Tiunova O.V.
(Tiunova, O.V. “Superpowers” are a reality [Text] / O.V. Tiunova// Self-defense without weapons. - 2011.- No. 6 (53) -. P.77)
1. Hidden or reserve abilities of the human body - is this not a myth?
No, this is reality. A reality that everyone should know about, because such knowledge can save a life. There are several important aspects here:
1) A certain “margin of safety” is inherent in us from the very beginning, therefore, in any difficult situation can't give up too soon
2) Physiological mechanisms of response to dangerous situation give in the first minutes (and even tens of minutes!) Additional "energy" for protection or salvation, which means that we are no longer so unarmed in a moment of danger,
3) One's own “strength” can be “accumulated/increased” in advance by purposefully engaging in physical or psychological preparation.
2. How, under what conditions do these “superpowers” manifest themselves in everyday life? Should there be some special situation?
Yes, superpowers usually manifest themselves in extreme situations or after difficult life tests. But there is another area of human activity that has become familiar and "entertaining" - this is sports and its "creative" analogue - circus art.
The exception is the first call of tomorrow. The lofty mission of sport is to show Humanity what each of us is potentially (!) capable of. This is why, by the way, the use of doping in sports is immoral. Not only because equality is violated general conditions sports training (someone took it, some didn’t), not only because doping harms the athlete’s health, but also because it “misinforms”, distorts “ scientific value» record as an indicator potential person.
3. What processes take place in human body forcing him to reach his full potential?
Man is not accidentally called the "crown of creation." Although, of course, all living things on earth are arranged very, very not simply. The surge of energy, the ultimate mobilization of forces are based on instincts (for example, self-preservation), motivation (for example, the desire to outplay an opponent), and high impulses (protection of honor, freedom, principles). But the main thing is the internal task to win. Overcome circumstances, resist the elements, win the fight, achieve the Goal.
4. Do elite athletes use special techniques?
Of course, sport is a kind of "testing ground" for high technologies, including psychological ones. Another issue is that these technologies and methods are very individualized, i. each, figuratively speaking, before the start "tune their own strings to the performance of their own song" ...
5. Is it possible to artificially evoke these abilities in oneself? How to do it? Are there any methods or techniques? Or does nature itself know best when these mechanisms should work?
"Artificial" in this case is akin to "art" ... We all can do more than is commonly believed. Through purposeful training (training), through trial and error, analyzing and correcting the preparation process, skillfully (!) Combining various means and methods, one can develop the capabilities of the body and psyche to amazing results. More than any other creature on earth, man "becomes" rather than "is."
You know, for example, that the human femur is able to withstand a vertical load equal to the weight passenger car? And our internal organs have three or four - multiple margin of safety? Nature requires only gradualness and reasonableness on an endless and fascinating path of self-improvement.
6. It is believed that the body's reserve capabilities are manifested in stressful situations, in the face of danger. But also a person can in such a situation, on the contrary, fall into a stupor. That is, in fact, its behavior is impossible to predict. So is it possible to manage fear and direct this "stressful" energy in the "right" direction?
Fear is the most dangerous feeling in any test...
Back in 1964, scientists found that 49% of deaths “from hypothermia” (meaning the so-called “clinical picture”) occurred at an air temperature of about +10 C. An example of a “fatal panic” is described when a person died “from hypothermia” , being slammed into a turned off (!) refrigerator-refrigerator. Also indicative is the case of death “from high voltage”, a person who was “electrically isolated”, but forgot (?) about it.
There are examples of a different kind - long-term survival in water at a temperature close to zero, maintaining a high ability for physical and spiritual activity with a 30-day absence of food, etc. etc.
The American poetess E. Bishop formulated the consequences of fear as follows: “He can make the most miserable squishy or the last cattle out of a hardened athlete. And vice versa, if there is no such fear, then even a half-dead bastard can turn, thanks to his moral stamina, into a hero.
According to statistics, in extreme situations, 25% of people maintain their composure, 25% panic, 50% remain calm, but are not active.
Yes, fear can be controlled - there are special techniques for this. About them - separate conversation. The simplest advice boils down, for example, to the following:
Imagine the worst in advance and, internally disagreeing, concentrate on options for salvation;
Call your name: "Are you there?" and thus "come to your senses";
Give yourself a command to remember everything necessary for salvation, etc.
By the way, we must not forget that positive emotions increase muscle strength by 6-10%, and the amount of work performed by 40%.
R.M. Shamionov
Head of the Department of Psychology and Education of the National Research Saratov state university them. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Doctor of Psychology
Human behavior is always manifested in any environment, situation. At the same time, the circumstances that have developed affect a person in different ways, acting as a factor in changing his psychological state.
emergency and emergency situations.
All situations can be classified different ways: in terms of their significance - insignificance, danger - security, satisfaction - dissatisfaction, subjectivity - objectivity, etc. A special class of situations are emergency and extreme situations. They inevitably contain a problematic component, for which there is no solution ready or quickly relieving its tension.
An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, natural hazard, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or have caused loss of life, damage to human health or environment, significant material losses and violation of the living conditions of people (Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 68 “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies”)
According to the nature of the sources of occurrence, emergencies are divided into natural, man-made, social, etc.
Depending on the scale, emergencies are divided into local, municipal, regional, interregional and federal (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 21, 2007 No. 304 “On the classification of natural and man-made emergencies”)
Important features of the processes of occurrence and development of emergencies are the diversity and uniqueness of their manifestation, the dynamics of which can be conditionally represented as a number of typical stages of development (preliminary, first, second and third).
At the preliminary stage of the occurrence of emergencies, prerequisites for the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters are formed and grow, deviations from normal state or process.
The first stage is the initiation of a natural or man-made disaster and the subsequent development of the process of an emergency event, during which people, economic facilities, infrastructure and the natural environment are affected.
At the second stage, the elimination of the consequences of a natural or man-made disaster, the elimination of emergency situations is carried out. This period may begin before the completion of the first stage. The elimination of emergencies ends, as a rule, with the transition of the affected territory, its economic, social structures and population to the daily mode of life.
At the third stage, the elimination of the long-term consequences of natural and man-made disasters is carried out. It takes place when the consequences of these emergencies require long-term efforts for their complete elimination, which are important integral part socio-economic activities to ensure stability and development of the respective region.
An emergency situation (ES) is a situation that goes beyond the usual, associated with particularly unfavorable or threatening factors for human life.
The difference between an extreme situation and an emergency is that an extreme situation is a direct interaction of a person with an extremely complex environment that occurs over a short period of time and leads a person to a personal threshold of adaptation when a danger to his life and health is created. An extreme situation is not just an emergency, but an exceptionally dangerous event or a set of dangerous events.
Behavior in emergency situations
Characteristics of behavior
Any threat to the security of an individual inevitably creates an emotional and psychological focus of tension, the energy of which is spent on counteracting this threat, i.e. creation of such living conditions that would minimize the feeling of loss of security. The main thing, in our opinion, is not so much in the objective conditions of life, although this in itself is very important, but in the formation of such mechanisms of personal stability that would allow maintaining the so-called dynamic balance of the state, a kind of subjective feeling of well-being.
The behavior of people in emergency situations (hereinafter referred to as extreme situations), as a rule, is divided into two categories:
1) rational, adaptive with full control of the state of one's psyche and control of emotions - the path to rapid adaptation to the conditions of the current situation, maintaining calm and implementing protective measures, mutual assistance. This behavior is a consequence of the exact implementation of instructions and orders.
2) negative, pathological, in which, with their irrational behavior and actions dangerous to others, people increase the number of victims and disrupt public order. In this case, “shock inhibition” may occur, when the mass of people becomes confused and lack of initiative. Panic is a special case of “shock inhibition”, often resulting in a disorderly flight, in which people are led by consciousness reduced to a primitive level.
G.Yu. Fomenko, professor of the Department of Personality Psychology and General Psychology of the Kuban State University, proceeds from a broader understanding of a person's stay in emergency- existential. It defines and describes two modes of being of a person in emergency conditions: limiting and extreme, associated with different types of personality. It is shown that persons with the ultimate mode are characterized in their behavior by effective expectations, psychological preparedness, and responsibility. And persons with an extreme mode - lack of psychological readiness, externality, inefficiency.
Thus, personality characteristics are an essential factor in behavior in emergencies.
mental states
Of particular importance when considering the behavior of a person in extreme and emergency circumstances is fear - a negative mental state associated with a pronounced manifestation of a sense of anxiety, anxiety, a threat to the existence of an individual and aimed at a source of real or imagined danger.
According to the famous psychophysiologist P.V. Simonov, fear is the most powerful emotional manifestation of the human psyche, which develops with a lack of information necessary for protection. It is in this case that it becomes expedient to respond to an extended range of signals, the usefulness of which is still unknown. Such a response is redundant, but it prevents the really important signal from being missed, the ignoring of which can cost a life.
Fear also manifests itself from insignificant, barely noticeable anxiety to horror, embracing and destabilizing the person's personality with the spread to motor skills. It is believed that overcoming fear is facilitated by awareness, which maintains hope for a favorable outcome of events.
For example, at competitions of sports teams equal in skill, the home team more often wins. Awareness of competition conditions, opponents, country, etc. contributes to the fact that in the minds of athletes there is no place for anxiety, doubt and fear. The main regulatory role of fear is that it signals danger and, accordingly, causes probable protective actions of a person.
Very often, the fear that arises in unexpected and unknown situations reaches such strength that a person dies.
There is an old parable about fear.
"Where are you going?" – asked the wanderer, having met with the Plague. “I'm going to Baghdad. I have to kill five thousand people there.” A few days later, that de man met the Plague again. “You said you would kill five thousand, but you killed fifty,” he reproached her. “No,” she objected, “I killed only five thousand, the rest died of fear”
However, as experts in emergency situations note, the most frequent, significant, dynamic are rash, unconscious actions of a person as a result of his reaction to danger. The French doctor A. Bombard came to the conclusion that up to 90% of people die at sea after a ship crash during the first three days, when there can be no question of death due to lack of food and water.
Deprivation
Another psychological effect of an extreme and sometimes emergency situation is emotional, physical, social, etc. deprivation - loss, deprivation, limitation of the ability to meet vital needs for a long time. It is found in the conditions of activity in the Far North (for example, during landslides blocking the exit). According to one of the first researchers who most consistently studied personality behavior in extreme situations, V.I. Lebedev, in extreme situations there is not only a lack of impressions from external environment, but also a significant change in afferentation, explained by the small volume of rooms and the dynamics aircraft and submarines. Often this leads to the development of nerves.
Behavioral Effects in ES and Emergencies
One of the most difficult problems in an extreme situation is loneliness. Moreover, we are not talking only about the absence of other people nearby. As you know, loneliness can be experienced in a group. As soon as a person gets into extreme conditions of existence, all direct “living” connections with close (and in conditions of loneliness - with everyone) people are interrupted. Such a sharp gap and causes emotional tension, psychological shock. Under these conditions, the lack of communication leads to various mental disorders. According to V.I. Lebedev, a person quickly adapts to a given situation and learns to cope with loneliness. The impossibility of satisfying the need for communication causes emotional tension, prompting a person to look for ways to satisfy this need. In experiments on long-term isolation, he observed the personification by some subjects of the “publicity of loneliness” - a peculiar state of a person who, being alone, knows that he is being continuously monitored by television cameras, but at the same time does not know who exactly is watching. Quite often, the subjects began to talk to the TV camera, imagining that a specific person was in the control room. And although this person was not in the control room, and the subject did not receive any answers, he nevertheless relieved emotional tension with the help of this conversation.
In conditions of loneliness, a person talks not only with inanimate objects and living beings, but often with himself. In these cases, by the power of imagination, he creates a partner and conducts a dialogue with him, asking questions and answering them, arguing with himself, proving something to himself, forcing him to do something, calms, convinces, etc. An emotionally intense need for communication can cause vivid eidetic images of partners.
Meanwhile, the creation of one's second self and communication with it is one of the well-known ways of being able to reflect the surrounding reality and use the resources of self-preservation. The Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist V. Frankl also wrote about this, describing the behavior of a person in a concentration camp for prisoners of war. It is the ability to maintain (albeit one's own imagination) a connection with another (second) Self, in which intimate - personal communication is not interrupted under any circumstances, is sometimes the only condition for survival. A similar example can be found in the traveler and autotraining specialist H. Lindemann, who crossed for experimental purposes on inflatable boat Atlantic in 72 days.
As a result of a number of studies by V.I. Lebedev came to the conclusion that the personification of inanimate objects (for example, photographs, dolls, any things) and animals in conditions of loneliness is determined by the need to objectify a communication partner in some kind of material, material form. Communication in such conditions relieves stress. By the way, psychiatrists have concluded that effective tool prevention of neuroses under stress is talking out loud to yourself.
Exit from the ES and emergency situations
Psychological determinants
Self-preservation
Equally important is the way out of their extreme or emergency situation. Studies note that the “loop” persists for at least two days and is accompanied by an acute reaction. HE. Kuznetsov and V.I. Lebedev revealed that in the behavior of most of the subjects after the cessation of long-term experiments in the isolation chamber, motor hyperactivity was observed, accompanied by animated facial expressions and pantomime. Many of them obsessively sought to engage in conversation with others. They joked a lot and laughed at their own witticisms, and in an environment that was not quite suitable for displaying such gaiety. During this period, they were distinguished by increased impressionability.
Even after two or four years, these people noted a number of facts and small parts, which they remembered to the smallest detail and were regarded as especially pleasant, emotionally brightly colored. “Jumping” attention was often noted. Each new impression, as it were, caused the previous one to be forgotten and switched attention to a new object. Most of the subjects were satisfied with themselves and highly appreciated the experiment, although in some cases it was an uncritical assessment of the work done. Their mistakes during experimental - psychological research in the post-isolation period, the subjects did not notice, and when the experimenter pointed out the errors, they reacted extremely complacently, although they tried, sometimes very convincingly, to present their work in the best light.
A number of studies have also shown that in conditions of group isolation with an increase in the length of stay (three to six years), psychopathic and schizoid manifestations of personality begin to predominate among employees, a tendency to high spirits, the inadequacy of the ethical orientation to accepted norms, impulsiveness, a tendency to conflicts, poorly predictable behavior, etc. are noted. For example, after 12 years of living in the Arctic and in the highlands, hypochondriacal tendencies with a tendency to low mood, combined with an increase in social introversion, begin to dominate in the personality structure.
In the studies of the Associate Professor of the Department of Health Psychology and physical education Southern Federal University L.R. Pravdina shows that people evaluate both experimental situations and their own possibilities of overcoming them differently. She modeled experimental situations and revealed their influence on the dynamics of the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual (self-esteem, the degree of meaningfulness of life, the coping strategy) in connection with the peculiarities of the individual's ideas about the extreme situation. For example, as a result of being in extreme conditions, the participants of a tourist trip have socially - psychological characteristics personalities change in the following way. For persons presenting an emergency situation:
As an adventure, a multidirectional, disharmonious change in private self-assessments, an increase in self-esteem and dominance, satisfaction with self-realization are characteristic;
As a threat, a multidirectional, disharmonious change in private self-esteem, a decrease in self-esteem, the development of anxiety, and an increase in the degree of purposefulness are characteristic;
As a test, it is characterized by an increase in self-esteem in all respects, an increase in the degree of purposefulness and satisfaction with self-realization.
It is also shown that during the stay of the subjects in a simulated extreme situation (in the conditions of an adventure tour), the majority of respondents experience an increase in the degree of meaningfulness of life, purposefulness and satisfaction with self-realization.
The concept of an extreme situation and general signs of an extreme situation
Extreme situation- this is a situation that goes beyond the "usual" situation, requiring an increased concentration of physical and (or) emotional efforts from a person, with possible negative consequences for human life, in other words, this is a situation in which a person is uncomfortable (an unusual situation for him).
Signs of an emergency
1. The presence of insurmountable difficulties, the awareness of a threat or an insurmountable obstacle to the realization of any specific goals.
2. The state of mental tension and various reactions of a person to the extreme nature of the environment, overcoming which is of great importance for him.
3. A significant change in the usual (habitual, sometimes even tense or difficult) situation, parameters of activity or behavior, i.e. going beyond the "usual".
Thus, one of the main signs of an extreme situation are insurmountable obstacles to implementation, which can be seen as a direct threat to the implementation of the goal or intended action.
In an emergency man is opposed environment, and therefore it should be considered in accordance with the situation, which is characterized by a violation of the correspondence between the requirements of the activity and the professional capabilities of a person.
Extreme situations are associated with markedly and dramatically changing conditions in which activities take place. There is a danger of failure to complete the task or a threat to the safety of equipment, equipment, human life.
Extreme situations are an extreme manifestation of difficult situations that require maximum voltage mental and physical forces of a person to get out of them.
Human behavior in extreme situations
Human life is a series of all kinds of situations, many of which, due to their repetition and similarity, become familiar. Human behavior is brought to automatism, so the consumption of psychophysical and physical forces in such situations is minimized. Another thing is extreme situations. They require a person to mobilize mental and physical resources. A person in an extreme situation receives information about its various elements:
About external conditions;
About their internal states;
about the results of their own actions.
The processing of this information is carried out through cognitive and emotional processes. The results of this processing affect the behavior of the individual in an extreme situation. Threat signals lead to an increase in human activity. And if this activity does not bring the expected improvement in the situation, a person is overwhelmed by negative emotions of various strengths. The role of emotions in an extreme situation is different. Emotions can also act as an indicator extremeness both as an assessment of the situation and as a factor leading to a change in behavior in the situation. At the same time, it must be remembered that emotional experiences are one of the important factors of human behavior in an extreme situation.
As a rule, an extreme situation is generated by objective reasons, but its extremeness is largely determined by subjective components. So:
There may not be an objective threat, but a person or a group of people mistakenly perceive the current situation as extreme. Most often this happens due to unpreparedness or a distorted perception of the surrounding reality; however, there may be real objective threat factors, but the person does not know about their existence and is not aware of the emergency situation that has arisen;
- a person can realize the extremeness of the situation, but evaluate it as insignificant, which in itself is already a tragic mistake that can lead to unpredictable consequences;
Finding himself in an extreme situation and not finding a way out of the situation, having lost faith in the possibility of its resolution, he escapes reality by activating the mechanisms of psychological defense;
The situation can be objectively extreme, but the availability of knowledge and experience makes it possible to overcome it without significant mobilization of one's resources.
Thus, a person reacts to an extreme situation depending on how he perceives it and evaluates its significance. There is another specific human reaction to an extreme situation - mental tension. This is the mental state of a person in an extreme situation, with the help of which a person, as it were, prepares for the transition from one psychophysical state to another, adequate to the current situation.
Forms of tension.
Human behavior in different extreme situations can be different:
People experience fear, a sense of danger and confusion,
Experiencing feelings of impasse, experiencing discomfort
They behave recklessly, apathetically, do not look for a way out of the current situation,
Others, on the contrary, are in a hurry to make a rash decision.
In an extreme situation, it is necessary to concentrate, calm down, begin to analyze, evaluate and, if possible, control the situation. Under these conditions, it is necessary to communicate constructively and positively with others, use relaxation techniques, and have an idea of survival and safety.
In extreme conditions, a person must focus on studying the situation, on the specific situation in which he is. You need to know that danger can come from anywhere, so it is difficult to predict. With an unexpected turn of events, the main thing is not to get confused, to adequately perceive the event. Practice shows that in emergency situations, a person temporarily experiences a state of confusion, when he does not perceive what he sees and hears, and the perception of his surroundings decreases.
However, a person quickly masters and begins to perceive what is happening adequately. Later comes a state of fatigue and overwork. In these states, the level of anxiety should not be allowed to become unbearable, because. this leads to breakdowns, aggressive behavior against others and even against oneself. A constant state of tension is dangerous for human health, because. quickly depletes his psycho-physiological capabilities and leads to errors in behavior.
An experienced person who has experienced or worked previously in crisis conditions feels better protected and experiences less stress. However, this phenomenon can be not only positive, but also carries negative consequences, because constant threat provokes nervous tension of the body.
It is very important to correctly navigate the real and imaginary threats and learn how to overcome fear.
In extreme conditions, a person develops a complex of reactions that mobilizes the entire psychophysiological potential. It is he who helps to gain support, master oneself and cope with the situation, and sometimes do what seems beyond human strength. Help always inspires trust and respect for a person. This might come in handy. One of the main tasks is to avoid injury. But if, nevertheless, such a nuisance happened to you, do not panic and do not rush to say goodbye to life.
Realize that the worst is behind you. You are alive and must survive. Keep in mind that, according to statistics, a greater number of those who die from wounds are people who panicked. They die from fear, from shock, and not from the consequences of injury. Predicting the development of the situation in disaster zones is a dubious occupation. Anything can happen. Do not embark on adventures associated with penetration into the lesion. Don't play with death.
In case of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters and other emergencies, massive injuries to people can occur suddenly and simultaneously. A huge number of wounded and injured will need first aid. medical care. There are simply not enough professionals - nurses and doctors for each victim, and they may not always arrive in the disaster area quickly, as the situation requires. That is why immediate assistance can only be provided by those who will be next to the victim in the order of mutual assistance, or by the victim himself, if he is able, in the order of self-help.
Explosions during terrorist attacks, fires, earthquakes, floods, landslides, traffic accidents - they all lead, as a rule, to numerous victims. The role of timely and skillfully provided medical care is undeniable. Its main and main principle is the prevention and mitigation of dangerous consequences. First aid is provided at the site of injury, and its type is determined by the nature of the damage, the condition of the victim and the specific situation in the emergency zone.
The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations
The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations with a vital threat in last years causes serious concern of scientists and practitioners around the world. However, until now, the main attention of researchers has been directed mainly to studying the consequences of such situations - medical, psychological, economic, socio-political, etc. Probably, it should be recognized that, despite the significant amount of sufficiently substantiated data on the impact of various extreme factors and features of the organization of rescue and anti-terrorist operations, a number of aspects of the problem, in particular, the dynamics of the state and behavior of victims and hostages, so far belong to the least studied. At the same time, it is the specifics of the reactions of the victims, as well as their dynamics over time, that largely determine the strategy and tactics of anti-terrorist operations, rescue, medical, and medical-psychological measures, both immediately during an emergency and in the future.
The results of a study of people exposed to extreme factors during military, anti-terrorist operations and disasters
In the abstract, we will consider the generalized results of studying the state, mental and behavioral reactions, as well as the activities of people exposed to extreme factors. These data were obtained by M.M. Reshetnikov in the process of research carried out during and after military operations accompanied by significant losses in Afghanistan (1986), an earthquake in Armenia (1988), a catastrophe of two passenger trains as a result of a gas explosion near Ufa (1989), rescue of the crew of the Komsomolets submarine ( 1989), as well as surveys of servicemen and rescuers who are undergoing rehabilitation after antiterrorist operations and an analytical study of materials from other similar situations.
Due to the specifics of the conditions and taking into account ethical principles, the examination involved mainly victims, military personnel and rescuers who either did not need emergency medical care or belonged to the category of victims with mild and moderate severity of lesions. Because of this, most of the data obtained were characterized by a certain fragmentation, and integral representations were formed by comparing disparate observations.
The data obtained made it possible to distinguish in the dynamics of the state of the victims (without severe grasses) 6 successive stages:
1. "Vital reactions" - lasting from a few seconds to 5 - 15 minutes, when the behavior is almost completely subordinated to the imperative of conservation own life, with a characteristic narrowing of consciousness, a reduction in moral norms and restrictions, disturbances in the perception of time intervals and the strength of external and internal stimuli (including the phenomena of psychogenic hypo- and analgesia, even with injuries accompanied by bone fractures, wounds and burns of the 1st-2nd degree up to 40% body surface). During this period, the implementation of predominantly instinctive forms of behavior is characteristic, subsequently turning into a short-term (nevertheless, with very wide variability) state of stupor. The duration and severity of vital reactions largely depend on the suddenness of the impact of the extreme factor. For example, during sudden powerful tremors, as during an earthquake in Armenia, or a train wreck near Ufa at night, when most passengers were asleep, there were cases when, realizing the instinct of self-preservation, people jumped out of the windows of staggering houses or burning cars, onto some seconds "forgetting" about their loved ones. But, if at the same time they did not receive significant damage, after a few seconds social regulation was restored, and they again rushed into collapsing buildings or flaming wagons. If it was not possible to save loved ones, this determined the course of all subsequent stages, the specifics of the state and the prognosis of psychopathology for a very long period. Subsequent attempts at rational dissuasion that instinctive forms of behavior cannot be resisted or counteracted turned out to be ineffective. Appealing to the latest tragic events, it should be recognized that, in part, a similar situation was observed after the sudden explosion of a mine and the start of a mass execution of hostages.
2. "The stage of acute psycho-emotional shock with the phenomena of overmobilization." This stage, as a rule, developed after a short-term state of stupor, lasted from 3 to 5 hours and was characterized by general mental stress, extreme mobilization of psychophysiological reserves, aggravation of perception and an increase in the speed of thought processes, manifestations of reckless courage (especially when saving loved ones) with a simultaneous decrease in critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to expedient activities. The emotional state during this period was dominated by a feeling of despair, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headache, as well as palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and shortness of breath. Behavior during this period is subordinated almost exclusively to the imperative of saving loved ones with the subsequent implementation of ideas about morality, professional and official duty. Despite the presence of rational components, it is during this period that panic reactions and the infection of others are most likely, which can significantly complicate rescue operations. Up to 30% of the surveyed, with a subjective assessment of the deterioration of the condition, simultaneously noted an increase in physical strength and working capacity by 1.5–2 or more times. The end of this stage can be either prolonged, with the gradual appearance of a feeling of exhaustion, or come on suddenly, instantly, when people who have just been actively acting are in a state close to stupor or fainting, regardless of the situation.
3. "Stage of psychophysiological demobilization" - its duration is up to three days. In the absolute majority of cases, the onset of this stage was associated with an understanding of the scale of the tragedy (“stress of awareness”) and contacts with the seriously injured and the bodies of the dead, as well as the arrival of rescue and medical teams. The most characteristic for this period were a sharp deterioration in well-being and psycho-emotional state with a predominance of a feeling of confusion (up to a state of a kind of prostration), individual panic reactions (often irrational, but realized without any energy potential), a decrease in the moral normative behavior, refusal from any activity and motivation for it. At the same time, pronounced depressive tendencies, disturbances in the function of attention and memory were observed (as a rule, the examined people cannot remember at all what they were doing at that time, but, naturally, these gaps are then “filled in”). Of the complaints during this period, the leading ones were nausea, "heaviness" in the head, discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract, lack of appetite, severe weakness, slowing and difficulty in breathing, tremor of the extremities.
4. The subsequent dynamics of the state and well-being of the victims is largely determined by the specifics of the impact of extreme factors, the injuries received and the moral and psychological situation after the tragic events. Following the "psycho-physiological demobilization" (with a relatively high individual variability terms) with sufficient constancy, the development of the 4th stage - the "stage of resolution" (from 3 to 12 days) was observed. During this period, according to the subjective assessment, the mood and well-being gradually stabilized. However, according to the results of objective data and included observation, the vast majority of the examined patients retained a reduced emotional background, limited contacts with others, hypomimia (masque of the face), a decrease in the intonational coloring of speech, slowness of movements, sleep and appetite disturbances, as well as various psychosomatic reactions (mainly from the side of of cardio-vascular system, gastrointestinal tract and hormonal sphere). By the end of this period, most of the victims had a desire to “speak out”, which was implemented selectively, directed mainly at persons who were not eyewitnesses of the tragic events, and was accompanied by some agitation. This phenomenon, which is part of the system of natural psychological defense mechanisms (“rejection of memories through their verbalization”), in a number of cases brought significant relief to the victims. At the same time, dreams that were absent in previous periods were restored, including those of disturbing and nightmarish content, in various options transforming the impressions of tragic events.
Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the condition, a further decrease in psychophysiological reserves (by the type of hyperactivation) was objectively noted, the phenomena of overwork progressively increased, and indicators of physical and mental performance significantly decreased.
5. The “recovery stage” of the psychophysiological state (5th) began mainly at the end of the second week after exposure to the extreme factor and initially manifested itself most clearly in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication became more active, the emotional coloring of speech and facial reactions began to normalize, for the first time jokes appeared that caused emotional response from others, dreams were restored in the majority of those examined. In the state of the physiological sphere, no positive dynamics were revealed at this stage either. Clinical forms of psychopathology, with the exception of transient and situational reactions, were not observed in the "acute" period (up to two weeks) after exposure to extreme factors. The main forms of transient psychopathology (according to the leading feature) in victims, as a rule, are: astheno-depressive states - 56%; psychogenic stupor - 23%; general psychomotor agitation - 11%; pronounced negativism with autism phenomena — 4%; delusional-hallucinatory reactions (mainly during the sleepy period) - 3%; inadequacy, euphoria - 3%.
6. In more late dates(in a month) in 12% - 22% of the victims, persistent sleep disorders, unmotivated fears, recurring nightmares, obsessions, delusional-hallucinatory states and some others were detected, and signs of astheno-neurotic reactions in combination with psychosomatic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and endocrine systems were determined in 75% of the victims ("stage of delayed reactions"). At the same time, internal and external conflictogenicity was growing, requiring special approaches.
Appealing to the events in Beslan, it should be recognized that the severity and dynamics of the condition of the victims can be significantly different. When a person loses his parents, the world becomes empty, but, nevertheless, no matter how bitter it is, this corresponds to ordinary ideas and the natural course of events. When children die, all the colors of the world fade, for many years and decades, and sometimes forever.
A few words about the modification of society. The increase in basic anxiety and the deterioration of the psycho-physiological state of people, even those who are thousands of kilometers away from the tragedy, is a well-known fact, which is based on the inevitable psycho-emotional inclusion of the subject in any observation. It would be worth emphasizing - it is "observation" (or "visual series", the broadcast of which, it seems, should be "dosed" against the background of full meaningful coverage of events). The inevitable psycho-emotional inclusion forms the phenomenon of "participation" and subsequent identifications. The main form of identification in the cultural community is identification with victims and victims, which suggests the need for broad social therapy. However, in some cases, defensive-unconscious “identification with the aggressor” is possible (especially in young people), which can lead to an increase in delinquency and crime.
After such tragic situations, as a rule, the unity of the nation increases and at the same time people feel the need for some striking changes so that everything in life becomes more honest, nobler, sincere, better than it was before, which imposes special obligations on representatives of all state bodies.
Incredible human capabilities in extreme conditions and stressful conditions
Has anyone personally encountered similar manifestations?
Personally, I have experienced the effect of time dilation in an extreme situation. At the same time, the brain turns on a button called TURBO ACCELERATOR (Instruction for use: press only in emergency situations !!!)
In the evening we rode bicycles with my friend, it so happened that I stopped abruptly, and my friend, who was riding behind on his bike, did not notice my stop, in general, he flew into me at a decent speed, an accident. Everything happened quickly, I didn’t have time to figure it out, but at some point in time I watch the handlebar of my bike slowly float by, that is, I fly forward through the handlebar and everything is like in slow motion. Then I turn off, turn on - I lie on the ground on my back, my bike drives up to me, stops and starts to fall on my side, right on me. I reach out my hands and catch him. Confused friend...
0 0
1. Human behavior in different extreme situations can be different:
- people experience fear, a sense of danger and confusion,
- experience feelings of impasse, experience discomfort
- behave recklessly, apathetically, do not look for a way out of the current situation,
- others, on the contrary, are in a hurry to make a rash decision.
In an extreme situation, it is necessary to concentrate, calm down, begin to analyze, evaluate and, if possible, control the situation. Under these conditions, it is necessary to communicate constructively and positively with others, use relaxation techniques, and have an idea of survival and safety.
In extreme conditions, a person must focus on studying the situation, on the specific situation in which he is. You need to know that danger can come from anywhere, so it is difficult to predict. With an unexpected turn of events, the main thing is not to get confused, to adequately perceive the event. Practice shows that...
0 0
Remember how often it happens to you, how day after day you do not attach much importance to how the reaction mechanism deeply embedded inside your brain, one way or another, affects your life? Think about how a person behaves in an emergency situation?
And how often do you manage to track what your reaction to irritation or stress is?
If you wish to know the unconscious pattern of your behavior that generates the inner mechanism; as well as your reaction to force majeure and stressful situations, then go ahead!
Take a small projective test.
The mission that you have to complete is called "Don't let the man fall."
This technique is able to display the actions of a person in an extreme situation. Model of your behavior in critical situations. If it is difficult for you to remain calm under force majeure circumstances, then most often your behavior will be uncontrollable from the point of view of reason and logic. And...
0 0
Introduction
The history of studying the psychological, medical-psychological and psychosocial consequences of the impact on a person of various emergency circumstances has more than one decade. Well-known psychologists and psychiatrists W. James, P. Janet, Z. Freud, W. Frankl dealt with this topic one way or another. Psychoemotional states that develop in a person who has been in an extreme situation are also studied in domestic science within the framework of extreme psychology and the branch of psychiatry dealing with the problems of psychogeny8. However, most of the publications on this issue are thematically scattered.
An emergency situation is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions. .
Under extreme...
0 0
Human behavior in critical and extreme situations
Let us dwell in particular on human behavior in situations that are significantly different from ordinary ones. These situations include critical ones, which, in turn, can be caused by extreme factors.
Critical situations include stress, frustration, conflict and crisis.
Stress is a state of mental tension in difficult situation. Almost all people get into a state of stress: a car driver when he is "cut", a doctor doing a complex operation, a student taking an exam, etc.
Frustration is also a state of neuropsychic tension, when obstacles or obstacles, both material and ideal, or imaginary, stand in the way of achieving a very motivated goal. For example, a child is in a state of frustration when parents, due to lack of money or for other reasons, do not want to buy him a toy; young people who wish to get married when on their way...
0 0
Introduction
Chapter I. Theoretical Foundations of Coping Behavior in Extreme Situations
1.1 Coping behavior
1.2 Coping behavior in extreme situations
Chapter II Experimental study of coping behavior in extreme situations
2.1 Diagnostic methods for identifying features of coping behavior in extreme situations
2.2 Analysis and evaluation of results in overcoming communication barriers
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
At present, a person still cannot predict with great accuracy the onset of floods, landslides and mudflows, the danger of huge tsunami waves, the occurrence of fires, etc. A person, as a rule, is struggling with the consequences of natural disasters, and not with the natural factors themselves that cause them .
Self-control is that very important character trait that helps a person manage himself, his own ...
0 0