Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language acquires expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its attribute and belonging. They ask him the questions “what? which? which? what?”, and it also answers the questions “whose? whose? whose? whose?"
The secret is depending
In a sentence, the adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that is in the question is the same as that of the adjective.
What to Consider
Changing adjectives in cases depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And there are two things to remember here. First, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.
masculine, feminine and neuter
Let's take the phrase "noun + adjective in the singular" and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different genders. The gender of an adjective is always the same as the noun to which it refers.
- Masculine adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y. Here is an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
- Graduation adj. in the feminine: -aya, -ya. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious, summer.
- Graduation adj. in the middle gender: -oh, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) Tall, perennial.
Endings of adjectives in different numbers
Adjectives change freely in numbers. In the singular, they designate a sign of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “what, what, what?” For example: a smart question, a wide road, a gentle sun, a cheerful team, a large crowd, a noisy crowd.
In names, adjectives denote a variety of objects, answering the question “what?” For example: high hopes, small disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.
Spelling of unstressed endings in adjectives
To determine this point, you can act on a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.
If the question is “what?”, you need to check if the ending is under stress. If yes, then we write -th, if not, then we write -th (th).
If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then at the end you should write -y
If only questions can be asked from a noun to an adjective, then the same ending that sounds in the question should be written (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let us consider the last statement in more detail.
Changing adjective names by case
Now let's get acquainted with the features of the declension of adjectives in cases. This information will help you figure out how to determine the case of an adjective in each case.
First group
These are singular adjectives that have feminine. They lean like this:
- Nominative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -ya, -ya.
- Genitive case: plums (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Dative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Accusative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -yu, -yu.
- Instrumental case: plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
- Prepositional case: about a plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.
Second group
These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They lean like this:
- Nominative case: ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y.
- Genitive case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
- Dative case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
- To determine the ending of an adjective in the accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question "what?". Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives with an inanimate noun: -oy, -y, -y. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case, the question “whom?” should be asked to it. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what?) Strict, loving. Endings of adjectives with an animated noun: -th, -his.
- Instrumental case: with a ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Prepositional case: about the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.
Third group
These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bend like this.
- Nominative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oh, -ee.
- Genitive case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
- Dative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
- Accusative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -her.
- Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Prepositional case: about the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.
We see here that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which this adjective depends.
Fourth group
These are adjectives that are in plural. Let's say the following about them:
- Nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Adjective endings: -s, -s.
- Genitive case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
- Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
- Accusative case: adjectives related to inanimate nouns are declined according to the principle of the nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Endings: -s, -s. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what?) Cheerful, close. Endings: -s, -ih.
- Instrumental case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -s, -s.
- Prepositional case: about flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
Note that in this group adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), prepositional cases.
Determining the case of an adjective: a sequence of actions
- Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
- Let's highlight the ending.
- Determine the gender and number of the adjective.
- Let's choose which of the four groups described above the given word belongs to.
- Let's determine the case of the adjective at the end.
- If in doubt, let's pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question to it and determine the case of the adjective from it, since it has the same ending.
If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and an adjective dependent on it) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If the noun in the sentence acts as a subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.
We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not difficult at all.
It is difficult to imagine a lively conversation without vivid epithets that reflect the feelings of a person - admiration, jubilation, joy, annoyance, indignation. Basically, these unusual words that make our speech richer are adjectives that indicate the quality of the subject and answer the questions: what? Which? which? which? Definitions are easy to pronounce, but not only schoolchildren, but also adults get confused in their spelling. To avoid mistakes when writing, you need to correctly determine the case of these colorful words.
How to determine the case of an adjective by a noun
Usually the adjective agrees in case with the subordinate noun. Consider a simple sentence: “A narrow path ran through a spruce forest, winding and meandering, until it finally disappeared into an impenetrable thicket.”
- Look for adjectives by asking questions - which one? Which? It turns out that 2 words - narrow and impassable - are adjectives.
- Find the noun associated with the first epithet by asking what? The answer is a path that is in the nominative case, goes out, and a narrow one is of the same case.
Remember: if the noun is the subject, this is I.p., if the minor member is B.p.
- The second noun is in the thicket, it answers the question - in what? Where? and has a prepositional case, therefore the adjective - in impenetrable, is in P.p.
How to determine the case of a feminine adjective
Each type of adjective has its own rules for determining cases. Let's take a look at the feminine declension.
The nominative case has the ending - aya, -ya, genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional - oh, -ey. Accusative - wow, wow. More details in the example.
As you can see, the endings in different case forms are the same, so in case of difficulty, double-check the spelling for the dependent noun using the hint from the 1st paragraph.
How to determine the case of a masculine adjective
To determine the case of masculine adjectives, ask a question to it and be guided by the endings:
I.p. - endings - oh, th, th;
R.p. - wow, -his;
D.p. - oh, - him;
V.p. - if the object is inanimate, the endings will be - oh, -th, -th, living object - wow, -his;
etc. - ym, -im;
P.p - ohm, -em.
How to determine the case of the neuter adjective
In the nominative and accusative cases, neuter singular adjectives end in -oe, -ee. Then comes without repetitions - genitive - oh, -his, dative - ohm, -him, instrumental - th, -im, prepositional - ohm, -em.
How to determine the case of an adjective plural
These word forms answer the question - which ones?, coincide in number with the dependent noun and have the following case endings:
I.p. - th, -th;
R.p. and P.p. - oh, -them;
D.p. - ym, -im;
V.p. - animate objects according to R.p., inanimate - according to I.p.;
etc. - uh, -i.
So, you have learned how to determine the case of an adjective, it's time to consolidate the result. Print out the hint charts and use them as needed to write any complex adjective correctly.
That you need to find objects (phenomena) that are characterized by the found adjectives. In this case, these are the words "dawn" and "city".
Determine the case found. Remember that the nominative case answers the questions "who?" ("What?"), - the questions "who?" ("What?"), the dative - the questions "to whom?" ("What?"), the accusative - to the questions "whom?" ("what?"), instrumental - to the questions "by whom?" ("what?"), prepositional - to the questions "about whom?" ("about what?"). So, "dawn", and the noun "city" of the instrumental case.
note
It is easy to confuse the nominative and accusative cases, since inanimate nouns in these cases answer the same question. In order to distinguish between them, one must remember that a noun in the nominative case is always the subject of a sentence, and a noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence. For example, "The lazy cat had a sweet dream." Here the subject is the word "cat". Therefore, the phrase "lazy cat" is nominative, and the phrase "sweet dream" is accusative.
Sources:
- how to correctly determine the case of nouns
A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” So what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.
Instruction
In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding one. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.
In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (a week, a kilometer walk); the transition of the action completely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely accusative as a dependence on (offensive for a friend).
However, even by rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, Which matches with, substitute instead of it and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.
Remember also that there are some that look the same in all cases: metro, cinema, coat, cafe, etc. To determine their case, ask a question for the keyword. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday they bought me an expensive coat,” the word “coat” is in the accusative case, because the question “I see what?” you can answer "beautiful coat." In addition, replace the word "coat" here with a variable, for example, "decoration." Then belonging to the accusative case immediately becomes more obvious.
Related videos
When determining the case of any noun, always apply all the rules and methods that you know, then it will be much easier for you to make sure that the word belongs to one or another case.
Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, so to determine the case, you must ask the correct question to the word being checked.
Instruction
To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”
Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word "I think".
To determine the case, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear” The noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, so the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.
The nominative case is the initial dictionary form of nouns, opposed to all other forms of indirect cases: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. The word in the nominative case is never used with a preposition and in a sentence usually performs the syntactic function of the subject or the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Instruction
For nominative case and the main ones are subjective and attributive meanings. In the first case, this form denotes the agent performing the action, or the object to which it is directed. Compare: "A mother loves her son." The word "mother" denotes the doer. "The son is loved by the mother." The word "son" denotes the subject to which the action is directed.
Determine the subjective meaning of the nominative form case and according to the syntactic role of the subject in a two-part sentence (“The son is a student, but at the same time he works”) or the subject in a one-part nominal (“Whisper, breath, trills of a nightingale ...”).
Determinative meaning of the nominative form case and in a compound nominal predicate or in syntactic construction applications. "New is a factory." The word "factory" is the nominal part of the predicate, which answers the question "new building?". "The female doctor invited me to the office." The word “doctor”, answering the question “who?” is an application that performs the syntactic function of a definition. Note that the nominative case, used in a definitive sense, gives a different name to an object by property, quality, sign, and the meanings are not characteristic of it.
Additional meanings of the nominative case and the noun are: - the estimated value expressed in the nominal part of the predicate ("He was a good-natured man"); - the expression of a temporary sign related to the past ("At that time her husband was still the groom"); - the meaning of the informatively replenishing form used both with a proper name (“She was named Olya”), and a common noun (“He is listed as a watchman”). Most often nominative case used in this sense geographical names("Then Petrograd began to be called").
note
In addition to nouns, the category of case has declinable parts of speech: adjective, numeral, participle and pronoun. Determine the nominative case of adjectives and participles on the questions “what? which? which? what?”, given from the noun being defined, “how much?” - for cardinal numbers, “what is the number?” − for ordinals. Pronouns, depending on the category, can answer in the nominative case the questions “who? What?" (I, that), “what? whose?" (some, own), "how much?" (so many).
Change in cases of adjectives in the singular
16. Read the table "Change in cases of adjectives in the singular" (see above). Which adjectives decline the same way?
17. Read. Decline, using the table, any of these adjectives along with the noun.
Vegetable soup, nocturnal sky, earthly bark.
18. Read. Determine the case of nouns.
They sewed it from ... fabric, stopped near ... a building, floated across ... the sky, drove up to ... a gatehouse, watched ... a performance, flew into ... a window, adorned ... with frost, grew under. .. birch, swam in ... the sea, read about ... a bear.
- Choose for each noun a suitable adjective from the words for reference. Write down the phrases.
- Indicate the case of nouns and adjectives, highlight their endings.
Words for reference: high, silk, blue, forest, open, interesting, young, warm, silvery, brown.
19. Read the memo on how to determine the case of an adjective, and a sample reasoning.
Think like this: adjective big refers to the word village. Village- neuter noun ( village), is in the instrumental case ( rises(above what?) over the village), in the singular. So the adjective big also stands in the middle gender, in the instrumental case, in the singular ( over the village(what?) big).
20. Read.
- Be prepared to explain how to determine the case of underlined adjectives.
- Write down a poem. Write the part of speech for each word in the first two lines.
In the north wild stands alone
On naked pine tree top
And dozing, swaying, and snow loose
She is dressed like a robe.
(M. Lermontov)
21. Read.
Valentin Alexandrovich Serov is an excellent master of portrait painting. His painting "Mika Morozov" is one of the best children's portraits in world art. Take a look at the picture.
The kid sat up a little in the chair. I saw something and froze. Curly, curly. Black-eyed. He raised his thin eyebrows. Opened plump pink lips. What struck the little boy early in the morning? Not yet tidied up, in a white nightgown, he is ready even now to jump up and figure out what is happening. Hands clung to the chair rails. A moment of surprise.
The artist managed to peep this moment and reflect it in the picture.
(. Dolgopolov)
- Decide on a topic and main idea text. Explain the meaning of expressions master of portrait painting, world art.
- Find adjectives in the text. Say for what purpose they are used in the 1st and 2nd parts of the text.
- Read the description of the boy. How do you see the boy in this description?
22. Consider in the “Picture Gallery” of the textbook a reproduction of the painting “Mika Morozov” by Valentin Aleksandrovich Serov.
- Isn't it true that the artist told us the whole story about the boy? Does the description of the boy from ex. 21 with your impression of the painting? What are your impressions of the portrait? And what could surprise the boy? Express your guesses.
- Compose and write an essay on the topic "What do I remember about the painting by V. A. Serov "Mika Morozov"". Start your essay with the first two sentences from the text of ex. 21.