What information processes are in the systems. Information processes. General understanding of information systems

Information processes (collection, processing and transmission of information) have always played an important role in science, technology and social life. In the course of human evolution, there has been a steady tendency towards automation of these processes, although their internal content has essentially remained unchanged.

Collection of information - this is the activity of the subject, during which he receives information about the object of interest to him. Information can be collected either by humans or using technical means and systems - hardware. For example, a user can obtain information about the movement of trains or planes himself by studying the schedule, or from another person directly, or through some documents drawn up by this person, or using technical means (automated help, telephone, etc.) . The task of collecting information cannot be solved in isolation from other tasks, in particular, the task of information exchange (transmission).

Exchange of information is a process during which the source of information transmits it and the recipient receives it. If errors are detected in the transmitted messages, then retransmission of this information is organized. As a result of the exchange of information between the source and the recipient, a kind of “information balance” is established, in which, ideally, the recipient will have the same information as the source.

Information is exchanged using signals, which are its material carrier. Sources of information can be any objects real world, having certain properties and abilities. If an object belongs to inanimate nature, then it produces signals that directly reflect its properties. If the source object is a person, then the signals produced by him can not only directly reflect his properties, but also correspond to the signs that a person produces for the purpose of exchanging information.

The recipient can use the received information repeatedly. For this purpose, he must record it on a material medium (magnetic, photo, film, etc.). The process of forming an initial, unsystematized array of information is called accumulation information. The recorded signals may include those that reflect valuable or frequently used information. Some of the information in at the moment time may not be of particular value, although it may be required in the future.

Information storage is the process of maintaining source information in a form that ensures the issuance of data at the request of end users in a timely manner.

Information processing is an orderly process of its transformation in accordance with the algorithm for solving the problem.

After solving the information processing problem, the result must be presented to end users in the required form. This operation is implemented during the solution of the problem issuance information. Information is usually provided using external computer devices in the form of texts, tables, graphs, etc.

Information technology represents the material basis of information technology, with the help of which the collection, storage, transmission and processing of information is carried out. Until the middle of the 19th century, when the processes of collecting and storing information were dominant, the basis of information technology was a pen, inkwell and paper. Communication (communication) was carried out by sending packets (dispatches). To replace “manual” information technology in late XIX century came the “mechanical” (typewriter, telephone, telegraph, etc.), which served as the basis for fundamental changes in information processing technology. It took many more years to move from memorizing and transmitting information to processing it. This became possible with the advent in the second half of our century of such information technology as electronic computers, which laid the foundation for “computer technology.”

The ancient Greeks believed that technology (techne- skill + togos- teaching) is the skill (art) of doing things. This concept acquired a more comprehensive definition in the process of industrialization of society.

Technology - this is a body of knowledge about the methods and means of carrying out production processes in which a qualitative change in the objects being processed occurs.

Technologies of controlled processes are characterized by orderliness and organization, which are opposed to spontaneous processes. Historically, the term “technology” arose in the sphere of material production. Information technology in this context can be considered the technology of using computer hardware and software in a given subject area.

Information technology - This is a set of methods, production processes and software and hardware, combined into a technological chain that ensures the collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using an information resource, as well as increase their reliability and efficiency.

Information technologies are characterized by the following basic properties:

    the subject (object) of processing (process) is data;

    the purpose of the process is to obtain information;

    means of implementing the process are software, hardware and software-hardware computing systems;

    Data processing processes are divided into operations in accordance with the given subject area;

    the choice of control actions on processes must be carried out decision makers;

    process optimization criteria are on-time delivery information to the user, its reliability, validity, completeness.

Of all types of technologies, management information technology places the highest demands on the “human factor”, having a fundamental impact on the qualifications of the employee, the content of his work, physical and mental stress, professional prospects and the level of social relations.

Information resources - these are the ideas of humanity and instructions for their implementation, accumulated in a form that allows their reproduction.

These are books, articles, patents, dissertations, research and development documentation, technical translations, data on advanced production practices, etc.

Information resources (unlike all other types of resources - labor, energy, minerals, etc.) grow faster the more they are spent.

Humanity has been processing information for thousands of years. The first information technologies were based on the use of abacus and writing. About fifty years ago, an exceptionally rapid development of these technologies began, which is primarily associated with the advent of computers.

Currently the term "information technology" used in connection With using computers to process information. Information technologies cover all computing and communications technology and, in part, consumer electronics, television and radio broadcasting.

They find application in industry, trade, management, banking system, education, healthcare, medicine and science, transport and communications, agriculture, social security system, and serve as a help to people of various professions and housewives.

Currently, the creation of large-scale information technology systems is economically possible, and this leads to the emergence of national research and educational programs designed to stimulate their development.

Informatization of society

Informatization is a complex social process associated with significant changes in the lifestyle of the population. It requires serious efforts in many areas, including eliminating computer illiteracy, creating a culture of using new information technologies, etc.

Informatization of society - organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, government bodies, local government organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.

The purpose of informatization - improving the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.

The latest information revolution brings to the fore a new industry - information industry associated with the production of technical means, methods, technologies for the production of new knowledge. All types of information technologies are becoming the most important components of the information industry, especially telecommunications. Modern information technology is based on advances in the field of computer technology and communications.

Information technology (IT) – a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon.

Telecommunications – remote data transmission based on computer networks and modern technical means of communication.

The rapid development of computer technology and information technology gave impetus to the development of a society built on the use of various information and called the information society.

Information society - a society in which the majority of workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge.

Information culture – the ability to purposefully work with information and use computer information technology, modern technical means and methods to receive, process and transmit it.

Characteristic features of the information society:

    the problem of the information crisis has been solved, i.e. the contradiction between the information avalanche and information hunger is resolved;

    priority of information is ensured compared to other resources;

    the main form of development will be the information economy;

    the basis of society will be the automated generation, storage, processing and use of knowledge using the latest information technology and technologies;

    information technology will become global, covering all spheres of human social activity;

    the information unity of the entire human civilization is being formed;

    with the help of computer science, every person has free access to the information resources of the entire human civilization;

    humanistic principles of managing society and impacting the environment have been implemented.

In addition to the positive aspects, dangerous trends:

    the increasing influence of the media on society;

    information technology can destroy the privacy of people and organizations;

    there is a problem of selecting high-quality and reliable information;

    many people will find it difficult to adapt to the information society environment. There is a danger of a gap between the “information elite” (people involved in developing information technology) and consumers.

Information and computer science

CONCEPT OF INFORMATION

A person’s entire life is in one way or another connected with the accumulation and processing of information that he receives from the world around him, using the five senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. As a scientific category, “information” is the subject of study for a variety of disciplines: computer science, cybernetics, philosophy, physics, biology, communication theory, etc. Despite this, a strict scientific definition of what information is does not yet exist, and instead they usually use the concept of information. Concepts differ from definitions in that different disciplines in different fields of science and technology attach different meanings to it, so that it is most consistent with the subject and objectives of a particular discipline. There are many definitions of the concept of information - from the most general philosophical (information is a reflection of the real world) to the most specific applied (information is information that is the object of processing). Here are some of them:

Message, information about the state of affairs, information about something, transmitted models;

■ reduced, removed uncertainty as a result of receiving messages;

■ transmission, reflection of diversity in any processes and objects, reflected diversity;

■ a product that is an object of purchase and sale of knowledge to achieve certain goals;

■ data as a result of organizing symbols according to established rules;

■ the product of interaction between data and methods adequate to them;

■ information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation.

Along with those mentioned, there are hundreds of other, often contradictory or mutually exclusive definitions of information. The variety of these definitions testifies to the breadth of the approach to the concept of information and reflects the formation of the concept of information in modern science.

The original meaning of the word “information” (from Lat. informatio - explanation, presentation) was interpreted as something inherent only to human consciousness and communication: “knowledge, information, messages, news transmitted by people orally, in writing or in other ways.” Then the meaning of this word began to expand and generalize. Thus, from the standpoint of the materialistic theory of knowledge, one of the universal properties of matter (along with movement, development, space, time, etc.) was recognized as reflection, which consists in the ability to adequately reflect other real objects by one real object, and the very fact of reflecting the states of one object in states of another (or simply one object in another) and means the presence in it of information about the reflected object. Thus, as soon as the states of one object are in accordance with the states of another object (for example, the correspondence between the position of the voltmeter needle and the voltage at its terminals, or the correspondence between our sensation and reality), this means that one object reflects the other, i.e. contains information about another.


The highest, specific form of reflection is human consciousness. In addition, there are other forms: psyche (inherent not only in humans, but also in animals, carrying information that can influence their emotional states and behavior), irritability (covering, among other things, plants and simple organisms that respond to weak mechanical , chemical, thermal contacts with environment) and the most elementary form - the imprinting of interaction (inherent in both inorganic nature and elementary particles, that is, all matter in general) (Fig. 1.1).

Thus, a piece of coal carries a “reflection” of events that happened in ancient times, that is, it has the property of being informative. A business letter with proposals for cooperation is informative because it reflects the serious intentions of a particular institution or department. The command to begin specific actions (launching a rocket, sending cargo, performing calculations, etc.) contains information about the preparedness of the relevant services and the timeliness of the steps taken.

Information is neither matter nor energy. Unlike them, it can appear and disappear. In these examples, the information in a piece of coal or business letter may disappear if its carrier disappears, for example, if it burns.

The peculiarity of information is that it manifests itself only during the interaction of objects, and the exchange of information can not take place between any objects at all, but only between those of them that represent an organized structure (system). Not only people can be elements of this system: information exchange can occur in the animal and plant world, between living and inanimate nature, people and devices. Thus, the information contained in a piece of coal will appear only through interaction with a person, and a plant, receiving information about light, opens its petals during the day and closes them at night.

The concept of “information” usually presupposes the presence of two objects - a “source” of information and a “receiver” (consumer, addressee) of information (Fig. 1.2).

Information is transmitted from source to receiver in material and energy form in the form of signals (for example, electrical, light, sound, etc.) propagating in a certain environment.

Signal(from lat. signum - sign) is a physical process (phenomenon) that carries a message (information) about an event or state of an observed object.

Information can arrive continuously or discretely, that is, in the form of a sequence of individual signals. Accordingly, a distinction is made between continuous and discrete information.

Information- a specific attribute of the real world, which is its objective reflection in the form of a set of signals and manifests itself when interacting with a “receiver” of information, which makes it possible to isolate, register these signals from the surrounding world and identify them according to one or another criterion.

From this definition it follows that:

■ information is objective, since this property of matter is reflection;

■ information appears in the form of signals and only when objects interact;

■ the same information can be interpreted differently by different recipients, depending on the “setting” of the “receiver”.

A person perceives signals through the senses, which are “identified” by the brain. Therefore, for example, when observing the same object, a person with better vision can obtain more information about the object than someone with worse vision. At the same time, with the same visual acuity in the case of, for example, reading text on foreign language a person who does not speak this language will not receive any information at all, since his brain will not be able to identify it. Information receivers in technology perceive signals using various measuring and recording equipment. At the same time, a receiver with greater sensitivity when registering signals and more advanced algorithms for processing them allows one to obtain large amounts of information.

Information has certain functions in society, the main ones of which are:

educational, the purpose of which is to obtain new information. The function is implemented mainly through such stages of information circulation as:

Its synthesis (production),

Performance,

Storage (transfer over time),

Perception(consumption);

■ communicative- function of communication between people, implemented
through such stages of information circulation as:

Transmission (in space),

Distribution;

■ managerial, the purpose of which is to form the appropriate behavior of the managed system receiving information. This function of information is inextricably linked with cognitive and communicative and is realized through all the main stages of circulation, including processing.

Without information, life in any form cannot exist and any information systems created by man cannot function. Without it, biological and technical systems represent a pile chemical elements. Communication, communication, and exchange of information are inherent in all living beings, but to a special degree - in humans. Being accumulated and processed from certain positions, information provides new information and leads to new knowledge. Obtaining information from the surrounding world, its analysis and generation constitute one of the main functions of man, distinguishing him from the rest of the living world.

INFORMATION PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS

In general, the role of information may be limited to the emotional impact on a person, but most often it is used to develop control actions in automatic (purely technical) and automated (human-machine) systems. In such systems, it is possible to distinguish separate stages (phases) of information circulation, each of which is characterized by certain actions.

The sequence of actions performed with information is called information process.

Systems that implement information processes are called information systems.

The main stages (phases) of information circulation in systems:

■ collection (perception) of information;

■ preparation (transformation) of information;

■ transfer of information;

■ processing (transformation) of information;

■ information storage;

■ display (playback) of information.

Since the material carrier of information is a signal, in reality these will be the stages of signal circulation and conversion (Fig. 1.3).


Rice. 1.3. Stages of information circulation in automated systems

On stage of perception information, the purposeful extraction and analysis of information about any object (process) is carried out, as a result of which an image of the object is formed, its identification and evaluation are carried out. The main task at this stage is to separate useful information from interfering (noise), which in some cases is associated with significant difficulties. The simplest type of perception is the distinction between two opposite states: presence (“yes”) and absence (“no”), a more complex type is measurement.

On preparation stage information is undergoing its primary transformation. At this stage, operations such as normalization, analog-to-digital conversion, and encryption are carried out. Sometimes the preparation stage is considered as auxiliary to the perception stage. As a result of perception and preparation, a signal is obtained in a form convenient for transmission, storage or processing.

On transfer stage information is sent from one place to another (from the sender to the recipient-addressee). Transmission is carried out through channels of various physical natures, the most common of which are electrical, electromagnetic and optical. Extracting the signal at the output of a channel subject to noise is of the nature of secondary perception.

On stages of information processing its general and significant interdependencies that are of interest to the system are identified. The transformation of information at the processing stage (as well as at other stages) is carried out either by means of information technology or by humans.

In general, under information processing is understood as any transformation of it carried out according to the laws of logic, mathematics, as well as informal rules based on “common sense”, intuition, generalized experience, established views and norms of behavior. The result of processing is also information, but either presented in other forms (for example, ordered by some characteristics), or containing answers to questions posed (for example, the solution to a certain problem). If the processing process is formalized, it can be performed by technical means. Fundamental changes in this area occurred thanks to the creation of a computer - a universal information converter, in connection with which the concepts appeared data And data processing.

Data- facts, information presented in a formalized form (encoded), recorded on data or other media and capable of processing using special technical means (primarily a computer).

Data processing involves performing various operations on them, primarily arithmetic and logical, to obtain new data that is objectively necessary (for example, when preparing critical decisions).

On storage stage information is recorded in a storage device for later use. Semiconductor, magnetic and optical media are mainly used to store information. Solving the problems of retrieving stored information (information retrieval) is associated with the development of classification characteristics and layout schemes for stored information, systematization, rules for accessing it, the procedure for replenishing and updating it, i.e., everything that determines the possibility of targeted search and prompt retrieval of stored information .

Information display stage must precede steps involving human participation. The purpose of this stage is to provide a person with the information he needs using devices that can influence his senses.

Information systems can be classified according to various criteria. Thus, according to the scope of application, information systems are divided into administrative, industrial, educational, medical, military, etc., according to territorial basis - information systems of a district, city, region, etc. From the point of view of the possibility of organizing specific information processes, information and reference systems are distinguished , information retrieval systems, data processing and transmission systems, communication systems.

Most automated information systems are local systems and operate at the level of enterprises and institutions. Currently, there is an intensive process of integrating such systems into corporate systems and further into regional and global systems.

Systems more high level become geographically dispersed, hierarchical both in terms of the functional principle and in their technical implementation. Ensuring the interaction of geographically dispersed systems requires extensive high-speed and reliable communication channels, and an increase in the volume of processed information requires high-performance computers. This leads to the need for the collective use of expensive automation equipment (computers and communication lines) and processed information (databases). The technical development of both electronic computers themselves and communications made it possible to solve this problem by moving to the creation distributed information and computing networks for collective use.

Centralization of various types of information in one network makes it possible to use it to solve a wide range of problems related to administrative management, planning, scientific research, design development, production technology, supply, accounting and reporting.

If the supplied information is extracted from any object (process), and the output is used to purposefully change the state of the same object (process), and the subscriber using the information to select the main control actions (decision making) is a person, then such an automated information system called automated control system(ASU).

Control And information serves as the basic concepts of cybernetics - the science of general principles of management in various systems: technical, biological, social, etc.

Control- a function of organized systems of various natures (technical, biological or social), aimed at realizing their goals and maintaining their inherent structure.

The concept of “cybernetics” as a scientific term was introduced in the first half of the 19th century. French physicist Andre Marie Ampere, who called cybernetics (from the Greek. cybernetike- the art of management) a science that studies the art of managing people and society. In Ancient Greece, this title was awarded to the best masters control of war chariots. Subsequently, the word “cybernetikos” was borrowed by the Romans - so in Latin the word “governor” (provincial manager) appeared.

An outstanding American mathematician is considered the founder of cybernetics Norbert Wiener(1894-1964), and the date of her birth is 1948, when N. Wiener published the book “Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.”

Cybernetics- a science that studies, from a unified perspective, communication and control (self-government) in organized systems of any physical nature.

The essence of cybernetics is general view can be expressed by its basic laws, the structure and content of which are shown in Fig. 1.4.

Rice. 1.4. Composition and content of general control laws

As follows from Fig. 1.4, a cybernetic system (control system) can be considered as a combination of two systems - a control object and a control object. In this case, the control system influences the control object by sending control signals (control actions) to it. To develop control decisions that ensure the achievement of the control goal, the control system collects information about the current state of the control object (via the feedback channel), stores it (accumulates), and evaluates it current state controlled object with the desired (corresponding to the goal).

Automated systems controls have found wide application in all spheres of modern society, primarily as systems for managing technological processes and teams of people. ACS technological processes serve to automate various functions in production. They are widely used in organizing production lines, manufacturing microcircuits, to maintain the technological cycle in mechanical engineering, etc. Organizational management information systems are designed to automate the functions of management personnel, for example, information systems for managing banks, hotels, trading companies, etc.

Introduction

Information processes (collection, processing and transmission of information) have always played an important role in science, technology and social life. In the course of human evolution, there has been a steady tendency towards automation of these processes, although their internal content has essentially remained unchanged.

Information does not exist on its own; it manifests itself in information processes. A person lives in a world of information and throughout his life participates in all kinds of information processes.

The main information processes are: search, collection, storage, transmission, processing, use and protection of information.

Actions performed with information are called information processes.

Processes associated with receiving, storing, processing and transmitting information are called information.

Information process is a set of sequential actions (operations) performed on information (in the form of data, information, facts, ideas, hypotheses, theories, etc.) to obtain a result (achieve a goal).

Information manifests itself precisely in information processes that always occur in some kind of system (social, sociotechnical, biological, etc.).

Information processes carried out using certain information technologies form the basis information activities person. A computer is a universal device for automated execution of information processes.

Information processes

Search for information

Information retrieval - retrieving stored information.

There are manual and automated methods for searching information in repositories. The main methods of searching for information are:

direct observation;

communication with specialists on an issue of interest;

reading relevant literature;

watching TV and video programs,

listening to radio broadcasts and audio cassettes;

work in libraries, archives, information systems and other methods.

In order to collect the most complete information and increase the likelihood of making the right decision, it is necessary to use a variety of information search methods.

Searching for information can be effective or ineffective. Success will largely depend on how you organize your search for information.

In the process of searching for information, you may encounter a wide variety of information, both useful and useless, both reliable and false, relevant and outdated, objective and subjective. To speed up the process of obtaining complete information on the issue of interest, catalogs began to be compiled (alphabetical, subject, etc.).

The next step in accelerating the search for information was the creation of special scientific journals. Automated information retrieval systems (IRS) have made a real revolution in the service of storing and selecting information. Using an IRS allows you to save time and effort spent sifting through boxes full of cards. In addition, libraries are able to significantly reduce the space allocated for storing catalogs.

2. Collection of information is the activity of a subject, during which he receives information about an object of interest to him. Information can be collected either by humans or using technical means and systems - hardware.

For example, a user can obtain information about the movement of trains or planes himself by studying the schedule, or from another person directly, or through some documents drawn up by this person, or using technical means (automated help, telephone, etc.) . The task of collecting information cannot be solved in isolation from other tasks - the task of information exchange (transmission).

3. Information storage.

Information storage is the process of maintaining original information in a form that ensures the issuance of data at the request of end users within a specified time frame.

Storing information is a process as old as the life of human civilization. Already in ancient times, people were faced with the need to store information: notches in trees so as not to get lost while hunting; counting objects using pebbles and knots; depictions of animals and hunting episodes on cave walls.

With the birth of writing, a special means of recording and disseminating thoughts in space and time arose. Documented information was born - manuscripts and handwritten books, unique information and storage centers appeared - ancient libraries and archives. Gradually, the written document also became a management tool (decrees, laws, orders).

The second information leap was printing. With its emergence, the largest amount of information began to be stored in various printed publications, and to obtain it, a person turns to their storage places.

Information is stored either in human memory or on external media. In human memory, information can be stored both in figurative form (I remember how a rose smells) and in symbolic form (verbal, formulaic). Information stored in memory is called operational. Information stored on external media (sheet of paper, disk, record, etc.) is called external. It can be transferred to the operational category if it is “read” by a person. External media serve as “additional” human memory. They can store sound, texts, and images.

Devices on which information is stored are called storage media.

Information must be stored so that it is easy to find. This is why people came up with different ways organizing information storage.

Different information requires different storage times: a travel ticket should only be kept for the duration of the trip; television program - current week; school diary - academic year; matriculation certificate - until the end of life; historical documents - several centuries.

The computer is designed for compact storage of information with the ability quick access to her.

4. Transfer of information.

The transmission of information can be carried out in written, oral or gestures. A person receives information through the senses (vision - 90%; hearing - 9%; smell, touch, taste - 1%). Human thinking can be viewed as a process of information processing. The received information is stored on storage media various types: books, photographs, videotapes, laser discs, etc.

The commonality of information processes in living nature, society and technology has been established. Let's look at examples:

Flora world. In the spring, leaves grow, which fall in the fall. The length of daylight hours, air and soil temperature are signals that are perceived by the cells of living organisms as information that is processed and affects the metabolic physicochemical processes occurring in a living cell - they control them. Transmission occurs within one's own living cells (from root to leaves and back).

Animal world. Animals have nervous system, which controls all stages of the information process: perception, transmission, processing and use of information. Unlike flora, animals can transmit information to each other.

In inanimate nature, information processes exist only in technology. This technique repeats (models) some human actions and is capable of replacing it in these cases. For example, robotic manipulators, etc.

Human activity has always been associated with the transfer of information. The ancient method of transmission is a letter sent by messenger. By talking, we transmit information to each other. Humanity has come up with many devices for quickly transmitting information: telegraph, radio, telephone, TV. Devices that transmit information at high speed include electronic computers, although it would be more correct to say telecommunications networks.

There are two parties involved in the transfer:

source - the one who transmits information,

the receiver is the one who receives it.

For example, a teacher conveys information to students. The teacher is the source. The student is the receiver. In the African jungle, in the old days, important news was conveyed from one tribe to another by the beating of drums. Sailors sometimes use the flag alphabet. By talking, we transmit information to each other. Computer information is displayed on the monitor screen - this is also the transfer of information.

Very often, interference occurs during the transmission of information. And then the information from the source to the receiver arrives in a distorted form.

Errors that occur during the transmission of information are of 3 types:

Part correct information replaced with the wrong one;

extraneous messages are added to the transmitted information;

Some information is lost during transmission.

Information is transmitted in the form of messages from some source of information to its receiver through a communication channel between them. The source sends a transmitted message, which is encoded into a transmitted signal. This signal is sent over a communication channel. As a result, a received signal appears at the receiver, which is decoded and becomes the received message.

Communication channel is a set of technical devices that ensure the transmission of a signal from a source to a recipient.

Encoding device is a device designed to encode (convert the original message of the source of information to a form convenient for transmitting information) information.

Decoding device - a device for converting a received message into an original one.

a message containing information about the weather forecast is transmitted to the receiver (TV viewer) from the source - a meteorologist - through a communication channel - television transmitting equipment and a TV.

telephone conversation:

The source of the message is the person speaking;

An encoding device - a microphone - converts sounds into electrical impulses;

Communication channel - telephone network (wire);

The decoding device is the part of the tube that we bring to the ear, here the electrical signal is converted into sound;

The receiver of information is the person who listens.

The general scheme for transmitting information can be as shown in Fig. 2:

Fig.2. Information transmission scheme

During the transmission process, information may be lost or distorted: sound distortion in the telephone, atmospheric interference on the radio, distortion or darkening of the image on television, errors during transmission in the telegraph. This interference (noise) distorts information. Fortunately, there is a science that develops ways to protect information - cryptology.

5. Information processing.

Information processing - obtaining some information objects from other information objects by executing certain algorithms.

Processing is one of the main operations performed on information and the main means of increasing the volume and variety of information. Information processing tools are all kinds of devices and systems created by mankind, and first of all, a computer is a universal machine for processing information. Computers process information by executing some algorithms. Living organisms and plants process information using their organs and systems.

After solving the information processing problem, the result must be presented to end users in the required form. This operation is implemented in the course of solving problems of issuing information. Information is usually provided using external devices Computers in the form of texts, tables, graphs, etc.

Information processing is carried out by a person either in the mind, or with the help of any auxiliary means (accounts, calculator, computer, etc.). As a result of processing, new information is obtained, which is somehow stored (recorded). Information is processed according to certain rules (algorithms). These rules themselves can also be processed (supplemented, corrected, clarified).

A person processes information at least at three levels: physiological (using the senses), at the level rational thinking, at the subconscious level.

The processing process is very complex.

Example: The bus engine noise has changed. For the driver, this can serve as information about some problems in the engine.

The radio announced that Agassi had won the tennis tournament. If you are not interested in tennis, then the amount of information for you is zero. If you are interested, the volume depends on the specific name of the winner.

In example No. 1, engine noise is an indirect source of information. A person accesses a knowledge base that is stored in memory. If the knowledge base is incomplete (the person is poorly educated), it is impossible to obtain reliable information.

The information that is processed is called initial. After processing the original information, new information is obtained.

The student received the condition of the task (initial information), thinks (processes) and reports the answer (new information).

A service dog finds a person by smell (smell is the initial information, where the person went is new).

Computer, special device, created by man to process information. The possibility of automated information processing is based on the fact that information processing does not imply its comprehension.

6. Exchange of information.

Information exchange is a process during which the source of information transmits it and the recipient receives it. If errors are detected in the transmitted messages, then retransmission of this information is organized. As a result of the exchange of information between the source and the recipient, a kind of “information balance” is established, in which, ideally, the recipient will have the same information as the source.

The exchange of information can occur in figurative and symbolic forms. Languages ​​can be spoken (Russian, German, etc.), both oral (phonetics) and written (grammar) and formal (in mathematics - the language of formulas, in music - the language of notes, in medicine - Latin).

Information is exchanged using signals, which are its material carrier. Sources of information can be any objects in the real world that have certain properties and abilities. If an object belongs to inanimate nature, then it produces signals that directly reflect its properties. If the source object is a person, then the signals produced by him can not only directly reflect his properties, but also correspond to the signs that a person produces for the purpose of exchanging information.

The recipient can use the received information repeatedly. For this purpose, he must record it on a material medium (magnetic, photo, film, etc.). The process of forming an initial, unsystematized array of information is called information accumulation. The recorded signals may include those that reflect valuable or frequently used information. Some information may not be of particular value at this point in time, although it may not be required in the future.

7. Information protection.

Err is human. An error can occur when performing any information process: when encoding information, during its processing and transmission. The more information is processed, the more difficult it is to avoid errors.

You correctly chose the method for solving the problem on the test, but made a mistake in the calculations. We received an incorrect result. You incorrectly expressed your thought and unwittingly offended your interlocutor. You didn’t say the word you wanted and your listeners didn’t understand you.

Computers are technical devices for processing large amounts of information. Despite the constant improvement in the reliability of their operation, they can fail and break down, like any other device created by man.

The computer air defense system of the North American continent once declared a false nuclear alarm, putting the armed forces on alert. And the reason was a faulty CHIP costing 46 cents - a small, coin-sized silicon element.

Designers and developers of software and hardware spend a lot of effort to ensure protection:

from equipment failures;

from accidental loss or change of information stored on the computer;

from intentional distortion (computer viruses);

from illegal access to information: its use, modification, distribution.

To the numerous, far from harmless computer errors, computer crime has also been added, threatening to develop into a problem, the economic, political and military consequences of which can be catastrophic.

8. Quality of information

The possibility and effectiveness of using information is determined by such basic consumer quality indicators as representativeness, content, sufficiency, accessibility, relevance, timeliness, accuracy, reliability, stability. The representativeness of information is associated with the correctness of its selection and formation in order to adequately reflect the properties of the object. Of utmost importance are: the correctness of the concept on the basis of which the initial concept is formulated and the validity of the selection of essential features and connections of the displayed phenomenon.

Information system concept

Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in their main goals.

Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide the collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal.

The modern understanding of an information system assumes the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account.

Attention! Under organization we will understand a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial means to produce material and information products and services. In the text, two words will be used on an equal basis: “organization” and “company”.

It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

The processes that ensure the operation of an information system for any purpose can be roughly represented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 2), consisting of blocks:

· input of information from external or internal sources;

· processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

· output of information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

· feedback- this is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

Rice. 2. Processes in the information system

An information system is defined by the following properties:

any information system can be analyzed, built and managed based on general principles building systems;



· the information system is dynamic and developing;

· when building an information system, it is necessary to use systematic approach;

· the output of the information system is the information on the basis of which decisions are made;

· the information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.

Currently, there is an opinion about an information system as a system implemented using computer technology. Although in the general case, an information system can also be understood in a non-computer version.

Independently consider the concepts: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM, CLASSIFICATION OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS, CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. (Fig.1.1)

§1.1 Information systems and technologies. Their classification in organizational management.

Information technologies of management: textbook. manual for universities / ed. prof. G.A. Titorenko. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2002. – 280 p.

6. Structure of the automated information system (AIS)

Modern stage The development of cybernetics is characterized by an intensive expansion of work on the creation of information systems (IS) for collecting, storing, processing and transmitting large amounts of information necessary for effective management in industry, energy, transport, when solving economic problems, in the banking and financial sector, and in many other areas of human activity.

Currently, in our country (and in other countries somewhat earlier), automated information technologies and systems based on computer systems, which are called AIS, are being developed and successfully used to solve many problems. They include geographically distributed computers, sources and consumers of information, united by communication channels.

The basic principles and functions of AIS can be considered using the example of the general structure of a human-machine control system (HMS) (see Fig. 3).

from a person – a request for the required information;

from SOI – results of information processing,

information necessary for making a decision;

to SOI – information characterizing the state of the system.

Figure 3

Due to the high complexity of the controlled system, a person is often unable to perceive and process all the initial information coming to him. The task of the AIS is to receive, access and transform information in order to obtain exactly the information that a person currently needs to make a decision.

AIS (ASOI) is called a system organization technological process performing information procedures using technical and software-mathematical tools to solve problems of organizational and economic (production, technological, etc.) management.

This definition emphasizes that we are talking about technology for solving management problems using automation tools.

Based on their structure, there are two main types of AIS (see Fig. 4).

The first type, which is most widespread in industrial enterprises and regional management and planning systems include centralized SOI. The second, usually used in private systems, are decentralized systems from a collection of peer-to-peer computers.

Collection of information characterizing the control system is one of the main tasks arising in AIS. Based on the nature of information received, information sources are divided into internal and external.

Figure 4

The main approach that is used when considering the basic requirements for AIS is that the expected economic effect from using the system should exceed the costs associated with its implementation.

The functioning of the ASOI means the operation of the system in certain conditions for solving management problems, maintaining it in a given state that meets technical information and other requirements.

7. Functional elements of AIS

The functional structure of the AIS can be considered from two fundamental positions: firstly, from the position of organizing the information processing process, i.e. what data, in what volumes, enters the system, what algorithms are used to process this data, how information storage is organized, its protection, etc.; secondly, from a spatial-topological position, i.e. what and where AIS technical means are located and according to what scheme they are connected into the system. At the same time, solving a range of problems related to the organization of the data processing process is more consistent with the engineering component of AIS, while spatial-topological problems characterize specific design solutions.

From the point of view of organizing the information processing process, the components of AIS are:

functional support;

software;

information support;

software;

organizational support;

technical support.

Functional support is a model of the subject area, reflecting the processes of information exchange (interaction) of the structural elements of the control object. The forms of representation of AIS functionality are most often simulation models. In this case, the main requirement for the simulation model is the fullest possible correspondence of the simulated processes with the real processes of information exchange. FO models are probabilistic, graph, algebraic models.

The functional support of AIS is closely related, and in some cases exactly corresponds to the mathematical support. In the general case, mathematical software is a model for calculating any parameters or characteristics of a control object. As a rule, these models have a complete analytical form and allow one to obtain the exact value of the required parameter. Mathematical software is accepted as functional in cases where it is possible to describe algorithms using analytical forms information interaction AIS elements.

Information support consists of arrays of data, most often organized in the form of tables, i.e. databases. The model representation of data is determined by the capabilities of a particular DBMS. The main database models supported by modern DBMSs are:

· hierarchical;

· network;

· relational.

In addition to the database, information support can be presented in the form of separate files in ASCII format.

AIS software is the most complex component both in terms of the tasks it can solve and the composition of its elements. The main software elements include operating systems, utilities, DBMS, programming systems, standard and special software. At the same time, the listed software elements solve the problems of automating the process of functioning of a control object and supporting decision-making by the decision maker. In addition, the depth and quality of software development largely determine the quality of the AIS. and the correct choice of components such as the OS, utilities, programming environment determines the capabilities of the system in terms of its expandability and competitiveness of the system.

The organizational support of the AIS establishes requirements for the forms of interaction of the system with the environment, for interfaces with users, for the procedure for using information, software and hardware of the AIS, for the protection of information in the AIS, as well as operating conditions, the necessary qualifications of personnel and security measures.

Technical support determines the capabilities of the AIS for interaction with senior systems (for example, ACS-P, ACS-TP), and also solves the problems of input and output of data and transmission, processing and storage of information. Maintenance elements are computers (servers, workstations), printing devices (printers, plotters), scanning devices, network and switching equipment. The survivability of the AIS depends on the choice of maintenance elements, i.e. how long the system will meet the requirements of the times.

The process of AIS functioning, based on the considered positions of the functional structure, is divided into internal, i.e. the process of processing information entering the system, and external, i.e. the process of interaction of technical means of AIS with technical means of senior-level systems (ASU-P, ASU-TP) and external environment. At the same time, AIS elements ensuring the organization of information processing ( internal process) are combined into a functional diagram (see Fig. 5).

The functioning of AIS within the framework of the presented scheme is carried out as follows.

Information (initial data necessary for the operation of the system and requests) enters the system through data entry tools. Depending on the specific use of AIS, standard devices (keyboard, scanner, network adapter, modem, digital video or camera) or special ones (sensors) are used. Data input tools carry out primary processing of information in accordance with the algorithms embedded in them. The operation of these devices is usually controlled by the operating system within which the AIS operates, or in some cases by special software.

Figure 5

After undergoing primary processing, the data in OS format enters the AIS software part for conversion to the system format and display using a software user interface from the organizational software. This operation must be provided to control the correctness of the entered data, and the control itself can be carried out either automatically using software or by the user.

In the functional part of the AIS, algorithms for the functioning of the control object are implemented, in accordance with which models for calculating system parameters are selected. In this case, the initial data for the calculation models comes from the functional part and the information subsystem (database).

The database stores regulatory and reference information, as well as calculation results. The form of information storage in the database is determined by the needs of a particular organization. However, the source data is usually stored in the form of tables, and the results of calculations are presented in the form of reports (using DBMS) or full-text documents. Physically B is located on the information storage device. The DBMS provides control over the physical placement of data elements. In this regard, the efficiency of the AIS information subsystem is mainly determined by the capabilities of the DBMS in organizing the addressing scheme and access to records.

The calculation results obtained during the implementation of the corresponding mathematical models, as a parameter of the current state of the system, enter the functional part of the system for display on output devices and transfer the system to next state and into a database for reporting and storage

The results of the functioning of the AIS are displayed on the monitor screen or output to a printing device in accordance with the principles defined in the organizational support. At this stage, information is converted from the AIS format to the operating system format. Delivery of results to consumers is carried out by information output devices, which are standard output devices (monitors, printing devices, network adapters, modems) and special devices (DACs, control devices, actuators).

The considered process of AIS functioning does not depend on its spatial and topological location. In the case when the system elements are located on different technical means, the information processing process is considered as distributed.

Information is manifested in information processes.

An information process is a set of sequential actions (operations) performed on information (in the form of data, information, facts, ideas, hypotheses, theories, etc.) to obtain a result (achieve a goal).

Information processes can be:

1) purposeful or spontaneous;

2) organized or chaotic;

3) deterministic or probabilistic.

The information process always takes place in some information system (biological, social, technical, sociotechnical).

The most common information processes are three processes:

2) transformation;

3) use of information.

Each of these processes is divided into subprocesses, and some subprocesses may belong to different processes. The main one of these 3 processes is transformation.

Information protection is an important component of the processes of storing, processing, and transmitting information in systems of any type, especially in social and technical ones.

Information protection includes:

1) development of code (cipher);

2) coding (encryption);

3), comparison;

4) analysis;

5) password protection, etc.

Methods of information processing:

1) analysis;

2) synthesis;

3) comparison;

4) grouping;

5) structuring;

6) systematization;

7) strong points;

8) mnemonic plan;

9) schematization;

10) analogies;

11) association, etc.

Analysis is a method of scientific research by considering individual aspects, properties, and components of something.

Synthesis is a method of studying a phenomenon in its unity and interconnection of parts, generalization, bringing together into a single whole the data obtained by analysis.

Comparison is the process of comparison to establish similarities or differences.

Grouping– this is the division of material into groups for some reason (meaning, associations, etc.).

Structuring is the process of establishing relative position parts that make up the whole, definition internal structure material.

Systematization- this is the establishment of a certain order in the arrangement of parts of the whole and the connections between them.

Classification- this is the distribution of any objects, phenomena, concepts into classes, groups, categories based on certain common features. When constructing a classification, one can distinguish: composition, structure, quantitative characteristics, conditions and causes of occurrence, stages of development.

Strong points- this is the selection of a short point that serves as a support for broader content (thesis, headings, questions, images, examples, digital data, comparisons, names, epithets, etc.). This is an expression of some general meaning. The set of reference points itself is a tool (or a tool for memorization, or reproduction of a different order), where all the material is encoded.

Mnemonic plan is a collection of strongholds. It can reflect both external and internal connections, characterizing the relationships of various groups of material and semantic connections with the data available in the text, connections with personal experience, knowledge and values ​​of the subject.

Schematization- this is an image or description of something in basic terms or a simplified representation of memorized information.

Analogies- this is the establishment of similarity, similarity in certain relationships of objects, phenomena, concepts that are generally different.

Association- this is the establishment of connections by similarity, contiguity or opposition, etc.

By the type of information technologies supported, by the classes of problems solved and by areas of application, the following information systems can be distinguished:

1) data processing systems;

2) systems supporting data banks (factual databases);

3) documentation systems that support full-text documentary archives;

4) geographic information systems;

5) computing systems;

6) diagnostic systems;

7) publishing systems;

8) systems information services(scientific and technical information systems, information retrieval systems);

9) computer-aided design systems.

Properties of information systems:

1) any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;