When starting to study the article, the reader should remember that there is no way to eliminate the risk of infection with piroplasmosis by 100%, just as no remedy can protect a dog from tick bites by 100%. It is only possible to minimize the risks as much as possible. Each individual section of this article is written primarily to provide advice on how to mitigate these risks. The main emphasis is on insectoacaricides - anti-tick preparations for dogs. However, other means have also been considered. In all cases, the first task was to present the information so that the reader could use the information presented to reduce the risk of infection with piroplasmosis.
All tabular data that you will see in the article in pictures, as well as some statistics are presented in the .
I draw your attention to the fact that the toxicity class on the diagram is given in arbitrary units and does not correspond to the existing classification of hazard classes of toxic substances.
References to sources are numbered. In case the link becomes invalid over time, all materials are saved in pdf files on this site. page.
The article is still in review and edit mode.
Chemicals
I bring to your attention the most complete this moment overview of all existing insectoacaricides - anti-tick drugs for dogs. Almost all the products of this type currently on the market will be listed here.Chemical means from ticks according to the active substance
There are several fundamentally different products against ticks on the market. The main thing you need to know about them: each anti-mite agent is created on the basis of one or another active substance. Consider existing types active substances and their differences from each other.Chemicals: natural essential oils
Temporarily in developmentThe lower the P-rating, the lower the risk of lick poisoning. Of course, one should not draw any far-reaching conclusions on the basis of this table, since this is essentially a measurement of boas in parrots. Also, note that permethrin oral NOEL dosing does not take into account the risk skin reactions therefore, in practice, taking into account skin reactions, it may turn out that fipronil is the most reliable agent.
When treating dogs of small breeds, young, old and lactating dogs, the risk of complications increases. The downside of dosing (for large dogs) is that there is a danger of applying a dose below the safe containment level, which will weaken the protection.
If the dog and cat live in the same area, then collars based on substances dangerous to cats should be abandoned, since the cat will be under the constant influence of the collar. As for drops and sprays, it is necessary to exclude the communication of a cat and a dog during the treatment and not carry out the spray treatment in the apartment.
Groups of insectoacaricides
Phosphorus organic compounds (FOS, organophosphates)
- Toxicity: very high (chemical warfare agents, hazard class I-II assigned to humans), easily absorbed through mucous membranes, damaged and intact skin, irritate the skin. They are classified as carcinogenic group 2A - 2B according to the IARC classification ("probably carcinogenic to humans"). FOS are irreversible inhibitors (acetylcholinesterase) of the mechanisms of transmission of nerve impulses. That is, they suppress chemical reactions, which are mechanisms for the transmission of nerve impulses in cells without the possibility of restoring these reactions through detoxification mechanisms. This causes a cumulative effect that accumulates over time. For all these reasons, as well as due to the low margin of safety at the dosage at the moment, in European countries and the USA, FOS is being abandoned, replacing them with more modern means.
- Symptoms of poisoning: salivation, tearing, excessive sweating, pupil constriction, uncontrolled eye movements, nausea, vomiting (especially in dogs), diarrhea, tenesmus (false urge to defecate), fecal incontinence, bradycardia (low pulse), low blood pressure, bronchospasm , cough, tachypnea (rapid shallow breathing), shortness of breath (difficulty breathing), frequent urination, anxiety accompanied by depression, trembling, ataxia (uncoordinated movements), muscle spasms, paralysis, lethargy, fatigue, convulsions and coma. Death due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and pulmonary edema.
- Impact on the tick: contact. Causes: impaired motor function -> paralysis -> death. The anti-mite effect is relatively low in terms of effectiveness
- Repellent properties: not mentioned
- Effects on other animals: dangerous to cats, bees, fish, birds and dogs
- Forms of exposure: to varying degrees (depending on the type of animal, place of application and dosage), FOS are absorbed into the blood through the skin. The simply amazing fact is that diazinon was produced (and is produced?) in drops and sprays. In particular, drops of Dana and Beaphar are known. In these drugs, diazinon is many times, thousands of times higher than the dosage of LOEL, and it can be assumed that the use of the above drops causes poisoning with a high probability.
- Substances used: diazinon (diazinon, dimpylate, dimpilat), tetrachlorvinphos (Tetrachlorvinphos, TCVP).
- Spectrum of action of diazinon and tetrachlorvinphos: ixodid ticks, fleas, lice, sarcoptoid and demodectic mites, mosquitoes, flies
- beaphar Flea Drops
- beaphar Collar
- CEVA Elegant protection collar
- UltraGuard spray
- UltraGuard Plus Spray
- Ultraguard collar
- UltraGuard Plus Collar
- Dana drops
- Celandine Collar
- Preventef Collar
- FLEAS & TICKS COLLAR collar
- LONGLIFE flea and tick collar
- Trixie collar
- Doctor ZOO collar
Carbamates: propoxur
- Toxicity: Less toxic than FOS (assigned II-III hazard class for humans). Carbamates, unlike FOS, are reversible inhibitors (acetylcholinesterase) of the mechanisms of transmission of nerve impulses. This means that although carbamates have exactly the same mechanism of action as FOS, they are eliminated from the body through detoxification and the risk of cumulative effects is lower. In addition, according to the level of carcinogenicity, they are not classified as known or possible carcinogens. There are experiments in which the formation of tumors in rats was shown, but subsequent experiments did not confirm these results. In some experiments, it was also found that propoxur inhibits the reproductive functions of rats and has an embryonic effect. Carbamates have a higher dosing safety margin,
- Symptoms of poisoning: the same as FOS, but the complications are less serious.
- Information about resistance: cross-resistance with carbamates due to a similar mechanism of action, cross-resistance with pyrethroids is possible, the likelihood of tick resistance is high. Flea resistance is widespread.
- Impact on the tick: contact. Causes: impaired motor function -> paralysis -> death. Efficiency against mites: average, higher than that of FOS.
- Repellent properties: not noted
- Effects on other animals: Toxic to birds and bees, to a lesser extent to fish. When applied to the skin, it is not dangerous for dogs and cats if the risk of licking is excluded.
- Forms of exposure: propoxur is not absorbed by the skin, lingering mainly on the hairline. Propoxur is not available in drops, but is widely used in collars, which is relatively safe in principle.
- The spectrum of action of propoxur: ixodid ticks, fleas, lice, sarcoptoid and demodectic mites, mosquitoes, flies
- Bolfo Collar
- Bolfo Spray
- KILTIX Collar
- PROMERIS DUO drops
- Preventive collar
- Sergeant "s dual action collar
- Sergeant's Bansect collar
- Zodiac Flea & Tick collar
- dooda flea & tick collar
- BIO SPOT Active Care Collar
- Drop certificate
- Bolfix bolfix collar
- Kilfley KILLFLEA collar
Amidines: amitraz
In some sources, amitraz is classified as a carbamate, probably because amidines are also derivatives of carboxylic acids. Apparently, this is not a correct classification and amitraz should be attributed to a class of substances separate from carbamates.
List of drugs based on phenylpyrazoles
Isoxazolines
Isoxazolines are a new group of pesticides that have appeared on Russian market in 2015 They are available in the form of tablets. The active substance from the tablets is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and reaches the systemic circulation. It begins to act 4 hours after application, the death of fleas 8 hours after attaching to the host organism, ticks - 12 hours later.- Toxicity: isoxazolines have two sites (sites) of action - they are non-competitive antagonists of GABA receptors in nerve cells (having a strong selectivity towards insects and weak towards mammals), as well as blockers of chloride channels in nerve and muscle cells. The "non-competitiveness" of an antagonist means that this action is much more difficult to overcome by means of resistance mechanisms based on metabolic acceleration: a conventional competitive antagonist can be "washed out" by a large volume of ligands, while the action of a non-competitive antagonist cannot be overcome by an increase in ligand volumes. No mutagenic effects were noted, carcinogenic tests were not carried out, embryonic effects were noted in rats at high doses. In general, the toxic hazard of isoxazolines is considered low, tests have shown that isoxazolines have a fivefold margin of safety (poisoning symptoms appear after a fivefold overdose).
- Symptoms of poisoning: Vomiting (~4%), dry skin (~3%), diarrhea (~3%), lethargy (~1.5%), eating disorders (anorexia) (~1.2%)
- Resistance information: unknown
- Effect on the tick: exclusively intestinal, i.e. begin to act after the tick begins to drink blood. Cause: Paralysis -> Death
- Repellent properties: none
- Effects on other animals: not noted
- Known Substances: fluralaner (Bravecto), afoxolaner (Nexgard)
- Spectrum of action: ixodid ticks, fleas
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Last modified: 06/04/2015
Insectoacaricides.
Deratization means.
Plan.
1. General characteristics and classification of insectoacaricides.
2. Phosphorus organic compounds.
3. Organochlorine compounds, derivatives of carbamic acids.
4. Sulfur preparations.
5. Preparations of different chemical groups.
6. Deratization means.
General characteristics and classification of insectoacaricides
Insectoacaricides are preparations of chemical or biological origin, designed to combat harmful insects and mites.
By origin, they are divided into: organophosphorus compounds, organochlorine compounds, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids and preparations of different groups.
Of the total volume of consumed insectoacaricides, OPs account for 43%, HOs - 17%, carbamates - 25%, and others 15%.
Different arthropods, as well as intermediate forms of their development, are not equally sensitive to pharmacological agents. Therefore, in addition to general concept insecticidal influence distinguish actions:
ovocidal - destruction of insect eggs,
larvicidal - destruction of larvae and caterpillars,
acaricidal - destruction of ticks;
insecticidal - extermination of insects.
Substances that repel insects from animals are called repellents, and means that attract insects - attractants.
According to the ways of penetration into the body of insects, they are divided into:
Contact, penetrating into the hemolymph through the cuticle of the insect;
Intestinal, entering the body of an insect through the digestive apparatus;
Fumigant, penetrating through the respiratory apparatus.
In recent years, attention has been paid to insecticides of systemic action. Introduced into the body of an animal enterally or parenterally in doses that are harmless to it, systemic insecticides kill gadfly larvae migrating in animal tissues.
Requirements for insecticides:
1. Should have a specific effect on arthropods at all stages of development when using minimal doses;
2. Maintain efficiency under various weather conditions;
3. Be economical;
4. Be safe (for service personnel and animals);
5. Should not have a long-term effect of action.
Insecticides are used in natural conditions in places of accumulation and breeding of insects, indoors and on the body of animals.
Apply them by spraying, dusting, bathing animals and aerosol treatment.
Insectoacaricides are used in the form of solutions, emulsions, lotions, suspensions, powders (dusts), aerosols, pur-ons, insecticidal ointments, insecticidal sticks, insecticidal soaps, zoo shampoos, films, tags, collars, smoke bombs.
The type of habitat of arthropods and the phase of ontogenesis determine the choice of means of control:
in the fight against sarcoptoid mites - buying and spraying animals;
with midges and horseflies - aerosol treatments and spraying;
with lice and fleas - insecticidal powders, shampoos, various soaps, etc.
- 2 - Phosphorus organic compounds (phos)
The compounds of this group are esters of a number of acids: phosphoric, thiophosphoric, dithiophosphoric, etc.
The advantages of FOS are a wide range of insecticidal action, low resistance in environmental objects.
FOS are excreted unchanged through the respiratory tract (20 - 25%), with urine (30%).
FOS is characterized by the phenomenon of “lethal synthesis”, when more toxic metabolites are formed from less toxic parent drugs.
Chlorophos (neguwon, dipterex) Chlorophosum.
White crystalline powder, soluble in water and most organic solvents.
It has a detrimental effect on insects and helminths. Used to treat animals against flying insects. Cows are processed after milking. It has a high systemic activity. It kills the larvae of gadflies that are in the tissues of the animal, not only for internal, but also for external use.
Hypodermin-chlorophos Hypodermini-chlorophosum .
11.6% alcohol-oil solution of chlorophos.
Transparent yellowish liquid with a slight aromatic odor. It is used against the larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly by watering cattle at a dose of 16 ml - for animals weighing up to 200 kg and 24 ml - with a larger mass.
DDVF (dichlorvos, dichlorvos) DDVF.
Transparent colorless or slightly yellow liquid, poorly soluble in water.
It has a selective effect on insects, ticks, helminths. Included in the preparation "Estrozol".
Karbofos Carbophosum.
Colorless liquid. Used in the form of a 1% aqueous emulsion and 4% dust, Pedilin shampoo - to combat lice eggs and larvae, Carbosol aerosol.
Diazinon Diazinonum (neocidol, basudin).
In the Republic of Belarus, it is produced under the name "Ratsidol".
The treatment of cattle is carried out in a ratio of 1: 1000, sheep and pigs 1:2400.
Colorless oily liquid, poorly soluble in water.
Released in the form of 25 - 60% emulsion concentrate, 40% wettable powder, 5% dust.
Dursban, sulfidophos, foxim, trichlormetafos, phthalofos, etc. are also used.
Proteid Proteidum
The preparation contains 3% alpha-cypermethrin and 30% chlorfenvinphos emulsifiers and organic solvents.
Before use, the drug is diluted in a ratio of 1:1000.
Rateid rateidum
Insectoacaricidal drug, which is a transparent liquid of yellow or light brown color with a specific odor. Contains 5% cypermethrin, 30% chlorphenvinphos, emulsifiers and organic solvents.
The protective residual effect on the skin and hair of animals lasts up to 30 days.
Before use, rateid is mixed with water in a ratio of 1 part of the drug and 1000 parts of water (1: 1000).
It not only sucks vitality from plants through the juice, but also multiplies at lightning speed, threatening the already weakened stems with a number of secondary serious infections (viral infections, etc.).
To date, the domestic market presents a wide variety of acaricidal products from on, but in order to choose the most suitable drug for you, you should carefully study the compositions and spectrum of action of the presented list.
This is a powerful and highly toxic agent related to. This drug is able to destroy not only ordinary, but also arachnids, therefore, in case of massive damage to plants, spraying with Actellik for a very long time will save you from harmful and annoying cobwebs.
Important! , despite its amazing effectiveness, is a life-threatening drug, both for animals and humans (high degree of danger), therefore, the prepared solution should be sprayed on plants only in the open air or in a well-ventilated place.
The drug is produced in ampoules of 2 or 4 ml.
Spraying of affected areas is carried out according to certain rules:
- With a moderate lesion, 2 ml of Aktellik is diluted in 2 liters of water, with a strong lesion, in 0.7 liters.
- After completing the manufacturing process of the mixture, it is necessary to immediately moisten the leaves evenly. The remaining solution is not subject to storage.
- It is necessary to perform this manipulation when the air is warmed up to 25 ° C (but not less than 10 ° C).
- When using this insectoacaricide in a closed space, do not let animals into it. If you have aquariums, they should also be protected.
Selective acaricide Apollo, acting specifically upon contact with objects, for a long time relieves young fruit individuals, and in addition, it has a detrimental effect on their laid eggs. The disadvantage of the drug is manifested in its ineffective effect on mature individuals, which it does not eliminate, but simply sterilizes.
In addition, it should be noted that Apollo is a slightly toxic substance (hazard category 4), therefore it is quite safe for people and does not cause any harm to some insects and. The solution is sold in glass containers at a dosage of 2 ml. To prepare it, you will need 5 ml of the drug, which must be dissolved in 10 liters of water. For a high-quality processing result, plant leaves must be abundantly moistened on both sides. - The amount of spraying must be calculated according to the entire coverage and treatment of the entire surface of the foliage.
- Treatment with Demitan should be carried out only 1 time for the whole in order to avoid the manifestation of resistance to the drug.
- To re-spray the plant, you should choose an effective acaricide of another group from the list of drugs presented in the store.
- Demitan is compatible with basically all acaricides, but it is better not to use it together with.
This is the most powerful insectoacaricide of far from a narrow spectrum of action, which shows maximum efficiency against not only arachnid harmful creatures, but also cockroaches, mosquitoes, and in order to properly process plantings infected with plant pests, their leaves are abundantly moistened with this substance, having previously dissolved (0.2 ml Karate per liter of water). 
If after the first treatment of your plants you have any doubts about the effectiveness of the product, the treatment can be repeated literally after 2 weeks. The advantage of Karate is also its resistance to any weather conditions, its substance does not lose its effectiveness even in sultry heat, frost or in a very humid climate, and the treated areas are not washed off by rainfall up to an hour after application.
It should be noted that the drug, according to the degree of danger, belongs to the second class and is slightly toxic to birds and inhabitants of water bodies.
Important! The manufacturer strongly recommends that you refrain from eating, drinking and smoking while working with Bitoxibacillin, and after the necessary manipulations, wash thoroughly clean water hands and other exposed parts of the body.
Acaricide Neoron has long occupied one of the leading positions in the domestic market, which is not surprising, because this highly effective drug reduces the populations of spider and gall-forming mites both on flower crops and on entire plantation plantings, and. 
Neoron can rightfully be called both the most effective and "long-playing" remedy, which is able to maintain its effectiveness for 1 month. Based on the fact that this drug has only a contact effect, the infected plant should be more thoroughly soaked with a solution (freshly prepared) and make sure that the agent gets into different zones leaf, turned out to be in the internodes and did not pass the soil surface.
The solution itself is easy to prepare, it is enough to dilute 2 ml of Neoron in one liter of water.
Almost no danger to both humans and plants acaricide Nissoran. This high-quality hormonal powder, in which the desired action is produced by the substance hexythiazox, is used in many countries to protect against different types ticks, including 
In order to obtain the form necessary for use, a teaspoon of the light gray Nissoran disinfectant powder is diluted in a liter of water, and then the leaves of the plant are abundantly moistened on both sides. The one and a half month period of action of the applied solution varies from -5 to +5 days, in addition, it is low toxic and does not harm useful, in our understanding, insects.
It is also important to remember that this drug is not effective against adult tick-borne individuals, therefore they are still able to reproduce, but at the same time they still undergo sterilization, which is expressed in the fact that the laid eggs are not able to fully develop in the future.
Did you know? A female tick can lay up to 20,000 eggs in her lifetime.
Except positive aspects, Omite has some disadvantages, for example:
- High and decreasing to moderate toxicity: hazard classes 2 and 3 for humans and bees, respectively
- The possibility of resistance of plant organisms to this agent, therefore it is recommended to alternate it from time to time with substances consisting of other chemical elements.
- When spraying is done in bright sunny weather, one should not forget that drops of the solution can work like small magnifying glasses and harm the sprout, increasing Sun rays before the burn.
Contains in its composition the substance pyridaben, the action of which is characterized increased efficiency and which, without much difficulty, copes with a variety of ticks, no matter what age and condition they are. But, unfortunately, the sprayed specimens very quickly develop resistant resistance to this substance, therefore experienced growers it is advised to use it no more than once a year during the most active period of tick-borne manifestations. 
The solution is prepared standard scheme, 1 teaspoon of the product is added to a decalitre of water. positive moment is the fact that Sunmite has low toxicity, although it mercilessly destroys all existing relatives spider mite With .
Insectoacaricidal drug "Skelta" relatively recently appeared on the shelves of stores specializing in remedies for parasitic pests, but has already managed to establish itself as a highly effective chemical composition. Skelta is capable of not only short term completely rid the infected plant of spider and red mites, but also has excellent resistance to rain and is absolutely indifferent to any temperature difference. 
To produce the desired concentration of the solution, the manufacturer recommends diluting 1 liter of the drug in a cube of water.
Insectoacaricides- preparations of chemical or biological origin, designed to simultaneously combat harmful insects and mites.
contact, causing the death of insects upon contact of the substance with any part of it;
intestinal, causing poisoning of harmful insects when poison enters the body with food;
systemic, able to move through the vascular system of the plant and poison the insects that eat it;
fumigants acting on insects in the vapor state through the respiratory system.
Substances belonging to various classes are used as insectoacaricides. chemical compounds: organochlorine - halogen derivatives of aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons; organophosphorus; derivatives of carbamanic, thio- and dithiocarbamic acids (carbamates); synthetic pyrethroids, etc.
It should be noted that representatives of the same class may have different active and toxic properties with a similar chemical structure. Each substance has characteristic features and differs from its relatives less often in direction, more often in the strength of insectoacaricidal and toxic effects. Despite these differences, representatives of the same class of compounds have similar properties and very often the same primary mechanisms of action.
For many insectoacaricides, maximum permissible residual amounts in food products and methods for their determination have been developed. At the same time, in order to prevent meat products containing residues of insectoacaricides from getting into humans, the slaughter of animals is allowed 15-65 days after stopping the drugs. The meat of cattle forcedly slaughtered during the treatment period is used in accordance with clause 68 of the Rules for the Veterinary Inspection of Slaughter Animals.
Many insectoacaricides have negative properties: hepatoxic (COS, FOS), carcinogenic (carbamates), mutagenic (hexachlorocyclohexane, DCVF, chlorophos, neocidol, etc.) and teratogenic (chlorophos, diphos, TMTD, sevin, etc.) actions .
For veterinary practice great importance have phosphorus-containing, organochlorine, carbamate compounds and pyrethroids.
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs)
The mechanism of action of FOS on insects and mammals is the same and consists in the inhibition of cholinesterase, the physiological role of which in the body is very important. Cholinesterase, destroying excess acetylcholine, which is a mediator of nerve impulses, ensures the balance of cholinergic systems. The blockade of cholinesterase caused by an organophosphorus insecticide leads to the accumulation of an excess amount of acetylcholine and poisoning of the body with characteristic nicotine-like (excitation, twitching and muscle paralysis) and muscarine-like (nausea, vomiting, tearing and salivation, increased intestinal motility, diarrhea, frequent urination, bronchospasm, miosis , pulmonary edema) symptoms.
In case of insect poisoning, a tremor of the whole body (mainly the limbs), a disorder of coordination of movements with a loss of the ability to fly are observed: in some cases, for example, in horseflies, defecation is observed, and in gadflies, frequent release of the ovipositor, paralysis and death.
DDVF (dichlorvos, dnchlorvos, chlorovinyl phos). Chemically pure preparation — colorless mobile liquid; the technical preparation is a light brown liquid. It dissolves in water up to 1%. Relatively quickly hydrolyzes in acidic and alkaline environments with the formation of dichloroacetaldehyde, dimethylphosphoric acid and some other compounds. Due to its high volatility (145 mg/m) at an air temperature of 20 "C, it can easily enter the body through the respiratory tract of animals, intact skin and cause complications.
Chlorophos (trichlorfon, dschgerex). A white crystalline powder with a melting point of 83-84 "C. It is readily soluble in water (12.3%) and in most organic solvents (for example, in chloroform, benzene). It is poorly soluble in hexane and pentane. It quickly decomposes in the light, and also in an alkaline environment, where dehydrochlorination occurs.In an acidic environment, it is more resistant.Deadly affects insects and helminths.In terms of strength and speed of insecticidal action, it is much inferior to DDVF.Applied to treat animals against flying insects.Cows are treated after milking.
Neocidol (bazudin, diazinon). In its pure form - a colorless oil with a slight pleasant smell; technical preparation - oil of yellowish or light brown color. It is poorly soluble in water (40 mg/l at 20°C) and well soluble in most organic solvents.
Apply only to the treatment of sheep against psoroptosis. Cattle cannot be processed. The drug is moderately toxic, but the main hydrolysis product of neocidol is diethylthiophosphoric acid and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine. Under certain conditions, during its decomposition, very toxic metabolites are formed: dithiotetraethyl pyrophosphate; thiotetraethyl pyrophosphate and orthodiazinon (LD50 for rats when administered orally - 1 mg/kg of animal weight), which have anticholinesterase activity.
Hypodermin-chlorophos. 11.6% oil-alcohol solution of chloroph:; a. Transparent yellowish liquid with a slight aromatic odor. Shake it every time before use. Used against the subcutaneous gadfly for treatment by watering cattle. Contraindicated in sick, severely emaciated animals, as well as in cows 2 weeks before calving.
Dioxaphos. 16% solution of chlorophos in an organic solvent.
It is used to treat cattle against subcutaneous gadfly by watering on the back with a thin stream on both sides of the spinal column from the withers to the sacrum of the animal.
Organochlorine compounds (XOCs)
The group of drugs used in agriculture with different purposes. In veterinary practice, chlorine derivatives of cyclic hydrocarbons (hexachlorocyclohexane and its analogues, the gamma isomer of HCCH, etc.) are most often used.
Feature HOS - high persistence, i.e. resistance to environmental factors. COS remain in the soil for up to 1 year, and in livestock buildings-a few months. At the same time, animal poisonings are often recorded in practice, due to their tendency to cumulate. Due to the fact that COS are lipotropic substances, they accumulate primarily in organs and tissues rich in lipids, well overcome the placental and blood-brain barriers. With alimentary intake, CHOS are well absorbed by the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, followed by the formation of metabolites in the body of animal, the toxicity of which is unequal. In lactating animals, COS is excreted in milk.
In case of HOS poisoning, anxiety, general arousal and increased reflex sensitivity, salivation, muscle tremor, increased peristalsis and the appearance of convulsions are noted. There are no antidote drugs for COS poisoning, so symptomatic treatment is used. COS and especially the gamma isomer of HCCH are used together with creolin to treat the prevention of psoroptosis in sheep.
Gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane, gammatox, etc.). Crystalline powder of whitish-cream color with a specific smell. Produced in the form of a powder with a different content of the gamma isomer. In the manual "On measures to combat sarcoptoidosis (scabies) of farm animals" (1981), the ratios of the gamma isomer are given depending on its percentage with creolin.
Folbex (akar-338). In its pure form - light yellow crystals with a melting point of 36-37.5 ° C. Let's well dissolve in alcohol, acetone. Let's dissolve in water at 20 °C to 13 mg/l.
It is used to combat bee varroosis: insects are treated with it at an air temperature of at least 12 ° C, in the spring after the bees fly around, in the fall after honey is pumped out. The consumption of the drug is one strip for 6 nesting combs. Folbex should not be used later than 70 days before honey is extracted.
Creolins
Phenolic-free creolin and stabilized creolin. In the first case - a mixture of coal oils and rosin, in the second - coal oils, rosin and bottom residues of butyl alcohols. oily liquid dark brown with the smell of coal oils. Phenolic-free creolin thickens in the cold due to precipitation of naphthalene; the stabilized creolin in the cold retains its aggregate properties unchanged.
Activated Creolin. The composition of the preparation includes light-medium coal oil, rosin (sodium salts of abnetic and nimaric acids), ichthyol (sulfanatrium salts), water, 3% of the gamma isomer of HCCH. It is a dark brown thickish liquid with a pungent odor of coal oils. A significant drawback of activated creolin is its high alkalinity (pH 11), which contributes to the gradual hydrolysis of the gamma isomer and a decrease in the acaricidal properties of the drug. In the cold season, a precipitate consisting of naphthalene precipitates in activated creolin. In the presence of sediment in the preparation, the barrels are heated to 35-40 ° C with open plugs until complete dissolution, without pouring the liquid part.
Please. 12-10% suspension of diphenyl disulfide in coal oil with the addition of surfactants: rosin or OP-7, OP-10 or neonol. Viscous dark liquid with the smell of creolin.
Used for the treatment and prevention of psoroptosis in sheep.
Treatment of animals in case of poisoning is carried out by washing the stomach with an aqueous suspension of coal, burnt magnesia or sodium thiosulfate; inside - saline laxatives.
pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids
Persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, HCCH, etc.) and substances from the groups of organophosphorus compounds were replaced by the next generation of insecticides - synthetic pyrethroids - products of the modification of natural pyrethrin molecules. Like natural pyrethrins, pyrethroids are esterification products of cyclopropanecarboxylic acids, mainly substituted with alcohols of a certain structure.
Pyrethroids are characterized by relatively low consumption rates, relatively low resistance to environment, which is important hygienic value, because it reduces the likelihood of pollution of the biosphere. Most wide use received decamethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin. These. pyrethroids have different toxicity for animals and humans, the most toxic are decamethrin and cypermethrin, which is explained by the presence of a CN group in their structure.
Permethrin (Ambush, Corsair). Preparative forms: stomazan (Hungarian drug) - 20% emulsion concentrate; kreopyr (composition of creolin and 2% permethrin or 2% stomazan); anometrin H (20% emulsion concentrate); pirvol (2% emulsion of permethrin on dioxanol).
Domestic permethrin is produced in the form of an oily liquid containing 84-85% of the active substance - (+) cis, trans-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol.
Cypermethrin (cymbush, ripcord, etc.). It is a mixture of 4 diastereomeric forms of cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2,2-dichloro-rvinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate, each present as a pair of enantiomers; its preparative form - kinmiks - 25% emulsion concentrate (Hungary); creoquine (2% emulsion of kinmiks on creolin) and various zooshampoos and insecticidal sticks based on this pyrethroid.
Decamethrin (deltamethrin). Preparative forms: decis, butox - (15)-a-cyano-3-phenoxy-benzyl [P, 3P-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate. It is a white crystalline powder that enters the country in the form of preparative forms decis (2.5% emulsion concentrate) and butox (5% emulsion concentrate), from which various zoo shampoos and insecticidal sticks are prepared.
Insectoacaricides are drugs of chemical or biological origin, designed to simultaneously combat harmful insects and mites. Combining drugs on similar grounds facilitates their choice, contributes to the development and implementation of the most rational preventive measures.
According to the main action, insectoacaricides are divided into acaricides (deadly act on ticks), insecticides (act on insects), repellents (insect repellent) and attractants (attracting insects).
Contact, penetrating into the hemolymph of arthropods through chitinous covers;
Intestinal, causing the death of insects when poison enters the body with food;
Systemic, capable of moving through the vascular system of plants and causing the death of insects eating it;
Fumigant, penetrating the body of insects through the respiratory system;
Contact-systemic, penetrating the body of pests both by contact and by feeding.
According to the chemical structure, insectoacaricides are divided into organochlorine; organophosphorus; derivatives of carbamic, thio- and dithiocarbamic acids (carbamates); synthetic pyrethroids; sulfur preparations; ivermectins and others.
Many insectoacaricides have negative properties: hepatotoxic (FOS and COS), carcinogenic (carbamates), mutagenic (FOS, COS) and teratogenic (some FOS, COS, carbamates) actions.
Many insectoacaricides are poisonous to animals, so it is necessary to take precautions, to first determine the toxicity of the drug.
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs)
The compounds of this group are esters of a number of acids: phosphoric, thiophosphoric and dithiophosphoric. The advantages of FOS are a wide range of insecticidal action, low resistance in environmental objects.
The mechanism of action of organophosphorus compounds on insects is to inhibit cholinesterase, which, by destroying excess acetylcholine, ensures the balance of cholinergic systems. As a result, catalytically inactive cholinesterase compounds are formed and acetylcholine is not destroyed. It accumulates in large quantities, causes acute autointoxication and a sharp violation of the series metabolic processes. The death of insects usually occurs within a few minutes as a result of the fact that the drugs used in negligible amounts quickly inactivate cholinesterase in the central and peripheral ganglia.
Organochlorine compounds (OCs)
Chemically, organochlorine compounds are chlorine derivatives of polynuclear hydrocarbons, cycloparaffins, diene compounds, terpenes, benzene, and other compounds.
A characteristic feature of COS is their high persistence, that is, resistance to environmental factors. In the soil, organochlorine compounds persist for about 1 year, and in livestock buildings for up to several months. ChOSy lipotropic and accumulate in organs and tissues rich in lipids, easily penetrate the placental and blood-brain barriers.
Currently, the use of organochlorine compounds is limited.
Derivatives of carbamic, thiocarbamic and dithiocarbamic
acids (carbamates)
Carbamates are characterized both by the presence of highly toxic compounds with pronounced cumulative properties and by the presence of moderately hazardous drugs. These compounds have different degrees of cumulation. In terms of biological activity, carbamates are very close to FOS. They inhibit cholinesterase. A positive property of carbamates is their relatively rapid decomposability in the external environment.
Synthetic pyrethroids
There are pyrethroids of the first generation (alletrin and other substances similar in structure to natural compounds), the second generation (derivatives of chrysanthemic acid) and the third generation (esters of permethric, cyclopropanecarboxylic, isovaleric acids - permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin).
According to the manifestation of symptoms of poisoning in arthropods, pyrethroids are divided into two types. The impact of pyrethroids of the first type (alletrin, neopamine) leads to increased activity of arthropods, tremor, incoordination of movements and paralysis. Drugs of the second type (deltamethrin, cypermethrin) cause a slow depolarization of the membrane and nerve endings and subsequent blockade of nerve conduction, which is accompanied by paralysis. The second type of drugs act slowly.
One of the properties that determine the high insecticidal activity of synthetic pyrethroids is their pronounced lipophilicity, which increases the intake of pyrethroids into the body of insects.
It is now known that the insecticidal activity of pyrethroids increases with decreasing temperature. Increased activity of metabolic processes in the body of insects during high temperatures contributes to a more rapid disintegration of pyrethroids, thereby weakening their insecticidal effect.
The action of pyrethroids weakens with increasing temperature and almost disappears at temperatures above 30 0 C. In parallel with the decrease in activity, the ability to block sodium channels also decreases. Therefore, in warm-blooded animals, the toxic effect of pyrethroids is not manifested.
Sulfur and its compounds are among the most important classes of pesticides. The introduction of sulfur into organic acaricides leads to an increase in the effectiveness and a decrease in the toxicity of the drug for warm-blooded animals.
Sulfur, as an element, has almost no effect on the animal organism, but, interacting with alkalis or proteins, it turns into active compounds. On the skin and in the digestive tract, there are all conditions for the formation of such active compounds. For example, when sulfur is used on the skin, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are partially formed, which act as acaricidal, antiseptic and irritate the skin's exteroreceptors.
It is known that organic sulfur-containing compounds have biologically active properties: thiophenols, aromatic mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides. Aromatic disulfides have strong acaricidal properties. Some sulfides and disulfides are used in agriculture as specific acaricides.
Amit - Amit.
It contains amitraz, prednisolone and auxiliary components.
Release form. Vials of 10 and 15 ml.
Application. The drug is applied in a thin layer on the affected areas previously cleared of scabs and crusts at the rate of 0.5 - 1 ml / kg of mass. In case of otodectosis, after cleaning the external auditory canal from scabs and crusts, 3-6 drops of the drug are instilled into each ear with a swab moistened with the preparation.
Side effects. Sometimes there may be signs of skin irritation.
Contraindications: patients are not subject to treatment infectious diseases and convalescent animals, pregnant and lactating females, as well as puppies and kittens under two months of age.
Amitan - Amitanum.
The drug contains amitraz, permethrin, therapeutic additives and an emulsifier.
Release form. Ampoules 1 - 10 ml, vials 10 ml.
The drug is used for arachno-entomoses of dogs. Before use, amitan is diluted at the rate of 2.5 ml per 500 ml of water. Processing is carried out 3 - 5 times with an interval of 8 - 10 days.
Biorex GH - Biorex GH.
Emulsion concentrate containing 2.5% cypermethrin.
Release form. Canisters 3, 5 and 20 liters.
Application. For the treatment of sheep, the drug is used in the form of aqueous, bulk emulsions containing 0.005% cypermethrin. Sick sheep are treated twice with an interval of 10 days, suspected of having a disease once. Exposure 50 - 70 seconds. For the treatment of pigs, a 0.025% aqueous emulsion is used. For the treatment of cattle, a 0.005% aqueous emulsion is used.
Contraindications: it is forbidden to treat milking and pregnant animals two weeks before giving birth, suckling sows, treat lambs in a swimming bath after weaning together with ewes.
Slaughter of animals for meat is allowed after 30 days.
Blotic - Blotic.
Concentrated emulsion containing 20% promethamphos.
Release form. Polymer containers 0.2; 1 and 5 liters.
Action. The drug has a wide spectrum of insectoacaricidal action.
Slaughter of animals is allowed no earlier than 14 days after treatment. Milk for food purposes can be used after 24 hours.