, smallpox - vospa, ocher - vohra, osmushka - eighth, onbar (Turkic) - anbar - barn.
Options various types there is a lot in the Russian language, which indicates its richness. But this creates difficulties, since in order to choose the right option, you need to know what place each option occupies, what its characteristics are, its stylistic coloring. Information about variants is contained in explanatory dictionaries and in dictionaries created as a result of research into the use of various options in written and oral speech. Yes, JLK. Graudina, V.A., Itskovich, L.P. Katlinskaya published a frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants “Grammatical correctness of Russian speech” (M., 1976), which contains 6 thousand pairs of variant word forms.
5.3. Formation of literary language norms
Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources for establishing language norms include the works of classical writers and modern writers, analysis of the language of the media, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists.
Thus, the compilers of the dictionary of grammatical variants used sources stored at the Institute of Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences:
1) a card index of grammatical fluctuations, which was compiled on materials of Soviet artistic prose during 1961-1972;
2) materials of a statistical survey on newspapers of the 60-70s. The total sample amounted to one hundred thousand options;
3) recordings on music libraries of modern colloquial speech;
4) materials from the answers to the questionnaire;
5) data of everyone modern dictionaries, grammarians and special studies on grammatical variants.
The compilers of the dictionary did a tremendous amount of work to determine which of the grammatical forms should be considered the norm, which should be limited in use, and which should be considered incorrect.
To get an idea of the questionnaires that are filled out by native speakers, here are a few examples from the “Questionnaire on Modern Russian Literary Pronunciation” (1960):
35. How do you pronounce:
when or when?
Where or Where?
sometimes or sometimes?
smoG or smoH?
nemoK or nemoH?
67. How do you pronounce the following words (underline):
a) artery or artery?
bacterium or bacteria?
brunet or brunet?
inert or inert?
canned food or canned food?
criterip or criterion?
portpVain or portVain?
progRESs or progRESs?
stratEg or stratEg?
Tema or Tema!
shinel or overcoat?
b) sandwich or sandwich?
DEgassing or DEgassing?
DEKAN or DEKAK?
DEMOBILIZATION or DEMOBILIZATION?
intense or intensive?
copy or copy?
Why are questions asked about the pronunciation of words when, where, sometimes I could, I couldn’t!
This is explained by the fact that in a literary language the letter g in position before vowels, sonorant consonants (r, l, m, n) and v conveys the sound [g]: newspaper, gnome, thunder, rumble, nail. When the sound [g] is formed, the back of the tongue closes with the soft palate; noise occurs at the moment when a stream of exhaled air opens the closed organs of speech. Therefore, the sound [g] is called explosive, instantaneous.
Southern Russian dialects, including the Don ones, are characterized by [g] slotted. When a slit [r] is formed, the back of the tongue does not close, but only moves closer to the soft palate, and a gap is formed between them. The noise arises from the friction of exhaled air against the edges of the adjacent organs of speech. This sound is indicated by the letter “g”.
In the Russian literary language (with rare exceptions), only the pronunciation of [g] plosive is permissible. The exception is the word god in indirect cases: god, god, about god and sometimes, then, always. They had to pronounce the fricative: boa, boom, o boe, inoda, toda, vseda.
It was important for scientists to find out what sound the majority makes and whether the norm should be changed.
At the end of words, the sound [g], like other voiced consonants, is deafened: shore [g]a - bere[k], but [g]a - but [k], la [g]u - la [k]. In the South Russian dialect, at the end of words it also turns into a voiceless consonant, but not in [k], as in the literary language, but in [x]: berea - bere[x], noa -no[x].
Thus, a violation of one orthoepic norm, i.e., pronunciation instead of [r], leads to a violation of other pronunciation norms.
The formulation of question 67 is also understandable. In this case we are talking about the pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features.
Thus, in most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t"]et, faculty[t"]et, [t"]e-oria, [d"]emon, [d"]espot, [n" ]firsts, [s"]section, [s"]series, mu[z"]ey, newspaper [z"]eta, [r"]enta, [r"]ector.
However, in a number of words of foreign language origin, the firmness of the consonants before [e] is preserved: sh[te]p-sel, o[te]l, s[te]nd, ko[de]ks, mo[de]l, ka[re] , [dz]mi-urg, [de]mping, kash[ne], e[ne]rgia, [de]marsh, mor[ze], k[re]do, etc.
[se], criterion [te and additional, those], port [ve and additional. ve], progress [re and additional. re], strategist [te and additional, te], theme [te], overcoat [not]; b) sandwich [te], degassing [de and de], dean [de and additional. de], demobilization [de and additional, de], intensive [te], international [te], instance [ze and additional, ze].
The indicators of various normative dictionaries give reason to talk about three degrees of normativity:
norm of the 1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;
the 2nd degree norm is neutral, allowing equivalent options;
the norm of the 3rd degree is more flexible, allowing the use of colloquial as well as outdated forms.
Task 139. Using the data from the “Spelling Dictionary” on the norm of pronunciation of foreign words, give examples for all three degrees of norms.
Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.
The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Linguistic means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be absurd in another (official business communication). The norm does not divide language means into good and bad, but indicates their communicative expediency.
The historical change in the norms of literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers. Society development, changes social conditions life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms.