Cities of Albania. Albania International economic relations

Introduction

Europe is one of the most economically, politically and socially developed regions in the modern world.

Most European countries occupy leading positions in the world in socio-economic development. But it must be said that one of the main problems of Europe is the difference in the development of individual regions. Thus, there are significant differences between the level of development of the Central and Eastern Europe(CEE) and Western European countries.

Among the CEE countries, we can especially highlight the states located on the Balkan Peninsula (except Greece). It is the Balkans that are economically the most underdeveloped European region.

The Balkan Peninsula is located at the junction of three continents. Its shores are washed by the Adriatic, Black, Aegean and Ionian seas. The geopolitical position of the Balkans has attracted the attention of world powers throughout history. The same situation is observed today, and the states are divided: the majority of the Balkan states are oriented towards the EU and NATO, while Serbia is oriented towards Russia.

In addition, the Balkans are a very ethnically complex region. On relatively small area There are 20 peoples who belong to 3 religious denominations (Muslims, Catholics and Orthodox). Conflicts on ethnic and religious grounds periodically flare up here. This is why the Balkan region is sometimes called the “powder keg of Europe.”

At the center of all events taking place in the region is a small state located in the western part of the peninsula - Albania. Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe; In addition, it belongs to the few Muslim states on the continent. For a long time, during the period of communist rule, the country was the most closed in Europe. All these circumstances cannot but affect the modern development of the Republic of Albania; they have determined a certain uniqueness of the country.

The purpose of this course work is to examine the socio-economic development of Albania in modern stage, identifying the main problems and prospects for the development of the state.

Tasks:

Identify the features of the socio-economic situation of Albania

Study the specifics of the country’s economic complex

Monitor the dynamics of the main socio-economic indicators and draw appropriate conclusions

Consider the country’s foreign economic relations and assess its prospects

Chapter 1. General characteristics of the Republic of Albania

1.1 Economic and geographical position of the country

Albania is a small state in southeastern Europe, located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. The Strait of Otranto, 75 km wide, separates Albania from Italy. In the north, the state borders with Serbia, in the north-west - with Montenegro, in the east - with the Republic of Macedonia, in the south-east and south - with Greece. The length of the borders is 720 km. The western border is washed by the Adriatic Sea, and the southwestern border by the Ionian Sea. The length of the coastline is 362 km. The country's territory of 28,748 km 2 is home to 3,600,523 people. The capital is Tirana. Albania, which has convenient sea harbors, is located on trade routes from the sea deep into the peninsula. The geographical location of the state along the Strait of Otranto (links the Adriatic Sea with the Ionian and Mediterranean Seas) creates favorable conditions for the development of foreign trade and the economy as a whole.

1.2 Political structure and demographic indicators of the Republic of Albania

In accordance with the Constitution, which came into force in November 1998, Albania is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president, elected by parliament for a 5-year term (currently Bamir Topi). The only legislative body is the unicameral parliament (Kuvend). Kuvend consists of 140 deputies elected by general elections for a period of 4 years (last elections - July 2005). The highest executive and administrative body is the Council of Ministers. Chairman – S. Berisha (since September 10, 2005).

Administrative division: the territory of the Republic of Albania is divided into 12 districts and 36 prefectures.

The country's population is 3,600,523 people (July 2007). The average population density is 122 people / km 2. The most densely populated areas are coastal areas and mountain valleys. Sparsely populated areas include mountainous areas in the east and northeast of the country (see Appendix 1, Fig. 1).

Albania can be considered a single-national state: 95% of the population are Albanians, Greeks - about 3%, other nationalities (mainly Serbs, Bulgarians, Gypsies) - 2%. A large number of Albanians emigrated to Italy and Greece in the Middle Ages, and later to Turkey, creating their own diasporas there. Now there are about 7 million Albanians living in the world, of which only 50% are in Albania itself. Albanians are divided into 2 ethnocultural groups - Ghegs and Tosks. The Ghegs live north of the Shkumbini River (they make up about 2/3 of all Albanians), and the Tosks live south of the Shkumbini River (1/3 of the total number). The official language in the country is Albanian (Tosk dialect).

In 1967 all mosques and churches were closed and religious rituals were prohibited, but in 1990. Religious activities were again allowed in the country. The majority of believers are Muslims (70%), adherents of the Orthodox Church make up 20%, Roman Catholics - 10% (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Religious affiliation of the population of Albania

Source:

Albania's population growth has been hampered in the past by disease, famine, war, migration and feudal strife, but has accelerated dramatically since the 1920s. In 1945 1.115 million people lived in the country in 1960. – 1.626 million, and in 1995 – 3.41 million, but at the beginning of the twentieth century the population remained relatively stable (see Fig. 2).

Rice. 2 Population dynamics of Albania

Calculated by: , ,

The average annual natural increase in Albania ranged from 0.9% per year from 1990 to 1995 to 1.03% in 2003, and in 2004 it was only 0.51%. In 2007, the natural population growth in Albania was 0.5 (see Fig. 3).

Rice. 3 Dynamics of natural population growth in Albania

Calculated by: , ,

Thus, it can be seen that although natural growth in Albania remains positive, it tends to decrease, therefore, the country faces certain demographic problems. The birth rate in the country in 2007 was 15.16 per 1000 people, the death rate was 5.33 per 1000 people.

The average life expectancy for the population as a whole is 77.6 years, with: men – 74.95 years, women – 80.53 years. The average age of the population is 29.2 years.

In the age structure of the population according to 2007 data. children under 14 years old make up 24.1%, older people over 65 – 9.3%, while the population aged 15-64 years old – 66.6% (see Fig. 4).

Rice. 4 Age structure of the population of Albania

Source:

It should be noted here that the proportion of older people in the European Union as a whole is 21.5% of the population. Comparing this indicator with the same indicator for Albania, we note that the situation in the country is still quite favorable. But it should also be noted that compared to 2005 (similar data for Albania: children under 14 - 25.6%, after 65 - 8.6%, 15-64 - 65.8%) there is a decrease in the specific number children and, conversely, an increase in the proportion of the elderly population. Thus, a trend towards an aging nation is already emerging.

It should also be noted that during recent years There is a positive trend in child mortality rates. So in 2003 this figure was 37.3 out of 1,000 births, in 2005 - 22.52 per 1,000 births, and already in 2007 there were 20.02 deaths per 1,000 births. This is due to improving the quality of medical care and living conditions of the population.

The Republic of Albania has a negative migration balance of -4.54 per 1000 people (2007). The main reasons for emigration from the country are political and economic. In addition to external migrations, there are also significant internal migrations in Albania from rural to urban areas. Over the last decade, about 35% of the rural population left their habitats, flocking to large cities: Tirana, Shkodra, Korca, Vlora, Durres, Elbasan. Thus, the country is experiencing a process of urbanization. It should be noted that in recent years the population in the capital region of Tirana has been growing at a tremendous pace (see Fig. 5).

Rice. 5 Population dynamics of Tirana

Calculated by:

1.3 Natural resource potential of Albania

The country's landscape mostly consists of mountain ranges and plateaus. Only along the sea coast there is a flat strip. There are many broad-leaved and oak-beech forests in the mountains. Forests cover 2/5 of the territory, but commercial timber can be obtained only from ¼ of this area. It should be noted that forest cover suffered greatly in the second half of the twentieth century. due to intensive deforestation. The fauna of Albania has been severely exterminated.

In the mountainous regions of the country, geological conditions are unfavorable for the formation fertile soils. Thin and infertile soils form on the serpentines, and on the limestones of the North Albanian Alps there is often no soil cover at all.

The largest rivers in Albania are Drin, Mati, Shkumbini. Moreover, most of the country’s rivers are mountainous. The rivers are not navigable, but are of great importance for irrigation. Most of the rivers that originate in the mountains in the east and flow into the Adriatic Sea have high flow rates and have enormous hydropower potential. Along the borders are located the largest lakes on the Balkan Peninsula - Skadar, Orchid and Prespa.

Significant reserves of chromite, iron-nickel and copper ores are known on the territory of Albania; Bauxite deposits have been discovered. Deposits of high-quality chromite are found in different parts of the country. Chromite mines are located in Pogradec, Klesi, Letaje and near Kukes. Production volume increased from 7 thousand tons in 1938 to 502.3 thousand in 1974 and 1.5 million tons in 1986. However, in the 90s. Chromite ore mining volumes have decreased sharply. However, starting from 2001, chromite production began to increase again. So, in 2004 the production volume amounted to 300 thousand tons (see Fig. 6).

Rice. 6 Volume of chromite production (thousand tons)

Calculated by: , ,

The mountains of the northeastern part of the country are richer in ore minerals; reserves of oil, gas, and natural bitumen are concentrated in the southwestern part. As of January 1, 2006 proven oil reserves in Albania are 198.1 million barrels, gas reserves are 814.7 million m 3. But at the beginning of 2008 The media reported that large oil and gas deposits had been discovered in the north of the country. According to the Makfaks news agency, we are talking about reserves of 2.987 billion. barrels of oil and 3.014 trillion. m 3 natural gas. It is not difficult to assess the significance of this find for the country: if the data is confirmed, it will significantly strengthen Albania’s position in the European market and in the Balkan region.

The country also conducts exploration and mining of ores containing gold and silver.

The climate in Albania is subtropical Mediterranean with mild and wet winters and dry, hot summers. The country's territory is one of the most heavily rainfall areas in Europe (from 1000 mm per year in the western lowland part to 2500 mm in the eastern mountainous part). At the same time, there is a sharp seasonal unevenness in precipitation; summer accounts for only 1/10 of the annual norm. High daily temperatures throughout much of the year are favorable for many crops, including subtropical fruit trees. The long growing season allows for two harvests per year in lowland areas.

Convenient access to the sea creates favorable conditions for the development of fishing and maritime transport. The sea along most of the coast of Albania is shallow.

Thus, it can be noted that Albania is rich in natural resources, which is an important prerequisite for the development of the country’s economic complex. Climatic conditions generally favor the development of agriculture. Great value has fuel and energy resources, it is also worth noting that the country has such an alternative source of energy as wild mountain rivers. It is also important that natural conditions: the ecologically clean sea coast, mountain rivers and numerous lakes, combined with the Mediterranean climate, are favorable factors for the development of tourism.

1.4 Main economic indicators

Albania belongs to the group of countries with economies in transition. According to the Human Development Index, the state is in 68th place (0.801) according to 2007 data.

The country is currently transitioning from a command-and-administrative system of governance to a more open market economy. Land privatization completed retail, household services, transport, construction; privatization of industrial facilities and the banking system is underway.

Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. Country's GDP for 2007 amounted to 19.76 billion US dollars, while the level of real GDP growth was 5%, and GDP per capita was 5,500 US dollars (see Fig. 8, 9). For comparison, similar indicators were in 2004. were: US$17.46 billion, 5.6%, US$4,900. But here it should be noted that GDP per capita in the EU is $32,900. Comparing these indicators, it is not difficult to assess the situation of people in Albania. In general, 25% of the population lives below the poverty line (2004).

The inflation rate in 2007 was 3%, while in 2002 it was 4.7%, and in 2004 – 3.2%. It is also worth noting that the official unemployment rate in the country in 2007 was 13%, although estimates of the real level could be as high as 30%. Official sources do not take into account the high level of underemployment in the Albanian labor market. The country's labor force as of September 2006. was estimated at 1.09 million people, with the majority of them (58%) employed in agriculture; 27% work in the service sector, and 15% work in industry (see Figure 19).

Rice. 7 Structure of employment of the population by economic sector

Source:

Rice. 8 Albania GDP dynamics (billion US dollars)

Rice. 9 Dynamics of economic indicators (%)

Calculated by: , ,

Compared to the situation in the 90s. the presence of the state in the economy sharply narrowed, the dominant position was taken by private sector. The share of non-state enterprises in GDP production in Albania was 75%. Despite progress in privatization and the creation of a legal framework for economic activity, numerous structural problems remain in the Albanian economy: the economy is supported by remittances home from Albanians working abroad, reaching US$600-800 million annually, mainly from Greece and Italy , and the country's economy depends on the construction industry, which is used for the purpose of laundering illegal proceeds. Lack of energy and poor infrastructure make it difficult to attract and retain foreign investment. Also, to ensure sustainable economic growth in the country, there is a need to modernize equipment and improve the condition of railways and highways.

According to estimates, the volume of investment in 2007 was equal to 23.4% of GDP.

Albania's main exports are mainly asphalt, metals and metal ores, crude oil, vegetables, olives, citrus fruits, and tobacco.

Table 1

Main export partners of the Republic of Albania

Source:

Albania imports machinery and equipment, chemicals, food products, including grain, and textiles.

Table 2

Main import partners of the Republic of Albania

Source:

Country exports in 2007 amounted to 962 million US dollars, while imports amounted to 3.42 billion US dollars. Thus, we can conclude that the country imports much more than it exports, that is, there is dependence on imports. In addition, it should be emphasized that over 90% of the total volume of foreign trade falls on the EU countries.

It should be noted that Albania has a huge external debt. As of 2004 The country's external debt is 1.55 billion US dollars. Also to support the development of the country in 2005. 318.7 million US dollars were allocated. Basically, the country receives assistance from the EU.

In general, Albania's public debt is equal to 53.7% of GDP, which is an important problem for the country's economy.

Thus, it can be concluded that in the last few years a certain stability has been established in the economic development of Albania, but several issues still remain unresolved. important tasks, among them: an imbalance in the state’s foreign trade (a significant predominance of imports over exports) and a large public debt.

Chapter 2. Characteristics of the economic complex of the Republic of Albania

2.1 Sectoral structure of the economic complex of Albania

Albania is an agrarian-industrial country. For a long time, agriculture accounted for 45-50% of GDP. So, for example, in 2002. The sectoral structure of the economy looked like this: agriculture and fishing - 49% of GDP, industry and construction - 27%, service sector - 24%. But gradually the proportions changed towards the development of the service sector. Already in 2004 The distribution of GDP by sector of the Albanian economy looked like this: agriculture - 46.2%, industry - 25.4%, and services - 28.4%. It is worth noting that a significant shift has occurred over the past 3-4 years, since already in 2007. It is estimated that the country's services sector accounted for 58% of GDP, while the share of agriculture decreased to 21.7% (see Figure 10).

Rice. 10 Sectoral structure of GDP

Calculated by: , ,

The main factor behind the jump was the development of the tourism business in Albania. But now, it should be noted, tourism activity in the country may decline due to the outbreak of a political crisis on the Balkan Peninsula related to the problem of Kosovo’s independence. It is predicted that the current political instability will negatively affect the development of both the tourism sector in particular and the entire Albanian economy in general.

As for the structure of employment of the Albanian population by economic sector, it has remained virtually unchanged recently. So, as before, more than half of the country’s population is employed in agriculture. But it should be noted that in connection with the processes of denationalization and privatization in the country’s economy, Albania has observed an increase in the number of people employed in the non-state sector.

2.2 Industry of Albania

Albania, despite small sizes, is rich in various minerals, which creates the basis for industrial development (see Appendix 1, Fig. 2).

Currently, the leading positions in the country are occupied by the extractive industries. Mining of chromites, iron-nickel, copper ore, brown coal, natural bitumen, oil and natural gas is carried out.

Light industry occupies a leading position in the structure of Albania's manufacturing industry.

The most important industries are metallurgy, construction, woodworking, production of textiles, knitwear and footwear, industrial processing of agricultural products and livestock. And at the heart of the country’s entire industrial complex is the energy industry.

Energy is one of the fundamental sectors in the industry of every state. Nowadays, electricity is the basis of any production. The fuel and energy industry in Albania develops mainly on the basis of the use of hydropower resources and oil. The oil production and oil refining industries are of great importance in the country's industry. Albania has its own oil and gas fields, but it should be noted that there are certain problems associated with the incomplete and irrational use of natural resources, as well as insufficient technical equipment of power plants. For example, according to estimates for 2005. the country produced 7,006 barrels of oil per day, while it consumed 29,000 barrels per day. From the data presented, it is not difficult to estimate the volume of oil imports. It is worth mentioning here the fact that one of Albania’s exports is crude oil, and it imports refined high-quality oil.

It is also worth noting this feature of Albanian energy: 97% of electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants (HPP). Hydroelectric power stations are located on the rivers Mati, Bistrica, Drin and others, and the capacity of the hydroelectric power station on the Drin River is twice the total capacity of other existing hydroelectric power stations. It can be concluded that the country's electric power industry is mainly based on the use of hydropower resources.

The use of mountain rivers to generate electricity is undoubtedly profitable and promising, but there are certain problems with the functioning of hydroelectric power stations. Thus, one of the main disadvantages of hydroelectric power plants is their dependence on climatic conditions. For example, Albania experienced an acute energy crisis in 2005, caused by the worst drought in the last 20 years, which led to the shutdown of most hydroelectric power plants.

The electricity sector is given a lot of attention in Albania and its development is taking place in two directions:

1. The management of the National Power Corporation (NEC) is being improved; correct calculation of electricity consumption; reduction of losses when transmitting energy over a distance.

2. Construction of a new heating plant in the city of Vlora and a hydroelectric station in the city of Shkodra.

It is also worth emphasizing that the government is interested in attracting foreign investors. It is known that Italian, Greek and Austrian companies are showing interest in the construction of a cascade of 11 hydroelectric power stations (on the Devola River) with a total capacity of 250 MW. Also, due to the ineffective management of Albania’s energy system, the government is developing conditions for transferring KES to the management of foreign companies. Italian and German companies are showing interest in the project.

The country has also taken steps to create metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.

Another reason that Albania is now one of the economically backward European states is that for a long time the mining and metallurgical complex occupied only a small part of industrial production, despite the fact that the country has unique deposits of non-ferrous metal ores. Non-metallic materials are also being developed, primarily dolomite. However, in the mid-2000s. deposits of predominantly chromite ores and, to a small extent, bauxite (of which little is now mined - 5 thousand tons per year - despite the fact that bauxite reserves are estimated at 12 million tons) were industrially developed.

The main mining area for chromite ores is to the northeast (Burkiza) and north of Tirana, and there is also a ferrochrome plant in Burreli. Just a few decades ago, from the 1960s to the 1980s, Albania was one of the top three producers and exporters of chromite, second only to the commodity giants South Africa and the Soviet Union. At that time, the country produced more than 1 million tons of chromite per year, while today production is at the level of 0.3 million tons annually. Moreover, more than half of the volume is simply sinter ore, and only 10 thousand tons is concentrate.

The development of iron-nickel ores in the mountains west of Lake Orchid is also promising. By the early 2000s, Albania was in tenth place in the world in terms of confirmed nickel reserves (1 million tons, or 2% of the world total). Its production is concentrated at the metallurgical complex in Elbasan, however, the capacity of this production is small.

There are also significant capacities for copper production (in the Mati and Drin river basins), but they are currently practically unused. Although back in the 1980s. copper ore production reached 1 million tons per year, and a significant part of copper products (for example, wire produced at the Rubiku plant) was exported. But already 1998. became the first when copper products were not produced.

As for raw material support for metallurgy, Albania produces a small amount of coke, up to 60 thousand tons. And to the south and southeast of the capital there are deposits of iron ore, which can annually supply the country's mining and metallurgical complex with more than 1 million tons of raw materials, but now they are little used. The country also operates a multi-purpose plant in Elbasan for the production of ferrous metals.

The chemical industry of Albania is represented by the production of fertilizers - phosphate in Laci and nitrogen in Fier. In Vlora, on the basis of table salt extracted from sea water, an industrial complex was built for the production of caustic and soda ash, as well as plastics.

One of the priority sectors in Albania is the construction sector, responding to the increased demand for housing construction, construction of business offices and infrastructure development and transformation (roads, sewerage, water supply). For 2004 operating costs for construction amounted to 875 million lek plus a foreign loan approved by parliament in the amount of 17 million US dollars. The construction and repair of railways and highways is underway, as well as the construction of facilities important for Albania’s integration into NATO and the EU: the north-south corridor and the eighth west-east corridor. Ports are also being expanded. The construction of new roads will improve transport within the country and, due to its geographical location in Europe, will provide a large increase in budget revenues, increasing the standard of living of the Albanian population. All this will lead, according to government calculations, to increased employment and an increase in the number of jobs.

Construction needs are served by cement plants in Vlora, Shkoder, Elbasan; In Selenica, natural bitumen is mined, which is used to make high-grade asphalt.

The woodworking industry is located mainly in two areas: in the north, along the Kukes-Shkodër highway, and in the center of the country, where the Elbasan plant, which produces plywood and furniture, stands out.

Based on the local raw material base, there are cotton ginning factories in Rogozhin and Fier, textile factories, especially in Isberis and Berat, as well as a cloth factory in Tirana.

Thus, Albania’s industry is developing at a low rate (3.1% - 2004, 2% - 2007) mainly due to the depreciation of fixed assets and lack of investors. Having at its disposal fairly rich deposits natural resources, the Albanian government has not yet properly established the production of goods. Attempts are being made, especially in the construction sector, to modernize and improve production, but success is insignificant. The share of high-tech products in the country's production is too small. The extractive industry is developed, but the manufacturing industry functions ineffectively, and as a result, mainly raw materials are exported from the state, while raw materials are purchased finished products. It should be noted that the food and textile industries are widely developed in Albania, where production is based on local agricultural raw materials.

2.3 Agriculture in Albania

The level of agricultural production in Albania is traditionally low, because... natural factors are very unfavorable for its development.

Firstly, Albania is a mountainous country and, therefore, the area under cultivation is small; Basically, such lands lie in the coastal and central parts of the country. According to estimates for 2005 the area of arable land was 20.1% of the total territory of the country, the area of arable land was only 4.21% (see Fig. 11).

Rice. 11 Structure of the land fund of Albania

Calculated by: ,

Secondly, the development of agriculture, in particular crop production, is hampered by the country's infertile soils.

But still, until recently, agriculture produced about half of Albania’s GDP.

During the communist regime in Albania, as in all socialist countries, collectivization was carried out, accompanied by land reform aimed at eliminating large private land ownership. Throughout the country, collective and state farms. And only in the early 90s. In the 20th century, after the collapse of the communist regime, the privatization of agricultural land began. During the radical reforms in the country, 97.7% of the cultivated areas owned by the state were divided. As a result, 413 thousand owners of arable land immediately appeared with an average plot of 1.4 hectares per farmer.

Until the 1990s. over 60% of cultivated land was irrigated. After the reform, there was a significant reduction in irrigation capacity. As a result, only 54% of previously irrigated land remained suitable for use. As of 2003 the area of irrigated land is 3530 km 2, or 12.3% of the territory of Albania.

Albanian agriculture specializes in crop production. They grow grains, corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, and vegetables (legumes, onions, tomatoes, cabbage, eggplants).

Rice. 12 Dynamics of the average annual harvest of wheat and corn in Albania

Calculated by:

The country has achieved significant success in growing fiber crops, especially cotton and tobacco. Olive cultivation plays an important role. Fruit growing and viticulture are developed. Other crops grown in Albania include many different fruits - apricots, pears, quinces, pomegranates, peaches, apples, figs, watermelons, melons, and in the south - grapes and citrus fruits.

The increase in the area of greenhouses, orchards and vineyards was an achievement of a market economy in agriculture and the implementation of a development program for this sector.

The tobacco industry plays an important role (its main centers are Shkodra and Durres). Along with the development of the traditional Albanian oil-processing and tobacco industries, there are sugar (in the Korça Basin), wine-making (mainly in the south and in Tirana) and canning. Olive oil production is carried out close to the raw material base: from Saranda in the south to Kruja in the north. Fruits and tobacco products occupy a significant place in Albania's exports.

In livestock farming, the main direction is pasture sheep breeding. There are 1.4 million heads of sheep and 900 thousand goats. They also raise cattle, poultry, horses, and donkeys. Meat and dairy animal husbandry predominates in the south of the country, in the north and east - mountain-pastoral animal husbandry with farming centers in the valleys (see Appendix 1, Fig. 3). The famous white Albanian cheese is produced here.

Fisheries in Albania are poorly developed. Although the state has extensive access to the sea, fishing remains a promising industry. For example, the fish catch in 2001 amounted to only 3,596 tons.

Thus, it should be emphasized that Albania still remains an agrarian-industrial country. Agriculture employs more than half of the workforce. Although natural conditions are not particularly conducive to the development of agriculture, agricultural products occupy an important place in the structure of the country's exports.

2.4 Service sector in Albania

Among the services sector in Albania, tourism is currently developing most actively. It should be noted that despite the presence of extensive access to the sea (coastline - 362 km), tourism began to develop in the country recently. This is due to the fact that Albania was a closed state for a long period, and only after the collapse of the communist system it became possible to visit the country. Thanks to the closed regime for a long time, namely for 50 years, the nature of the country has still remained untouched in most parts, which attracts tourists here. It is worth noting that for the successful functioning of the tourism sector, a developed infrastructure is required, which the country cannot boast of. But now transport routes, airports, and resort facilities are being modernized. For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) will finance a project to expand the terminal of Albania's Mother Teresa Airport (28 million euros). At the beginning of 2007, thanks to an investment of approximately 50 million euros by the German-American consortium that currently operates the airport, the new airport terminal was opened. And, according to official data, in 2007 this international airport received over 1 million. passengers, and the volume of freight traffic set a new record, which means an increase of 65% compared to 2006. The number of passengers as a percentage increased by 22%. The tourism boom in the country began just a few years ago. More recently, airlines such as British Airways, Germanwings, Belle Air and My Air have entered the Albanian market. They first began operating flights to Tirana airport only in 2006.

Albanian ports are also being modernized. Thus, the country's main port in the city of Durres is being expanded, for which 17 million euros have been spent. About 3 million was spent on the reconstruction of the port in Vlore and other coastal cities. euro The construction of highways within the country continues, which improves both the standard of living of the Albanian population and contributes to the development of the tourism business.

It is also worth noting that in order to make Albanian tourism competitive, international experts recommend that the country choose a different model for tourism development in the southern regions, which will not be similar to the Croatian and Montenegrin models.

As for the Albanian healthcare system, there are also certain problems. Officially, medical care is free for the entire population, but the level of medical care remains low. The healthcare system suffers from a shortage of doctors, medicines and outdated equipment. In connection with these circumstances, paid and traditional medicine is developing.

According to official statistics, in the post-communist period, mortality and morbidity rates have been significantly reduced. Thanks largely to the legalization of abortion, deaths during pregnancy fell by half between 1990 and 1993. Pregnant women were exempted from working in difficult and harmful conditions. Infant mortality in 2003 was 22.3 per 1000 newborns, then this figure continues to decline: in 2007, infant mortality was 20 per 1000 newborns. Positive trends in the healthcare system reflect the fact that the standard of living of the population in the country is gradually improving.

The country's education system functions quite effectively. Thus, per 1000 people in Albania there are over 250 students and schoolchildren. Compulsory education – eight years secondary school. The country's university system includes 5 universities, 2 agricultural institutes, an institute of physical education, arts and pedagogy. The level of education is growing. For example, if in 2000 Primary education coverage dropped to 81%. This was due not only to the inefficiency of the education system, but also partly to the fact that in the 1990s, up to 1/3 of the country's intellectual potential emigrated. “Brain drain” has damaged both development higher education, and in the scientific research field. It must be said that by this time the situation in the field of education in Albania had stabilized; in 2007 The literacy rate of the population as a whole was 98.7% (see Figure 13).

Rice. 13 Literacy dynamics in Albania

Calculated by: , ,

An interesting situation has developed in Albania in the field of trade. Currently, the highest priority areas in trade have not yet been identified, so many entrepreneurs are engaged in several types of activities at once. The state has such promising areas as construction or tourism, but still no specific specialization can be traced. It should also be noted that the development of the private sector plays an important role in the country's trade sector.

The telecommunications sector in Albania also has its own problems, the main ones being outdated cable system and low telephone line density per capita. Despite investments in the construction of telephone lines, their density is only 10 lines per 100 inhabitants. However, mobile communications are quite widespread, the services of which became available to the population in 1996.

Let us note another trend of the Albanian population in the field of information services - this is a sharp jump in the number of Internet users. So in 2003 There were only 30,000 users in the country, and already in 2006. their number in the country increased to 471,200 people. Thus, we see that the number of Internet users has increased more than 15 times in 3 years, and the number of television broadcast stations has also increased over the past few years. All this suggests that, despite its socio-economic backwardness in relation to most European countries, Albania has entered the era of computers and information technology. Although, on the other hand, the number of Internet users per 100 people still remains low in the country.

Albania's transport system includes all modes of transport: rail, road, sea and river, air and pipeline.

Plays a huge role in passenger and freight transportation railway transport. The length of railways is 447 km. The main highway runs from north to south from Shkoder through Durres to Vlora, with branches to Tirana and Pogradec (on the shores of Lake Ohrid). Basically, freight transportation within the country is carried out through railway transport from mining areas to areas of their processing. Railways Albania is part of the European railway system.

Road transport is also essential for domestic transport, although the private car fleet is small and the roads are in poor condition. The first Tirana-Durres highway was completed in 2000. The total length of roads is 18,000 km, of which 7,020 km are paved (2002). Bicycles are widely used. In remote mountainous areas, mules and donkeys are used for transportation.

Maritime shipping options are limited. The merchant marine fleet has 22 vessels at its disposal. The main foreign trade port - Durres - has an advantageous location in the central part of the country's coast and is connected by a network of roads with the interior regions. There is a ferry connection between Albanian ports and Italian and Greek ports.

The length of inland waterways is 43 km, including the Albanian section of lakes Shkoder, Ohrid and Prespa. The only navigable river is the Buna, located in the north-west of the country. There is also a regular ferry service on Lake Ohrid, linking the Albanian city of Pogradec with the Macedonian city of Ohrid.

In connection with the development of tourism, air transport is also developing. The country's largest airport is Mother Teresa International Airport in Rinas, 25 km from Tirana. Currently, 14 airlines operate in Albania and connect Tirana with almost all other European capitals with direct flights. Among them, the national airline is Albanian Airlines.

During communist rule and earlier, under the pre-war monarchy, Albania's armed forces were the weakest in the Balkans and were used mainly to suppress insurgencies within the country.

In 1996 the armed forces reached a strength of 72.5 thousand people, and if we take into account other paramilitary organizations, then total number military personnel reached 113.5 thousand people. However, at the beginning of the 11th century, the foreign policy orientation towards Albania’s entry into Euro-Atlantic structures determined the development armed forces countries. In approved by parliament in January 2000. The country's defense policy strategy, which officially established the long-term goal of Albania's full membership in NATO no later than 2010, established the size of the armed forces: 31 thousand military personnel in peacetime and 120 thousand in wartime. In fact, the number of armed forces decreased from 47 thousand people in 2000. up to 22 thousand people in 2002 At the moment, the conscription age in Albania is 19 years old, the duration of service in the armed forces is 15 months. In 2005 the country's military expenditures amounted to 1.49% of GDP, which in comparison with other Balkan countries (Macedonia - 6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina - 4.5%, Greece - 4.3% of GDP) is too little for the modernization and maintenance of troops, and, thus, the country's early entry into NATO. Although, on the other hand, the prospects for joining the alliance largely depend on the United States, especially after the crisis that erupted in the Balkans over the independence of Kosovo. It is worth noting that the country’s armed forces are partially financed from outside.

Thus, we can say that the service sector is currently rapidly developing in Albania, especially in the direction of international tourism. But at the same time, the country has many problems associated with the lack of developed infrastructure, outdated equipment, lack of funding in certain areas, as well as problems of attracting investors to the unstable domestic market of the country. It should be noted that the latter problem has become even more aggravated in connection with the crisis situation around Kosovo, because the future of the entire Balkan region is at risk and foreign political instability is scaring entrepreneurs away from investing their money. Moreover, the investment problem has become acute not only in the service sector, but in the entire economy of the country as a whole.

Chapter 3. Foreign economic relations of the Republic of Albania

3.1 Albania in international organizations

Since the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, after the fall of the communist regime in the country, Albania pursued a course towards integration into the sphere of international economic and political cooperation. July 30, 1990 A protocol was signed on the normalization of relations between the USSR and Albania and the resumption of embassy activities. In 1991 Relations with the USA and Great Britain were restored.

In June 1941 The country joined the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The OSCE is the largest regional security organization, comprising 56 states from Europe, Central Asia and North America. The organization is aimed at preventing the emergence of conflicts in the region, resolving crisis situations, and eliminating the consequences of conflicts.

Since 1955 The Republic of Albania is a member of the United Nations (UN). Albania is also a member of UNESCO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the International Labor Organization (ILO).

In December 1992 The Republic of Albania became a member of the Islamic Development Bank and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). The OIC is the largest and most influential official government Muslim international organization. Currently it unites 55 countries. The goals of creating the OIC: cooperation between Muslim states, joint participation in activities in the international arena, achieving stable development of the participating countries.

In June 1992 Albania became a co-founder of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Area (BSEC) and is a member of the Central European Initiative (CEI).

Since July 1995 Albania is a member of the Council of Europe. The country also participates in inter-Balkan cooperation, has established diplomatic relations with all major countries of the world, received observer status in the North Atlantic Assembly, and was admitted to the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC).

The Republic of Albania has joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Interpol.

The priority direction of Albania's foreign policy is accession to NATO and the European Union (EU). Back in May 1992 An agreement on trade and economic cooperation with the EU was signed for a period of 10 years. And in December 1992 Albania applied to NATO with a request to join. The development of relations with the US and the EU was facilitated by significant assistance from Western countries during a difficult period for the state. In 1996 The United States provided Albania with loans worth $200 million, Italy more than $400 million, and Germany more than $100 million. In addition, the EU has donated more than $650 million in humanitarian aid. In 2005 Albania, among other Balkan states, signed the Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU, taking the first step towards joining the union. But a state can be recognized as an official candidate for EU membership only after it fully satisfies the requirements set by the European Union.

From January 1, 2008 The agreement on visa facilitation came into force on September 18, 2007. between Albania and the European Union, under which certain categories of people can obtain a Schengen visa under a simplified system. The Albanian government, just two months after the entry into force of the first agreement, is ready to fulfill all the necessary requirements so that Albanian citizens can move freely throughout the European Union. According to some European visa specialists, if the government implements all the necessary reforms, Albania could become part of the Schengen area within two years.

April 3, 2008 At the NATO summit in Bucharest, the Republic of Albania received an official invitation to the alliance. Thus, we can talk about the state fulfilling one of the main foreign policy tasks.

Thus, Albania is a member of many international organizations, which includes it in the system of world economic relations and increases the importance of the state in the system of international economic relations. Albania will soon become a full member of NATO, while joining the EU remains only a dream for the country due to the backwardness of its main economic indicators.

3.2 Characteristics of the most important forms of international economic relations

The main characteristic of a country is population, and it is with this characteristic that it is necessary to begin the analysis of the country in the international division of labor (ILD). So Albania has a small population, which determines its insignificant role in the international division of labor. In 2007 Albania was ranked 129th in terms of population out of 154 countries. According to the UN forecast for 2025, the republic will rise only 5 positions and take 124th place. This shows that its share in MRI will remain virtually unchanged and will remain at a low level.

Moreover, in terms of labor productivity, Albania falls into the group of the most backward countries in the world and ranks 115th. In the international division of labor, Albania acts as a supplier of products from the mining, wood processing, food industries, as well as a supplier of agricultural products such as tobacco, olives, and citrus fruits. Well, the state consumes mainly finished industrial products.

The next indicator that determines the place of any country on the economic map of the world is GDP. Total GDP measures a country's economic strength, while GDP per capita measures its level of economic development. The country ranks 113th in the world in terms of GDP. Albania's GDP in 2007 amounted to 19.76 million US dollars (for comparison: France - 2.067 trillion dollars, Germany - 2.833 trillion dollars, USA - 13.86 trillion dollars). Thus, we see that the GDP indicator in Albania is small and it reflects an insignificant the country's share in the creation of world GDP.

Also an important form of international economic relations is labor migration. This figure is high in Albania. The country has a negative migration balance of -4.54 per 1000 people (2007). It is worth noting that the migration process in Albania is characterized by the phenomenon of “brain drain”. Mostly people who migrate have received higher or secondary specialized education. Some estimates indicate that more than 50% of the educated population who graduated from universities left the country. The majority of the population leaves Albania for neighboring Italy and Greece, illegally, and this causes disagreements between the governments of these states and the Albanian leadership. Only in the 1990s. 600 thousand Albanians were forced to emigrate, and 83% of the emigrants were young people aged 20-35. Labor migration is primarily associated with the insufficient level of economic development of the country and, as a consequence, with the low standard of living of the population. Thus, according to 2004 data, 25% of the country's population was below the poverty line. The average salary in the public sector is $118.

Naturally, on the one hand, these labor migrations undermine the country’s economy, but, on the other hand, remittances from other countries help improve the standard of living of the population. For example, Albania receives between 10 and 20% of its national income from migrant workers abroad.

Analyzing the Albanian migration process, it must be said that forced migration by political reasons. Thus, the ethnic conflict in Kosovo in 1999 caused a large influx of Albanian refugees from there who settled in the north-eastern regions of the country, which aggravated internal problems, since the state was unable to provide an adequate standard of living for those who emigrated.

It should also be noted the peculiarities of the Albanian government's policy in the field of attracting foreign capital and foreign trade.

The country has a problem attracting foreign investors to the economy. Due to the existing political instability and a number of other reasons, foreign investors are in no hurry to invest their funds in the Albanian economy. The problem of long-term investments is especially acute. In this country, foreign investors prefer to invest primarily in those sectors where profits are quickly achieved. Therefore, the volume of long-term investments is still relatively small.

To solve this problem, the government is taking measures to create and adjust legislative framework countries. Fundamental for the development of investment activity are two laws adopted by the Albanian parliament: “On commercial companies” and “On foreign investments”.

Today, the country's legislation provides for the protection of foreign capital and other interests of foreign partners. The procedure for registering companies with foreign capital has been simplified. Profits of foreign investors transferred abroad are not subject to taxes. Goods intended for use in production purposes and the activities of joint ventures are exempt from introductory customs duties; exemption from income taxes is allowed for the first 4-5 years, depending on the industry where production is carried out.

The country's foreign trade has also been liberalized: 45% of imported products are tax-free, existing customs tariffs are low, and there is no import licensing. The main trading partners are Italy, Greece, Germany, Macedonia, Austria, Turkey, Bulgaria.

3.3 Albania’s participation in regional integration processes

The Balkan Peninsula has been and remains a problematic region in Europe. People belonging to different religious denominations live here side by side: Orthodox, Catholics and Muslims. Moreover, a specific situation lies in the fact that the political borders of many Balkan states do not coincide with the ethnic ones.

The situation in the Balkans is complicated by the fact that there is a constant political struggle for influence in this region between NATO and the EU, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other. All these circumstances ultimately led to political and economic crises and the outbreak of civil wars at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries.

However, the economy of the Balkan states, and as its component the economy of Albania, is constantly developing. Currently, the world in general and Europe in particular are undergoing continuous integration processes, which means increasing interdependence of countries and regions. The same processes are taking place on the Balkan Peninsula.

In the 90s In the 20th century, a number of bilateral agreements on friendship, good neighborliness, cooperation and security were signed between the Balkan countries. But it should be noted that all countries in this region were characterized by a selective approach to the development of relations with neighbors: Greece and Romania maintained closer relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Albania with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Turkey, Bulgaria with Croatia , Slovenia and Macedonia, from which it follows that in their policy the parties adhered to civilizational and confessional principles.

In the relations between the Balkan states, the issue of national minorities has always been quite acute (see Table 3).

Table 3

National minorities on the Balkan Peninsula

For 1970-2018 Albania's industry at current prices increased by $1.1 billion (2.3 times) to $1.9 billion; the change occurred by $0.29 billion due to a population increase of 0.78 million, as well as by $0.78 billion due to an increase in industry per capita of $264.9. The average annual growth of industry in Albania was at the level of 0.022 billion dollars or 1.8%. The average annual growth of Albania's industry in constant prices was 0.61%. The world share decreased by 0.068%. The share in Europe decreased by 0.13%. The industry minimum was in 1997 ($0.21 billion). The industry peaked in 2018 ($1.9 billion).

For 1970-2018 industry per capita in Albania increased by $264.9 (71.7%) to $634.3. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices was at the level of 5.5 dollars or 1.1%.

Albanian industry, 1970-1997 (decline)

For the period 1970-1997. Albania's industry at current prices decreased by $0.59 billion (by 73.9%) to $0.21 billion; the change occurred by $0.35 billion due to a population increase of 0.94 million, as well as by -$0.94 billion due to a fall in industry per capita by $302.2. The average annual growth of Albania's industry was -0.022 billion dollars or -4.8%. The average annual growth of Albania's industry in constant prices is -2.2%. The world share decreased by 0.075%. The share in Europe decreased by 0.17%.

During 1970-1997 industry per capita in Albania increased by $302.2 (81.8%) to $67.1. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices is -11.2 dollars or -6.1%.

Albanian industry, 1997-2018 (growth)

During 1997-2018 Albania's industry at current prices increased by $1.7 billion (9.0 times) to $1.9 billion; the change occurred by -0.011 billion dollars due to a drop in population by 0.16 million, as well as by 1.7 billion dollars due to an increase in industry per capita by 567.2 dollars. The average annual growth of industry in Albania amounted to 0.079 billion dollars or 11.0%. The average annual growth of Albania's industry in constant prices is 4.3%. The world share increased by 0.0072%. The share in Europe increased by 0.038%.

For the period 1997-2018. industry per capita in Albania increased by $567.2 (9.5 times) to $634.3. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices was $27.0 or 11.3%.

Industry of Albania, 1970

Industry of Albania in 1970 it was $0.79 billion, ranked 62nd in the world and was at the level of the industry of Cuba ($0.85 billion), the industry of Hong Kong ($0.78 billion), and the industry of Ireland ($0.76 billion). The share of Albania's industry in the world was 0.078%.

In 1970, it was $369.3, ranked 39th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Bulgaria ($393.1), industry per capita in Czechoslovakia ($374.9), industry per capita in Poland ($351.3). Industry per capita in Albania was greater than industry per capita in the world ($274.1) by $95.2.

Comparison of industry in Albania and its neighbors in 1970. Albania's industry was 71.3% smaller than Greece's ($2.8 billion). Industry per capita in Albania was greater than industry per capita in Greece ($320.2) by 15.3%.

Comparison of Albanian industry and leaders in 1970. Albania's industry was smaller than the US industry ($288.7 billion) by 99.7%, the USSR industry ($164.8 billion) by 99.5%, the Japanese industry ($80.8 billion) by 99%, and the German industry ($77.4 billion). . dollars) by 99%, UK industry (41.4 billion dollars) by 98.1%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in the USA ($1,377.4) by 73.2%, industry per capita in Germany ($985.6) by 62.5%, industry per capita in Japan ($770.2) by 52%, industry per capita in Great Britain ($744.2) by 50.4%, industry per capita in the USSR ($679.8) by 45.7%.

Albanian industrial potential in 1970. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the US ($1,377.4), Albania's industry would be $3.0 billion, which is 3.7 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($632.1), Albania's industry would be $1.4 billion, which is 71.1% more than the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Southern Europe ($401.4), Albania's industry would be $0.86 billion, which is 8.7% more than the actual level.

Industry of Albania, 1997

Industry of Albania in 1997 it was $0.21 billion, ranked 159th in the world and was at the same level as Chad's industry ($0.20 billion). The share of Albania's industry in the world was 0.0029%.

Industry per capita in Albania in 1997 was 67.1 dollars, ranked 173rd in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Kyrgyzstan (71.3 dollars), industry per capita in Comoros (63.9 dollars). Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in the world ($1,226.7) by $1,159.6.

Comparison of industry in Albania and its neighbors in 1997. Albania's industry was larger than the industry of Montenegro ($0.2 billion) by 27.7%, but was smaller than the industry of Greece ($17.8 billion) by 98.8%, and the industry of Serbia ($4.8 billion) by 95.7%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in Greece ($1,623.4) by 95.9%, industry per capita in Serbia ($493.7) by 86.4%, industry per capita in Montenegro ($263.0) by 74.5%.

Comparison of Albanian industry and leaders in 1997. Albania's industry was smaller than the US industry ($1,671.4 billion) by 100%, the Japanese industry ($1,178.8 billion) by 100%, the German industry ($510.8 billion) by 100%, and the Chinese industry ( 398.4 billion dollars) by 99.9%, UK industry ($303.1 billion) by 99.9%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in Japan ($9,288.9) by 99.3%, industry per capita in Germany ($6,267.0) by 98.9%, industry per capita in the USA ($6,141.7) ) by 98.9%, industry per capita in the UK ($5,195.4) by 98.7%, industry per capita in China ($316.5) by 78.8%.

Albanian industry potential in 1997. With industry per capita at the same level as Japan's industry per capita ($9,288.9), Albania's industry would be $28.7 billion, which is 138.4 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Southern Europe ($3,020.1), Albania's industry would be $9.3 billion, which is 45.0 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($2,962.8), Albania's industry would be $9.2 billion, which is 44.2 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as Greece's per capita industry ($1,623.4), its best neighbor, Albania's industry would be $5.0 billion, 24.2 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the world ($1,226.7), Albania's industry would be $3.8 billion, which is 18.3 times the actual level.

Industry of Albania, 2018

Industry of Albania in 2018 was 1.9 billion dollars, ranked 137th in the world and was at the level of the industry of Mauritius (1.9 billion dollars), the industry of Nepal (1.9 billion dollars), and the industry of Niger (1.8 billion dollars). The share of Albania's industry in the world was 0.010%.

Industry per capita in Albania in 2018 was equal to 634.3 dollars, ranked 134th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Morocco (668.7 dollars), industry per capita in Grenada (657.3 dollars), industry per capita in Laos (633.6 dollars), industry per capita in St. Vincent and the Grenadines ($627.7), industry per capita in Ukraine ($623.3). Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in the world ($2,420.7) by $1,786.5.

Comparison of industry in Albania and its neighbors in 2018. The industry of Albania was 3.3 times larger than the industry of Montenegro ($0.6 billion), but was smaller than the industry of Greece ($28.8 billion) by 93.5%, and the industry of Serbia ($10.6 billion) by 82.5%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in Greece ($2,586.2) by 75.5%, industry per capita in Serbia ($1,516.9) by 58.2%, industry per capita in Montenegro ($894.6) by 29.1%.

Comparison of Albanian industry and leaders in 2018. Albania's industry was smaller than China's industry ($4,612.5 billion) by 100%, US industry ($3,050.0 billion) by 99.9%, Japanese industry ($1,133.3 billion) by 99.8%, German industry ($904.1 billion) by 99.8%, Indian industry ($542.2 billion) by 99.7%. Industry per capita in Albania was larger than industry per capita in India ($400.5) by 58.4%, but was less than industry per capita in Germany ($10,986.5) by 94.2%, industry per capita in the USA ($9,333.8) by 93.2%, industry per capita in Japan ($8,910.5) by 92.9%, industry per capita in China ($3,259.7) by 80.5%.

Albanian industry potential in 2018. With industry per capita at the same level as Germany's industry per capita ($10,986.5), Albania's industry would be $32.2 billion, which is 17.3 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($5,300.5), Albania's industry would be $15.6 billion, which is 8.4 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Southern Europe ($4,494.2), Albania's industry would be $13.2 billion, which is 7.1 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as Greece's per capita industry ($2,586.2), its best neighbor, Albania's industry would be $7.6 billion, 4.1 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the world ($2,420.7), Albania's industry would be $7.1 billion, which is 3.8 times the actual level.

Industry of Albania, 1970-2018

year	industry, billion dollars	industry per capita, dollars	industry, billion dollars	industry growth, %	share of industry in the economy, %	Albania's share, %
year	current prices		constant prices 1970		share of industry in the economy, %	in the world	in Europe	in Southern Europe
1970	0.79	369.3	0.79		33.9	0.078	0.18	1.6
1971	0.82	371.2	0.83	4.0	33.9	0.074	0.17	1.5
1972	0.84	373.2	0.86	4.0	33.9	0.066	0.15	1.3
1973	0.86	375.2	0.89	4.0	33.9	0.055	0.12	1.0
1974	0.89	377.7	0.93	4.1	33.9	0.049	0.12	0.85
1975	0.92	379.4	0.97	3.9	33.9	0.046	0.11	0.79
1976	0.94	381.8	1.0	3.9	33.8	0.044	0.11	0.77
1977	0.97	385.9	1.0	4.4	34.0	0.040	0.100	0.71
1978	0.99	386.2	1.1	3.5	33.8	0.035	0.085	0.61
1979	0.83	315.4	1.1	3.9	33.8	0.025	0.061	0.40
1980	0.77	285.7	1.2	5.7	34.4	0.021	0.051	0.32
1981	0.76	276.8	1.2	1.1	33.1	0.020	0.056	0.36
1982	0.79	285.0	1.3	4.9	33.8	0.022	0.060	0.39
1983	0.79	278.7	1.3	-0.15	33.1	0.022	0.062	0.41
1984	0.80	274.4	1.3	0.43	33.8	0.021	0.065	0.41
1985	0.80	270.3	1.3	0.27	33.2	0.021	0.064	0.40
1986	0.84	274.7	1.4	7.3	33.6	0.020	0.056	0.31
1987	0.87	279.3	1.4	3.5	35.3	0.019	0.051	0.27
1988	0.91	286.2	1.4	-0.17	35.9	0.018	0.050	0.25
1989	1.0	309.0	1.5	3.9	33.0	0.019	0.055	0.26
1990	0.86	263.1	1.4	-2.1	38.3	0.015	0.040	0.19
1991	0.55	169.3	0.89	-37.9	33.2	0.0092	0.026	0.12
1992	0.28	85.4	0.43	-51.2	17.6	0.0044	0.012	0.059
1993	0.25	79.9	0.39	-10.0	14.4	0.0041	0.013	0.067
1994	0.26	81.2	0.38	-2.0	13.0	0.0039	0.013	0.065
1995	0.30	97.7	0.41	6.0	12.2	0.0042	0.013	0.069
1996	0.33	106.1	0.46	13.7	11.0	0.0045	0.014	0.070
1997	0.21	67.1	0.44	-5.7	10.1	0.0029	0.0096	0.047
1998	0.21	67.4	0.46	6.7	9.3	0.0030	0.0097	0.047
1999	0.26	82.2	0.53	13.3	8.9	0.0036	0.012	0.059
2000	0.28	90.0	0.50	-4.6	9.1	0.0037	0.014	0.071
2001	0.30	96.8	0.51	1.3	8.6	0.0042	0.015	0.076
2002	0.30	95.6	0.47	-7.9	7.7	0.0041	0.014	0.069
2003	0.46	147.6	0.63	33.9	9.4	0.0056	0.019	0.088
2004	0.65	208.5	0.67	6.3	10.3	0.0068	0.022	0.11
2005	0.78	254.8	0.69	3.5	11.1	0.0075	0.026	0.13
2006	0.86	282.0	0.73	6.0	11.2	0.0075	0.026	0.13
2007	1.0	331.4	0.62	-14.7	10.8	0.0077	0.026	0.13
2008	1.2	402.2	0.64	2.7	10.8	0.0082	0.029	0.15
2009	1.1	384.4	0.69	7.3	10.9	0.0088	0.033	0.17
2010	1.4	487.1	0.83	21.3	13.8	0.0096	0.040	0.21
2011	1.5	518.4	0.83	-0.66	13.5	0.0089	0.038	0.21
2012	1.4	486.4	0.79	-4.4	13.3	0.0082	0.037	0.22
2013	1.6	559.1	0.93	17.3	14.6	0.0093	0.041	0.25
2014	1.7	584.1	0.93	-0.20	14.8	0.0097	0.043	0.25
2015	1.5	500.7	0.94	1.8	14.6	0.0092	0.043	0.25
2016	1.5	496.1	0.96	1.5	14.0	0.0092	0.042	0.24
2017	1.5	498.1	0.94	-1.5	12.8	0.0085	0.040	0.23
2018	1.9	634.3	1.1	12.8	14.1	0.010	0.047	0.27

Albania, despite its small size, is rich in various minerals, which creates the basis for industrial development (see Appendix 1, Fig. 2).

Light industry occupies a leading position in the structure of Albania's manufacturing industry.

The electricity sector is given a lot of attention in Albania and its development is taking place in two directions:

1. The management of the National Power Corporation (NEC) is being improved; correct calculation of electricity consumption; reduction of losses when transmitting energy over a distance.

2. Construction of a new heating plant in the city of Vlora and a hydroelectric station in the city of Shkodra.

The country has also taken steps to create metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.

National products

Burek with cheese and egg (Burek me djathë dhe vezë), Moussaka (Moussaka), Pilawa (Pilawa), Chevapchichi (Chevapchichi), Razhnichi (Razhnichi), Meatballs "Chofte", Feta cheese (Djathë "Feta"), Yogurt "Kos", Cannelloni në Toscana, Dried fruit "Oshaf", White wheat bread (Bukë gruri), Corn bread ( Bukë misri), Rakia, Shesh, Zi (Komunikim).

Export to countries

Europe 93% Mainly Italy, Serbia, Greece

Asia 5.6% Mainly China, Türkiye

North America 0.99% Mainly USA

Africa 0.57% Mainly Libya, Egypt

National drink - Skanderberg cognac

The pride of Albania is Skanderberg cognac. Its taste and organic qualities are so good that they have earned several international medals, and the drink itself is successfully exported. Skanderberg in Albania was considered a national hero who was sung in songs. He is also known by the name of Giorgi Kastrioti. The years of Skanderberg's life fell on the XIV-XIII centuries BC. He made a huge contribution to the anti-Ottoman movement of those times. Cognac is produced at a winery called the Liqueur Factory. It was first produced in 1967. The drink contains mountain herbs, fruits, sugar syrup, caramel, etc. Cognac is produced and stored only in oak barrels, which give it a special color and subtle aroma. Stores sell Skanderberg aged 3.5 years, 5, 6 and 13 years.

The food industry in Albania does not use products containing GMOs

Famous dish

One of the national dishes of Albania is considered to be Fergesa Tirane, or simply called Tirana casserole. The origin of the dish is attributed to the capital of the country - Tirana. Locals most often serve it for lunch. The main ingredients include paprika, tomatoes and pickled cheese, which is sometimes replaced with cottage cheese. All of the above are pre-fried, then baked in the oven. Ferges is popular among vegetarians who eat it with potatoes or rice. The majority of the population prepares it with meat, usually veal. In this case, Tirana casserole serves as a side dish. In restaurants, this dish is most often served with bread for dipping. Fergesa tirane is not only tasty, but also an inexpensive dish - the price for it in catering establishments rarely exceeds $3.

Products for export

Food industry

In Albania, a rather revered product is bread: wheat, rye and corn. Residents of the country cannot imagine a single meal without it - even the local invitation to the table is translated as “let's go eat bread.” Particularly popular among Albanians are corn varieties, which have been baked since ancient times. Previously, simple workers, mountaineers, ate this bread. Now corn and wheat cakes are nothing less than the national pride of the country. Here they are known as "burek". Flatbreads are made from many layers of hand-rolled dough. The filling is placed between the layers, which can be absolutely anything - greens, minced meat, custard. Burek is considered the most popular snack in Albania. It is sold in bakeries and fast food kiosks, served in cafes and restaurants, and prepared at home for the holiday table. Locals even snack on flatbreads on their way to work.

There is no McDonald's in the country

Agriculture

The country's natural conditions cannot be called favorable, but the share of the agricultural sector here accounts for about 18% of GDP. The number of exported products is growing every year - in 2016 it was estimated at 855 million dollars. About 25% of the territory of Albania is allocated for this industry. Agriculture here specializes in the cultivation of tobacco, figs, wheat, corn, potatoes, etc. The specifics of the country include the active collection of medicinal and aromatic herbs. Albania is one of the top 20 olive-growing countries in the world. They are actively engaged in livestock farming: the number of livestock farms and apiaries is in the dozens. Beekeeping here is quite developed: each region produces its own special honey, and there are even quite rare types, for example, chestnut honey.

Fishing in the country

Durres

Various fish soups, gyuvech stew with potatoes and vegetables, lamb tave-kozi in yoghurt are deliciously prepared here.

Export to countries

Mainly Italy, Serbia, Greece

Mainly China, Türkiye

North America

Mainly USA

Mainly Libya, Egypt

National drink - Skanderberg cognac

The food industry in Albania does not use products containing GMOs

Famous dish

One of the national dishes of Albania is considered to be Fergesa Tirane, or simply called Tirana casserole. The origin of the food is attributed to the capital of the country - Tirana. Locals most often serve it for lunch. The main ingredients include paprika, tomatoes and pickled cheese, which is sometimes replaced with cottage cheese. All of the above are pre-fried, then baked in the oven. Ferges is popular among vegetarians who eat it with potatoes or rice. The majority of the population prepares it with meat, usually veal. In this case, Tirana casserole serves as a side dish. In restaurants, this dish is most often served with bread for dipping. Fergesa tirane is not only tasty, but also an inexpensive dish - the price for it in catering establishments rarely exceeds $3.

Products for export

Food industry

There is no McDonald's in the country

Agriculture

Fishing in the country

Durres

Various fish soups, gyuvech stew with potatoes and vegetables, lamb tave-kozi in yoghurt are deliciously prepared here.

We're traveling around Albania. The sky is black, lightning flashes on the horizon, the sides of the road are littered, the famous Albanian Mercedes are in front and behind. So they surrounded us. And then I see a bright spot, I hit the brakes and take a turn at almost ninety degrees. Let's go!

From open gate Albanian men are looking at us in surprise, doing something incomprehensible. Where are we?

1 These colors are very unexpected against the backdrop of the dull and oid-like Albanian landscape. At first I didn’t even understand what these playgrounds, swings and the red elephant on the side of the road were doing. A dump, or what?

2 The doors of the yellow house opened, and several pairs of frightened eyes stared at us. Probably, the Tajiks whom you caught doing a factually honest but legally illegal business look at you in exactly the same way.

3 The main one came out to us: a curly-haired man with a Greek nose and an Italian T-shirt. Having learned that we were just photographers, and even from some Russia, he immediately relaxed and gave us a tour of the production.

4 They do it here plastic products for every taste. Swimming pools, baths, playgrounds, again. They fill plastic molds and give them any look. I don’t understand anything about technology, let’s just look at the pictures.

5 Big yellow man. Or maybe it's Haribo the bear? Well, the one with the gummies.

6 The men are working….the men are working!

7 They have something like an underground production in their backyard. They also make sinks and sinks here, which they then send to Italy and sell under the guise of expensive Italian plumbing fixtures.

8 Maybe they were deceiving or joking. But for some reason I believe them. Albanians are unlikely to soak in such exquisitely shaped baths.

9 Harsh reality. The plant is located right in the trash heap.

10 These things, as I understand it, are used to make slides in playgrounds.

11 Everything is very dusty and dirty.

12 The main advantage of the products from this factory is that they are bright. They cheer up the owner in his gray, worthless life:)

13 This is not a sales exhibition, but a warehouse of finished products.

14 On the left is a swimming pool for the Albanian rich, and on the right is something straight from my childhood. The Soviet counterparts had seats, but here you need to stand.

15 Plastic is an amazing material. It’s no wonder that 3D printers are developing so rapidly now. You can mold anything from it. And it will be durable. In the evenings, after their shift, the workers dream about how Albania will rise from its knees and develop their own Albanian aircraft. But that's another story.

When I was traveling around Russian regions, I liked to photograph different factories. Here you are traveling in the Perm region in winter. It’s cold, there’s snow up to your neck, all the villages and towns are sadly the same. What to write about? You can drill into a metallurgical plant, film open-hearth furnaces and tough men. Or you’re rolling around the Astrakhan region in the summer. It’s hot, mosquitoes are buzzing, locusts are hitting the windshield. All villages and cities are equally dull. And then I took it and went to a shipbuilding plant or a sturgeon farm. Beauty!

In a word, filming productions is interesting. But usually it’s very tedious: everything needs to be agreed upon in advance, almost a month in advance. Almost everywhere abroad you can get to any production facility “from the street,” unless it is a Boeing plant, of course.

ALBANIA (Shqiperia), People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise), is a state in the southern, southwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula, on the coast of the Ionian and Adriatic seas. It borders on the north and east with, on the southeast - with, and is separated by the Strait of Otranto, 75 km wide. Area 28.7 thousand km2. Population 2.7 million people (end 1980). The capital is Tirana. Albania is divided into 26 reli (districts), Tirana is a separate administrative unit. The official language is Albanian. Currency- lek. Albania - member 1949-61 (ceased participation in its work).

General characteristics of the farm. In 1980, the share of industry in the structure of GNP was 60%, agriculture and construction - approximately 25%. The country's electric power industry is based mainly on the hydro resources of the rivers Drin, Mati, Bistrica, etc. Of the 22 operating small power plants, 10 are thermal, with a capacity of no more than 50 thousand kWh. Electricity production reached 3.5 billion kWh (1980). The basis of the internal transport network is made up of highways (length 3.1 thousand km), the total length of railways is 218 km (1979). The main seaports are Durres and Vlora. Oil pipelines from the Patosi and Stalin oil fields to the city of Derrick and through the city of Fier to the port of Vlora. In 1980 the Balshi-Fier-Elbasan gas pipeline was built. Albania exports electricity (to Yugoslavia), chromites, iron-nickel ores, and ferroalloys.

Nature. In the western territory of Albania there is a low-hilly coastal part 35-45 km wide, framed by mountains from the north, east and south. About 4/10 of the country's territory lies at an altitude of 300-1000 m, 3/10 - above 1000 m. In the north rise the inaccessible North Albanian Alps, into which deep valleys of tributaries of the Drin River are cut. To the south, between the Drin and Devoli rivers, there are central mountain ranges with a height of 2-2.4 thousand m, dissected by deep gorges of tributaries of the Drin, Mati and Shkumbini rivers. From the east, these massifs are limited by tectonic valleys where the Black Drin River flows and Lake Ohrid is located. Beyond the Black Drin stretches the Korabi ridge, bordering Yugoslavia.

The climate is subtropical Mediterranean. The average temperature in January is 8-9°C, in July 24-25°C. Precipitation is 800-2000 mm per year. The rivers are not navigable, but are used for irrigation and electricity.

In the Mirdita zone, which is the main ore district of Albania and stretches in a northwest-southeast direction across the entire country for 300 km with a width of about 50 km, three structural stages are distinguished. The lower stage is composed of volcanic-sedimentary strata of the Lower and Middle Triassic, among which there are large massifs of ultrabasic, basic, middle and acidic compositions of age. Associated with them are deposits of and, sulfur, asbestos, etc. The middle structural stage is characterized by transgressive series of the Upper Jurassic - Cretaceous, among which they predominate. The iron-nickel-containing weathering crust of the Mirdita zone massifs in the Early Cretaceous before the onset of the marine Cretaceous is confined to this stage. The upper structural stage of the Mirdita zone is represented mainly by Neogene ones, which fill the tectonic ones. In the rocks of the upper tier there are known deposits of nickel-containing laterites (Alyarupi-Mokra, Drenova, Mborya), kaolin and other minerals.

To the west of the Mirdita zone stretches the Tsukali-Krasta-Pinda zone, which in the lower part of the section is composed of carbonate rocks alternating with siliceous formations and Middle Triassic shales. Above that lie Middle and Upper Jurassic limestones and siliceous rocks, and then Upper Cretaceous limestones, which in turn are overlain by young ones. Mineral deposits are not typical for this zone. The southwestern part of Albania is occupied by the Adriatic-Ionian zone, which is divided into two subzones: the coastal Dalmatian, or Gavrovskaya, relatively elevated and represented by the narrow Kruja-Daiti ridge; Ionian, occupying the rest of the territory of the southwestern part of Albania. The most ancient rocks are considered to be the pre-Carnian gypsum of the Dome du Douler mountain. The lower part of the section of the Ionian subzone is represented by thick carbonate deposits of the Upper Triassic - Middle Eocene, above which lies Paleogene-Lower Miocene flysch, overlain, in turn, by molasse. The latter are associated with deposits of oil, gas, brown coal, gypsum, etc.

Seismicity. The territory of Albania is part of the Mediterranean seismic belt. it has not been studied enough and not completed. There were no records of seismic phenomena until the 20th century; by the 80s About 10 major earthquakes were registered (1921, 1924-25, 1942, 1967, etc.) with catastrophic consequences. Seismic zones of the river valley are identified. Drin, Messrs. Vlora - Dibra and others.

Small deposits of chrysotile asbestos (Fusha-e-Aresit, etc.) are associated with massifs of ultrabasic rocks east of the city of Shkodër. The deposits are network zones of small asbestos veins 0.2-12 mm thick, more often 1-3 mm in serpentinites. The coefficient is 1.5-20%. Reserves have not been estimated.

In the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary strata of the central part of the Ionian zone, several lens-shaped deposits of phosphate-containing limestones (Fouche-Barda, Nivika, etc. deposits) with a P 2 O 5 content of 7-8 to 15-18% have been identified; in young molasse - large deposits of rock salt - Dumra and Delvina. Of industrial importance are the Peshtani gypsum deposit, composed of gypsum-bearing sediments of Permian age with a thickness of 700-1000 m, which is traced over an area of about 60 km 2 with significant gypsum reserves, as well as the Kerchishta native sulfur deposit, confined to dolomitized Upper Cretaceous limestones (S content of about 30% ). Relatively small numerous deposits are known in Gomsik, Luciano, Katieli, Voskopoe, etc. Magnesite deposits are confined to tectonic zones in the ultrabasic rocks of the Mirdita zone.

On the territory of Albania, deposits of clay, cement raw materials, as well as thermal and mineral deposits have been identified, explored and used.

History of mineral resource development. The earliest evidence of the use of flint rocks for making tools dates back to the Paleolithic (approximately 500-100 thousand years ago). In the 6th millennium BC. Clays began to be widely mined for housing construction and dressing ceramic tableware. The first copper tools in Albania appear in the 5th-4th millennium BC, but the ore sources of this copper are not known. Copper and Bronze Age mining has not been studied in Albania. It is assumed that from the 5th-4th centuries. BC Widespread mining of building stone begins. It acquired its maximum scope from the 2nd-1st centuries. BC, when the territory of modern Albania became part of the Roman provinces of Dalmatia and Macedonia. During the Roman Empire, the Selenica natural bitumen deposit was developed.

Mining. General characteristics. For many centuries, Albania was an agrarian and raw materials appendage of Turkey or Italy and could not create a national heavy industry, in particular mining. Since the beginning of the 2nd quarter of the 20th century, chrome and copper ores have been mined. The systematic development of the mining industry began after the establishment of people's power (1944), when, with the help of a comprehensive geological study of the territory of Albania, a mining industry began to be created on the basis of identified and explored reserves of oil, coal, iron-nickel ores and other minerals (Table 2).

Oil industry. The first oil field, Kuchova (Stalin), was discovered in 1934 and has been developed since 1935; by the 50s 6 oil and 6 . Of the 60 promising structures for oil and gas, several are being drilled in a small depression south of Shkodër. The total maximum capacity of Albania is over 3.5 million tons. The most significant of them are located in Balshi and Fier (the latter's productivity is over 1 million tons per year), the remaining plants have small capacity and are located directly near the fields. The production of technical bitumen in 1974 exceeded 1 million tons per year. Albania meets its needs with its own oil, is an exporter of crude oil and bitumen and is moving towards exporting petroleum products. Over 90% of bitumen is exported to European countries, mainly to Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, as well as to the GDR and Poland. In addition, Albania exports various petroleum products to the socialist countries of Europe (export volume is 100-150 thousand tons per year).

Natural gas production has reached 0.45 billion m3 per year, the development of the gas industry will apparently be determined by export policy, since gas consumption within Albania is negligible.

Extraction of natural bitumen from the Selenitsa deposit is 10-30 thousand tons per year; they are sent exclusively for export, mainly to Yugoslavia. In solid bitumen, technical grades are distinguished: black, coal-like, brown, powdery, detrital and bituminized rock. Black and brown bitumen are used for melting into marketable bitumen, and the rest are used as fuel. It is developed by open and underground methods.

The opening plan and development system of coal deposits depend on their mining and geological conditions. The Mzyozavodome deposit is exposed by shafts, Memalai, Mborya, Drenova - by adits. Excavation with short longwalls. Shallow areas of coal basins are mined by opencast mining using small-scale mechanization. The increase in coal production in 1975-80 was due to the commissioning of a new coal mining enterprise in the Valiyasi region.

The exploitation of chrome ore deposits in Albania began in the 1st half of the 20th century, reached its greatest scale during the 2nd World War 1939-45, and then fell sharply due to the development of known deposits. In the 50s new deposits were discovered and explored (Bulkiza, etc.). The exploited deposits of chrome ores are located in zones of great depths of erosional cutting of hypermafic massifs and mountainous terrain, which makes it possible to open ore bodies using adits and trenches. Therefore, it is economically feasible to develop even small but closely spaced ore deposits.

A negative factor is the poor development of infrastructure in mountainous areas. The increasing production of chrome ores stimulates the construction of new enrichment plants and ferroalloy plants. By 1980, enrichment plants were put into operation in Bulkiz, Martinesti, Kukes and a ferrochrome production plant in Burreli. Commercial ores contain 42% Cr 2 O 3, 13% FeO and 22% Al 2 O 3. All mined ores and produced ferroalloys have been exported since 1978 mainly to the capitalist countries of Western Europe (until 1978 to KHP).

The extraction of iron-nickel-cobalt ores began in 1958 and by 1982 had increased 2.5 times. Commercial ores contain (%): 51 Fe, 0.1 Ni and 0.06 Co. There are mines and processing plants in Guri, Kuchi, Prenyasi, etc. It is planned to increase production through the construction of new mining and metallurgical enterprises. Such enterprises are being created and partially put into operation in Elbasan. In 1980, the 1st stage of the iron-nickel mine in Prenyasi came into operation. Until the mid-70s. the mined iron-nickel ores were completely exported, mainly to the capitalist countries of Western Europe; with the construction of metallurgical, nickel and ferroalloy plants, the transition to the export of rough, and later refined metals begins.

Deposits of copper ores of the Rubik, Kurbneshi and Gegyani groups are developed using underground methods. The smelters in Rubik and Gegyani produce 8.5-12.5 thousand tons of blister copper, which is almost entirely exported (until 1978 to KHP, later to capitalist countries). In 1980, a copper ore enrichment plant was launched in Rehovo, refineries in Rubik and Kpye, as well as a copper rolling plant in Shkodër; the country switches to exporting refined copper and simple rolled products.

In Albania, phosphate fertilizers are produced at the Lyaci plant from low-grade phosphorites from the Fushe Barda and Nivika deposits. Cement factories in the cities operate using local raw materials. Shkodra, Elbasan, Fushe Kruja, Korca and Vlora.

The main sources of table salt are associated with the bay of Narta and Karavastai, almost completely fenced off by bars from open sea. It is planned to exploit the explored rock salt deposits of Dumra and Delvina.

Non-metallic building materials - sand, crushed stone - are developed in the open pit.

Personnel training. Seal. Before the establishment of people's power in Albania there were no national geologists and mining engineers. Since 1946, the training of such specialists has been carried out in the CCCP and other socialist countries, after the creation of the State University in Tirana in 1957 - at its geological faculty, where research in the field of geology is also conducted.

Planning and industrialization. Fuel and energy base. Mining industry.

Economy of Albania

Albania's ambitious plans for economic development relied heavily on aid from the USSR and other Eastern European countries, and after that aid ceased in the mid-1960s, economic growth slowed. The mining industry was especially in need of re-equipment. It should also be borne in mind that in the post-war period, Albania's export markets were in Eastern Europe and the USSR, and vital imports came from there. Relations with Western European countries began to improve in the late 1980s, but lack of investment, poor management and political instability led to a sharp economic downturn in 1990–1991.

In 1992, Albania's GDP fell sharply compared to 1989 levels, and urgent measures were required to further develop the economy. The government put forward a reform program that included a transition from a command economy with central control to a market economy and private enterprise. First of all, the privatization of most of the agricultural sector, small and medium-sized enterprises was carried out, and then it was the turn of large enterprises. In 1996, these efforts, combined with foreign assistance, produced some positive results; GDP grew by 9% (according to the EBRD - by 5%) and amounted to $2.3 billion, i.e. $700 per capita, and inflation dropped to a few percent. However, these achievements were overshadowed by rising unemployment, officially exceeding 20%, and widespread corruption. Further progress in transforming the economy as a whole was hampered by the lack of reliable infrastructure and an effective financial system. Ultimately, the financial pyramids that shook society at the turn of 1996 and 1997, political instability in 1997 and the confrontation of forces in 1998 brought the economy to the brink of complete collapse. In 1997, GDP decreased by 7%, and the foreign trade balance by 22%.

It is difficult to objectively assess Albania's economic situation. Under the communist regime, all information was classified, and information relating to the post-communist period should be treated with caution.

Planning and industrialization

Five-year plans for the development of the national economy based on industrialization have been developed since 1950, the first of which covered the period 1951–1955. These plans, called long-term plans, outlined target figures for the production of products in the main sectors of the economy and regulated the resource provision necessary to fulfill plan targets. Detailed annual or quarterly plans, known as operational plans, defined the specific tasks of each enterprise.

However, Albania itself had an extremely limited and weak base for industrialization. Without the country's integration into a larger market and large foreign loans, all efforts made at the national level were doomed to very modest results. Therefore, the industrialization of Albania was closely dependent on assistance from the USSR and other socialist countries, and from the early 1960s to the end of the 1970s - on assistance from the PRC. In 1954, national income was officially estimated at $270 million, or $200 per capita. Subsequently, statistics were not published in the country, but, according to one Western estimate, in 1982 Albania's GDP was approx. $2.6 billion, or $880 per capita. In terms of per capita income, Albania ranked last among European countries.

It is estimated that in 1994, 48.4% of the economically active population was in agriculture. In 1996 there were approx. 700 thousand Albanians, including 28% of the country's citizens of working age; their remittances accounted for about a third of Albania's GDP.

Fuel and energy base

Industrialization along the lines of the USSR required the rapid development of Albania's natural resources - oil, natural gas, coal and hydropower.

Oil production in Albania was first carried out by Italian companies before World War II. Production volume increased from 13 thousand tons in 1935 to 134 thousand in 1938, of which 105 thousand tons were exported to Italy. After the end of the war, the development of this industry proceeded at a rapid pace. Oil production in 1987 reached approximately 3 million tons, while its reserves were estimated at 20 million tons. The main oil fields are located in the Kucova and Patosi areas. Albanian oil, characterized by its high density, requires special processing. Before the war, almost all oil was sent by pipeline to Vlora, and from there by ship to a refinery in the Italian city of Bari. During the war, the Germans built two small oil refineries in Albania. To the large oil refinery with an annual capacity of 150 thousand tons, which was built after the war in Zerriq near Elbasan, pipelines were laid from the fields in Kuchova and Patosi. In 1987, Albania produced 2.6 million tons of petroleum products. In the early 1970s, a large oil refinery was commissioned in Fier with a capacity of 450 thousand tons per year. In the early 1990s, the production of petroleum products in Albania was maintained at 600 thousand tons per year, but then decreased to 360 thousand tons (1997).

Natural gas production, which began in 1938, declined significantly during the war years. However, in the 1950s it increased significantly and reached 40 million cubic meters. m in 1959. In the early 1960s, new gas fields were discovered. In 1985, 420 million cubic meters were produced. m, but in the 1990s there was a sharp decline in this industry: gas production decreased to 102 million cubic meters. m in 1992 and 18 million cubic meters. m - in 1997.

The coal mining industry is poorly developed due to limited coal reserves. The country is dominated by brown coal deposits with low calorific value. The main centers of the coal mining industry are Krrab, Valiyasi (near Tirana), Memalai (north of Tepelena), Mborja and Drenova (near Korça). The development of coal deposits began in 1938, when production was only 3.7 thousand tons. During World War II it increased to 132 thousand tons per year, and in 1987 it reached 2.3 million tons, then in the 1990s This branch of the economy began to decline. In 1992, 366 thousand tons of coal were mined, and in 1997 - only 40 thousand tons.

During the years of the communist regime, special attention was paid to the development of hydropower. Among the most important projects of that time was the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Mati River, near Tirana, and especially a series of hydroelectric power stations on the Drin River in Northern Albania. Electricity production increased from 3 million kWh in 1938 to 9.2 million in 1948 and 150 million in 1958. In 1970, approx. 900 million kWh of electricity, and the government announced the completion of rural electrification. In 1988, electricity production reached almost 4 billion kWh, of which hydroelectric power stations accounted for 80%. In the 1990s, electricity production declined and power outages became common, but by 1995 it had been restored.

Mining industry

Albania is rich in mineral resources, especially chrome and copper ores. At the end of the 1980s, mining products accounted for approx. 5% of the value of industrial products and 35% of the value of exports.

Deposits of high-quality chromite are found in different parts of the country. Chromite mines are located in Pogradec, Klesi, Letaje and near Kukes. The production volume increased from 7 thousand tons in 1938 to 502.3 thousand in 1974 and 1.5 million tons in 1986. Copper ore deposits are located mainly in northern Albania, in the districts of Puka and Kukes. The ore mined in 1986 contained 15 thousand tons of copper. Exploration and mining of ores containing gold, silver, bauxite, nickel, manganese, etc. are underway. In 1958, deposits of iron-nickel ores were put into operation. The ore mined in 1987 contained 9 thousand tons of nickel. The extraction of iron ore was established in deposits in the valley of the Shkumbini River between Elbasan and Perparimi. In the 1990s, production of all these ores fell sharply. In 1997, only 157 thousand tons of chromite and 25 thousand tons of copper were mined in the public sector.

Manufacturing industry

Before 1925 there was almost no industry in Albania. It began to develop slowly only in the early 1930s, a process that accelerated in 1939–1943 during the Italian occupation. At the end of World War II, the country had several sawmills and factories producing olive oil and tobacco products, a large brewery, several enterprises producing soap, furniture, cardboard, etc. During the communist regime, a metallurgical plant in Elbasan and a cement plant were built , factories for the production of tannin and canned fish in Vlora, textile mills in Tirana and Berat, a factory for the production of rubber boots in Durres, cotton ginning factories in Rogozhin and Fier, factories for the production of canned vegetables and fruits in Elbasan, Shkodra and Berat, a sugar factory in Korce and several other small enterprises in different parts of the country.

In the late 1980s, industrial products accounted for about half of the gross value of goods and services in Albania. The most important industries were associated with the extraction and beneficiation of chrome and copper ores, oil distillation, production of electricity, machinery, etc. At the end of the 1980s, the share of food and textile products accounted for only about a third of the country's total industrial output. In the 1990s, the manufacturing industry was in deep crisis. By 1992, its output had declined by more than 50%, and in 1996 it accounted for only 12% of GDP.

Craft production

Handicrafts play an important role in the Albanian economy. They supply building materials (bricks and tiles), agricultural implements (ploughs, harrows), electrical appliances and a wide range of consumer goods (including furniture, carpets, fabrics, silverware, etc.). Most of the artisans are united in cooperatives. In 1990, the government allowed many artisans to work individually, and subsequently the complete privatization of artisanal production was carried out.

Agriculture

The level of agricultural production in Albania is traditionally low, because... natural factors are very unfavorable for its development. The resources of arable land are small. In 1943, only 356 thousand hectares were cultivated. In 1964, cultivated lands occupied 521 thousand hectares, which accounted for only 17% of the total area of the country. Most of the arable land is concentrated in the coastal and central regions of Albania. In 1987, there were 714 thousand hectares under arable land, and 397 thousand hectares under pastures.

The collectivization of agriculture was accompanied by land reform, aimed at eliminating large private landholdings and making land available to “those who work it.” This reform, promulgated by the government in 1945 and approved by the People's Assembly on June 1, 1946, was soon implemented. Its fundamental provisions boiled down to the following: 1) gardens, vineyards and olive plantations were subject to confiscation; 2) religious organizations were given 10 hectares of land; 3) a peasant family of six people received an allotment of 5 hectares and an additional 2 hectares for each person if the family was larger. Following the reform, collective and state farms began to be established throughout the country. The process of collectivization accelerated from the mid-1950s, when a policy was adopted towards full cooperation in agriculture and the involvement of peasants in collective and state associations. In 1967, these farms owned 97% of arable land. It was only in the 1990s that a campaign for privatization in agriculture was launched, and by 1995 most farms became private property.

The main crops in Albania are corn and wheat. The area under grain crops increased from 140 thousand hectares in the pre-war years to 350 thousand hectares in 1988. The average annual harvest of corn increased from 134 thousand tons in the mid-1930s to 108 thousand in 1950 and 315 thousand tons at the end 1980s, and the average annual wheat harvest - from 40 thousand tons in the mid-1930s to 200 thousand in 1973 and 589 thousand in 1988; in 1994, the corn harvest was 180 thousand tons, and the wheat harvest was 470 thousand tons.

The country has achieved significant success in growing fiber crops, especially cotton, and tobacco. Olive cultivation plays an important role. Other crops grown in Albania include rye, barley, oats, rice, sugar beets and potatoes. In the 1990s, there was an increase in the volume of gross agricultural output, and it now accounted for more than 50% of GDP.

Livestock

Despite some growth in livestock numbers, livestock productivity in Albania is low. The development of this industry is hampered by imperfect methods of its management, shortage of feed, insufficient space for keeping livestock and some other factors. In 1996, in Albania there were 806 thousand heads of cattle, 98 thousand pigs, 1410 thousand sheep, 895 thousand goats and 4108 thousand poultry. Many of these numbers fell in 1997–1998, when farmers slaughtered more livestock than usual.

Transport and communications

Rail transport plays an important role in passenger and freight transport. The length of railways in 1990 was only 720 km. The main highway runs from north to south from Shkoder through Durres to Vlora, with branches to Tirana and Pogradec (on the shores of Lake Ohrid). The last line connected the iron-nickel and chromite ore mining areas with the Elbasan metallurgical plant and the port of Durres. Albania's railways are connected to the city of Titograd (Yugoslavia) and are part of the European railway system.

Road transport is essential for domestic transport, although the private car fleet is small and the roads are in poor condition. The total length of paved roads is 2.9 thousand km.

Maritime shipping options are limited. In the 20th century Durres became the main foreign trade port, having an advantageous location in the central part of the country's coast and connected by a network of roads with the interior regions. Among other ports, Vlore and Saranda stand out. There is a ferry connection with the Italian port of Trieste and with the Greek island of Kerkyra (Corfu). There are several airports in Albania. The country's largest airport, Tirana, has regular connections with major European cities. The number of air passengers increased from 30 thousand in 1990 to 200 thousand in 1994.

Trade

Under the communist regime, wholesale trade was completely nationalized. Retail trade was predominantly state and cooperative. Foreign trade was also monopolized by the state.

It is known that in the 1960s, import costs regularly exceeded export earnings. To compensate for this deficit, the country took out foreign loans: until 1948 in Yugoslavia, in 1949–1961 in the USSR and other socialist countries, in 1961–1978 in the PRC. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the government decided to equalize the foreign trade balance by concluding barter agreements with Albania's partners. The country at that time provided itself with grain and fuel, which made it possible to keep imports under control. However, the developing industry needed to expand the export of finished products and semi-finished products. In 1982, the value of Albania's foreign trade turnover was estimated at approximately $1 billion.

The main export item is chrome ore. Albania is one of the leading suppliers of this ore to the world market. Other exports include iron-nickel ore, copper, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, tobacco and cigarettes. Important imports are cars, industrial equipment, chemical industry products and some consumer goods. In 1948–1978, foreign trade mainly depended on the country's political course. Until 1961, the main partner was the USSR, which accounted for about half of Albania’s foreign trade turnover; in 1961–1978 this place was occupied by China. After breaking ties with China in 1978, Albania began to expand its circle of trading partners. For much of the 1980s, its largest partner was Yugoslavia. However, in the late 1980s, Yugoslavia moved into sixth place among Albania's trading partners, while ties with Eastern European countries expanded. Trade with Greece decreased sharply, but ties with other EU countries were gradually established. In 1988, the share of no trading partner accounted for more than 10% of Albania's total foreign trade turnover. In the 1990s the situation changed. In 1996, almost 90% of exports and 80% of imports were associated with the industrialized countries of Western Europe, mainly Italy and Greece. Italy accounted for 58% of Albanian exports and 42% of imports, while Greece accounted for 13% and 21%, respectively. In the same 1996, Albania's foreign trade balance was reduced to a deficit of $245 million, and its external debt amounted to $732 million.

Money circulation and banks

The monetary unit of Albania is the lek. Leki are issued by the Albanian State Bank. The banking system changed in 1996 with the establishment of a number of private banks, including foreign ones, primarily Italian.

The state budget of Albania in 1989 amounted to 9.55 million leks in terms of income and 9.50 million leks in terms of expenses, and in 1996 - 51.34 million and 72.49 million leks, respectively. Under communist rule, there was no personal income tax; under the new regime, it was introduced along with taxes on value added, real estate, corporate profits and business activity.

In 1992–1996, the EU provided Albania with humanitarian aid worth approx. $560 million

References

To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://www.krugosvet.ru/

For 1970-2016 Albania's industry at current prices increased by $0.65 billion (82%) to $1.4 billion; the change occurred by $0.29 billion due to a population increase of 0.77 million, as well as by $0.37 billion due to an increase in industry per capita of $124.9. The average annual growth of Albania's industry is 0.014 billion dollars or 1.3%. The average annual growth of Albania's industry in constant prices was 1.1%. The world share decreased by 0.070%. The share in Europe decreased by 0.14%. The industry minimum was in 1997 ($0.21 billion). The industry peaked in 2014 ($1.7 billion).

During 1970-2016 industry per capita in Albania increased by $124.9 (33.8%) to $494.3. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices was $2.7 or 0.64%.

Albanian industry, 1970-1997 (decline)

For 1970-1997 Albania's industry at current prices decreased by $0.59 billion (by 73.9%) to $0.21 billion; the change occurred by $0.35 billion due to a population increase of 0.94 million, as well as by -$0.94 billion due to a fall in industry per capita by $302.2. The average annual growth of Albania's industry was -0.022 billion dollars or -4.8%. The average annual growth of Albania's industry in constant prices was -2.2%. The world share decreased by 0.076%. The share in Europe decreased by 0.17%.

For the period 1970-1997. industry per capita in Albania increased by $302.2 (81.8%) to $67.1. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices is -11.2 dollars or -6.1%.

Albanian industry, 1997-2016 (growth)

During 1997-2016 Albania's industry at current prices grew by $1.2 billion (7.0 times) to $1.4 billion; the change occurred by -0.011 billion dollars due to a drop in population by 0.17 million, as well as by 1.3 billion dollars due to an increase in industry per capita by 427.2 dollars. The average annual growth of industry in Albania amounted to 0.065 billion dollars or 10.8%. The average annual growth of Albania's industry in constant prices was 5.9%. The world share increased by 0.0062%. The share in Europe increased by 0.033%.

For the period 1997-2016. industry per capita in Albania increased by $427.2 (7.4 times) to $494.3. The average annual growth of industry per capita at current prices is $22.5 or 11.1%.

Industry of Albania, 1970

Industry of Albania in 1970 it was $0.79 billion, ranked 61st in the world and was at the level of the industry of Cuba ($0.85 billion), the industry of Hong Kong ($0.78 billion), and the industry of Ireland ($0.76 billion). The share of Albania's industry in the world was 0.079%.

In 1970, it was equal to 369.3 dollars, ranked 39th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Bulgaria (393.1 dollars), industry per capita in Czechoslovakia (374.9 dollars), industry per capita in Poland (351.3 dollars). Industry per capita in Albania was greater than industry per capita in the world ($273.2) by $96.2.

Comparison of Albanian industry and leaders in 1970. Albania's industry was smaller than the US industry ($290.1 billion) by 99.7%, the USSR industry ($164.8 billion) by 99.5%, the Japanese industry ($80.8 billion) by 99%, and the German industry ($77.5 billion). . dollars) by 99%, UK industry (38.4 billion dollars) by 97.9%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in the USA ($1,383.8) by 73.3%, industry per capita in Germany ($985.9) by 62.5%, industry per capita in Japan ($770.4) by 52.1%, industry per capita in Great Britain ($690.2) by 46.5%, industry per capita in the USSR ($679.8) by 45.7%.

Albanian industrial potential in 1970. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the US ($1,383.8), Albania's industry would be $3.0 billion, which is 3.7 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($635.5), Albania's industry would be $1.4 billion, which is 72.1% more than the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Southern Europe ($399.9), Albania's industry would be $0.86 billion, which is 8.3% more than the actual level.

Industry of Albania, 1997

Industry of Albania in 1997 was $0.21 billion, ranked 161st in the world and was at the level of the industry of Niger ($0.21 billion) and the industry of Chad ($0.20 billion). The share of Albania's industry in the world was 0.0029%.

In 1997, it was 67.1 dollars, ranked 174th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Kyrgyzstan (71.3 dollars), industry per capita in Gambia (65.5 dollars), industry per capita in Comoros (63.9 dollars). Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in the world ($1,225.2) by $1,158.0.

Comparison of industry in Albania and its neighbors in 1997. The industry of Albania was larger than the industry of Montenegro ($0.2 billion) by 27.7%, but was smaller than the industry of Greece ($17.8 billion) by 98.8%, the industry of Serbia ($4.8 billion) by 95.7%, industry of Macedonia ($0.7 billion) by 68.7%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in Greece ($1,623.4) by 95.9%, industry per capita in Serbia ($493.7) by 86.4%, industry per capita in Macedonia ($331.4) by 79.8%, industry per capita in Montenegro ($263.0) by 74.5%.

Comparison of Albanian industry and leaders in 1997. Albania's industry was smaller than the US industry ($1,679.2 billion) by 100%, the Japanese industry ($1,178.8 billion) by 100%, the German industry ($514.1 billion) by 100%, and the Chinese industry ( 398.4 billion dollars) by 99.9%, UK industry ($301.0 billion) by 99.9%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in Japan ($9,288.9) by 99.3%, industry per capita in Germany ($6,308.4) by 98.9%, industry per capita in the USA ($6,170.4) ) by 98.9%, industry per capita in the UK ($5,159.5) by 98.7%, industry per capita in China ($316.5) by 78.8%.

Albanian industry potential in 1997. With industry per capita at the same level as Japan's industry per capita ($9,288.9), Albania's industry would be $28.7 billion, which is 138.4 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Southern Europe ($3,011.9), Albania's industry would be $9.3 billion, which is 44.9 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($2,956.7), Albania's industry would be $9.1 billion, which is 44.1 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as Greece's per capita industry ($1,623.4), its best neighbor, Albania's industry would be $5.0 billion, 24.2 times its actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the world ($1,225.2), Albania's industry would be $3.8 billion, which is 18.3 times the actual level.

Industry of Albania, 2016

Industry of Albania in 2016 amounted to $1.4 billion, ranked 139th in the world and was at the industrial level of Nepal ($1.4 billion). The share of Albania's industry in the world was 0.0091%.

Industry per capita in Albania in 2016 was 494.3 dollars, ranked 143rd in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Belize (523.3 dollars), industry per capita in Uzbekistan (505.0 dollars), industry per capita in Santa Lucia (485.3 dollars), industry per capita in Honduras ($477.2). Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in the world ($2,139.9) by $1,645.6.

Comparison of industry in Albania and its neighbors in 2016. The industry of Albania was larger than the industry of Montenegro ($0.4 billion) by 3.2 times, but was smaller than the industry of Greece ($23.2 billion) by 93.8%, the industry of Serbia ($8.2 billion) by 82.3%, industry of Macedonia ($1.9 billion) by 22.1%. Industry per capita in Albania was less than industry per capita in Greece ($2,074.3) by 76.2%, industry per capita in Serbia ($1,159.5) by 57.4%, industry per capita in Macedonia ($891.8) by 44.6%, industry per capita in Montenegro ($710.3) by 30.4%.

Comparison of Albanian industry and leaders in 2016. Albania's industry was smaller than China's industry ($3,730.3 billion) by 100%, US industry ($2,775.8 billion) by 99.9%, Japanese industry ($1,099.7 billion) by 99.9%, German industry ($805.9 billion) by 99.8%, Indian industry ($431.8 billion) by 99.7%. Industry per capita in Albania was larger than industry per capita in India ($326.0) by 51.6%, but was less than industry per capita in Germany ($9,838.8) by 95%, industry per capita in the USA ($8,615.7) by 94.3%, industry per capita in Japan ($8,608.5) by 94.3%, industry per capita in China ($2,657.8) by 81.4%.

Albanian industry potential in 2016. With industry per capita at the same level as Germany's industry per capita ($9,838.8), Albania's industry would be $28.8 billion, which is 19.9 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Europe ($4,612.1), Albania's industry would be $13.5 billion, which is 9.3 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in Southern Europe ($4,028.6), Albania's industry would be $11.8 billion, which is 8.2 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as industry per capita in the world ($2,139.9), Albania's industry would be $6.3 billion, which is 4.3 times the actual level. With industry per capita at the same level as that of Greece's best neighbor ($2,074.3), Albania's industry would be $6.1 billion, 4.2 times its actual level.

Industry of Albania, 1970-2016

year	industry, billion dollars	industry per capita, dollars	industry, billion dollars	industry growth, %	share of industry in the economy, %	Albania's share, %
year	current prices		constant prices 1970		share of industry in the economy, %	in the world	in Europe	in Southern Europe
1970	0.79	369.3	0.79		33.9	0.079	0.18	1.6
1971	0.82	371.2	0.83	4.0	33.9	0.074	0.17	1.5
1972	0.84	373.2	0.86	4.0	33.9	0.066	0.15	1.3
1973	0.86	375.2	0.89	4.0	33.9	0.056	0.12	1.0
1974	0.89	377.7	0.93	4.1	33.9	0.049	0.11	0.85
1975	0.92	379.4	0.97	3.9	33.9	0.047	0.11	0.79
1976	0.94	381.8	1.0	3.9	33.8	0.044	0.11	0.77
1977	0.97	385.9	1.0	4.4	34.0	0.041	0.099	0.71
1978	0.99	386.2	1.1	3.5	33.8	0.036	0.085	0.61
1979	0.83	315.4	1.1	3.9	33.8	0.026	0.061	0.40
1980	0.77	285.7	1.2	5.7	34.4	0.021	0.051	0.32
1981	0.76	276.8	1.2	1.1	33.1	0.021	0.056	0.36
1982	0.79	285.0	1.3	4.9	33.8	0.022	0.060	0.40
1983	0.79	278.7	1.3	-0.17	33.1	0.022	0.062	0.41
1984	0.80	274.4	1.3	0.46	33.8	0.022	0.065	0.41
1985	0.80	270.3	1.3	0.30	33.2	0.022	0.065	0.39
1986	0.84	274.7	1.4	7.2	33.6	0.020	0.056	0.31
1987	0.87	279.3	1.4	3.6	35.3	0.019	0.051	0.26
1988	0.91	286.2	1.4	-0.13	35.9	0.018	0.050	0.25
1989	1.0	309.0	1.5	3.2	33.0	0.019	0.055	0.26
1990	0.86	263.1	1.4	-1.1	38.3	0.015	0.040	0.19
1991	0.55	169.3	0.89	-37.9	33.2	0.0093	0.026	0.12
1992	0.28	85.4	0.44	-51.2	17.6	0.0044	0.013	0.059
1993	0.25	79.9	0.39	-10.0	14.4	0.0041	0.013	0.067
1994	0.26	81.2	0.39	-2.0	13.0	0.0039	0.013	0.065
1995	0.30	97.7	0.41	6.0	12.2	0.0042	0.013	0.070
1996	0.33	106.1	0.46	13.7	11.0	0.0045	0.014	0.070
1997	0.21	67.1	0.44	-5.7	10.1	0.0029	0.0096	0.048
1998	0.21	67.4	0.48	10.0	9.3	0.0030	0.0097	0.047
1999	0.26	82.2	0.54	11.6	8.9	0.0036	0.012	0.059
2000	0.28	90.0	0.53	-1.9	9.1	0.0037	0.014	0.072
2001	0.30	96.8	0.54	2.8	8.6	0.0042	0.015	0.076
2002	0.30	95.6	0.51	-6.1	7.7	0.0041	0.014	0.069
2003	0.46	147.6	0.66	30.7	9.4	0.0056	0.019	0.087
2004	0.65	208.5	0.72	7.9	10.3	0.0068	0.023	0.11
2005	0.78	254.8	0.76	5.7	11.1	0.0075	0.026	0.13
2006	0.86	282.0	0.82	8.6	11.2	0.0075	0.026	0.13
2007	1.0	331.4	0.77	-6.7	10.8	0.0077	0.026	0.13
2008	1.2	402.2	0.79	2.7	10.8	0.0083	0.029	0.15
2009	1.1	384.4	0.83	5.6	10.9	0.0088	0.033	0.16
2010	1.4	487.1	1.0	21.4	13.8	0.0096	0.040	0.21
2011	1.5	518.4	1.1	4.5	13.5	0.0089	0.038	0.21
2012	1.4	486.4	1.0	-2.9	13.3	0.0082	0.037	0.22
2013	1.6	559.1	1.2	14.9	14.6	0.0093	0.041	0.24
2014	1.7	584.1	1.2	3.7	14.8	0.0096	0.043	0.25
2015	1.4	474.6	1.2	2.3	13.9	0.0086	0.040	0.23
2016	1.4	494.3	1.3	3.8	13.9	0.0091	0.042	0.24

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