Microclimate is called climate limited space. Its formation is influenced by the design of the building, the materials used in the construction, the technology of keeping and the type of animals. The microclimate of a given room is also affected by which of the five climate zones the room is built in. The concept of microclimate includes such components as the physical state of the air (temperature, humidity, pressure, speed), its gas, microbial and dust pollution, that is, it is a set of physical, chemical and biological parameters.
Microclimate in different parts rooms are different. Usually the microclimate is controlled 3–4 times a month. During research, 3 measurements are taken in 6; 14 and 22 hours. Measurements are taken diagonally at 3 points. Stepping back 1 m from the wall and in the middle. Also at three points in height when the animal is lying down, standing, and 0.6 m from the ceiling. Different animals have different requirements for indoor microclimate. Moreover, this is influenced by both the type of animal and what stage of development it is at.
Permissible temperature and relative humidity in animal premises.
| Premises | Temperature | Rel. Humidity |
| Cowsheds for tethered and non-tethered box soda. livestock | 10 (8–12) | 70 |
| Cowsheds for used soda. On deep litter | 6 (5–8) | 50–85 |
| Maternity wards | 16 (14–18) | 70 (50–85) |
| Dispensaries | 18 (16–20) | 70 (50–80) |
| Stables for adult horses | 4–6 | Up to 80 |
| Stables for foals | 6–10 | Up to 80 |
| Pig pens for single and easily pregnant queens | 15 (14–16) | 75 (60–85) |
| Pig pens for deep-gestating and suckling pigs | 18 (16–20) | 70 (60–80) |
| Pig pens for boar producers | 15 (14–6) | 70 (60–85) |
| Pig pens for piglets | 22–0 | 70 (50-85) |
| Sheepfolds | 5 (3-6) | 75 (50-85) |
| Veal barns (maternity ward) | 15 (12-18) | 70 (50-85) |
| Poultry houses for adult birds with floor keeping | 12-16 | 60-70 |
| With cellular content | 16-20 | 60-70 |
| Chicks (in the 1st month) | 35-24 | 60-70 |
The microclimate for pets has a multifaceted hygienic significance, affecting their body directly and indirectly. Fever indoor air can lead to overheating of animals and a decrease in productivity. The basis of developing pathological processes is the tension of thermoregulation. When the temperature drops below the recommended norm for a given animal species, colds become more frequent, especially in young animals, and cases of frostbite are possible. At high humidity the risk of pulmonary diseases increases and heat transfer increases in the cold season and becomes more difficult in the hot season, and the animal spends the energy of feed not on production, but on cooling or warming the body. Various contaminants air also affects animals, and if with high dust levels bronchitis and other diseases of the respiratory tract become more frequent, then with an unfavorable gas composition (increased content of ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide) may cause poisoning of animals. In livestock farming, especially when working with reproductive herds, it is necessary to take into account seasonal changes weather and the influence of its factors on the body and indoor microclimate.
A change in a complex of stimuli of different strength and composition when the microclimate changes necessitates a change in the complex of responses of the body. Hence, with frequent and prolonged influence of these factors on the body, its organs and systems are trained and adapted to their effects. The animals themselves become more hardened and resilient. With constant exposure of animals to not very sharp changes in microclimate, their thermoregulatory mechanisms of the skin, blood vessels, neuroreceptor and humoral apparatus are improved, the tone of muscles and organs, as well as metabolism, changes. Hardening and training can prevent a number of diseases.
Ammonia– for animals 29 mg/m 3 ; for poultry - 5-10 mg/m3
Carbon monoxide– 20 – 30 mg/m 3
Carbon dioxide– over 1%
Hydrogen sulfide– 10 mg/m3
Dust pollution– the first symptoms appear already at 0.6 mg/m 3 not more than 6 mg/m 3 .
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The health of animals and their productivity largely depend on the microclimate of livestock buildings. If it does not meet the optimal zoohygienic parameters, milk yield is reduced by 10...20%, animal weight gain is reduced by 20...30%, and the loss of young animals reaches 30%.
The creation of a favorable microclimate in livestock buildings also affects the working conditions of service personnel, the service life of buildings, and the improvement of operating conditions for technological equipment.
The components of the microclimate are temperature, humidity, speed and air pollution, the presence of dust and harmful microorganisms, and room lighting.
Temperature and humidity. Of all the microclimate factors, air temperature has the greatest impact on animal productivity and how much feed they eat. When there are significant deviations of the internal air temperature from optimal limits, animals spend feed or body energy to maintain a constant temperature of their own body, which leads to a decrease in their productivity. It must be taken into account that the cost of feed consumed by animals to maintain their body temperature is approximately 3...4 times higher than the cost of thermal energy spent on heating livestock buildings.
An increase in air temperature above the upper optimal limit has a particularly negative effect on the body of cattle. Most sensitive to high temperature highly productive cows and animals in the last stage of pregnancy. It has been established that for dairy cows the lower limit of the optimal temperature is +5°C, and the upper limit is +25°C.
Animals of different ages require different stable temperatures. Keeping healthy, strong animals is permissible in colder rooms. Young animals, due to unsteady thermoregulation (especially in the first days after birth), as well as sick animals, are very sensitive to low temperature.
Standard values of temperature and relative humidity of indoor air in production premises for cattle are regulated by ONTP 1-77 (Table 9).
The humidity of the indoor air in livestock buildings depends on the humidity of the outdoor air, as well as on the amount of moisture emitted by animals, moisture introduced with feed, watering animals, and cleaning the premises with water.
If optimal temperatures are maintained in livestock buildings, then, as a rule, the relative humidity is in the range of 70 ... 85%. As the indoor temperature decreases, the relative humidity increases and condensation of water vapor may occur on walls, ceilings and floors. An increase in relative air humidity above the permissible level and especially the presence of condensation is undesirable for zoohygienic, thermophysical and technical reasons.
At low humidity, animals tolerate low temperatures better. Due to the high thermal conductivity of moist air at low temperatures, animals lose a lot of heat, become chilly and catch a cold. Has a particularly harmful effect high humidity when the air temperature rises. Moisture is also favorable environment for the development of pathogenic microbes, fungi and mold.
An increase in air humidity and moisture content in the materials of enclosing structures leads to a decrease in the heat-protective qualities of the latter, an increase in heat loss, and a decrease in the temperature of the internal air and on the inner surface of the fences.
High relative air humidity in stalls and condensed water cause great damage to the durability of buildings, machinery and equipment. The humidity regime determines such factors of the durability of structures as frost resistance, peeling of plaster and cladding, and preserves metal from corrosion and wood from rotting.
On the other hand, too low air humidity in stalls is also undesirable, as it contributes to respiratory diseases of animals, so the minimum permissible humidity is set at 50% for livestock buildings.
Necessary temperature regime in premises for adult livestock and young animals can be maintained due to the heat generated by the animals, and also largely depends on the thermal properties of the building envelope, air humidity, proper ventilation. When calculating the ventilation and heat balance of livestock premises, the amount of heat, carbon, and water vapor emitted by animals is taken according to the standards (ONTP 1-77).
Norms technological design They also establish permissible air speeds in premises for cattle. At lower temperatures, due to the cooling caused, the air speed must be lower than at higher temperatures. Since a certain minimum air exchange is always necessary to remove excess moisture and harmful gases from the premises, the air speed at the optimal temperature in livestock buildings should not be lower than 0.1 m/s. In barns, buildings for young animals and fattening cattle, the air speed is assumed to be: optimal 0.5 and maximum 1 m/s; in maternity wards, calf barns, milking rooms. departments and artificial insemination points - 0.3 and 0.5 m/s, respectively.
Gas composition of air. When animals are kept in closed, poorly ventilated buildings, a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released during respiration accumulates in the air of the stalls, and the oxygen content is reduced.
If the outdoor air contains 0.03...0.04% carbon dioxide, then in animal premises its content can reach 0.4...1%. This amount of carbon dioxide reduces the normal metabolism of animals, their productivity and resistance to diseases.
As a result of the decomposition of manure, urine and litter impregnated with them, the air in the stalls is also polluted with ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These gases have a harmful effect on the body of animals, weaken them and contribute to disease. In addition, ammonia irritates the mucous membrane of the eyes and respiratory tract. Hydrogen sulfide is a poison for the blood and nervous system, therefore, according to zoohygienic requirements, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air of stalls in buildings for cattle should not exceed 0.25... 0.3% by volume. The maximum permissible concentration of ammonia (NH3) in the air of premises for keeping animals is no more than 0.0025...0.0031% by volume, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is no more than 0.001% by volume.
Standards for dust and bacterial air pollution in livestock buildings have not yet been developed. However, it should be borne in mind that dust increases the cost of cleaning technological elements and windows. It can reduce the performance of heating and ventilation equipment and even disrupt its operation. Since dust in livestock buildings is mainly of organic origin, it is nutrient medium for airborne bacteria and fungi. The formation of dust noticeably decreases when switching to keeping animals without bedding.
Illumination. Light has a positive biological effect on the body of animals, especially on the development and growth of young animals. Under the influence of light, the physiological metabolism in the animal’s body and the absorption of feed are improved. Normal natural lighting helps to increase the productivity of lambing and the resistance of animals to diseases. According to average data, an increase in natural lighting in cattle housing helps to increase milk productivity by approximately 5%, and weight gain by 10%. The higher fat content in cow's milk of evening milk yield (compared to morning milk) is associated with the influence of light. Direct sunlight It also has disinfecting properties, killing or stopping the proliferation of pathogens. On the other hand, sufficient illumination helps to improve the health of workers and increase their productivity.
The illumination of livestock premises depends on a combination of many factors: the size and shape of the light openings, their location relative to the working surface, the area and type of glazing, the degree of contamination of the glass, the reflectivity of the internal surfaces of the premises, as well as the climatic conditions of the construction area, the orientation of the building, etc.
In the practice of constructing pavilion-type livestock buildings with a relatively small width (depth of premises), we apply a geometric method of regulating illumination, according to which the norms of natural lighting are determined by the ratio of the area of window openings to the floor area. For a more complete and accurate assessment of natural lighting conditions, a lighting method is used, which consists in determining the natural illumination coefficient (abbreviated as KEO). The natural illumination coefficient is the percentage of natural illumination created at a certain point on a given plane indoors by natural light (direct daylight or after reflection) to the simultaneous value of external horizontal illumination created by the light of a completely open sky.
KEO values are normalized for the least illuminated point of the technological zone of livestock buildings with side, top or combined (top and side) lighting. Standardized values of KEO in premises of buildings for cattle are established by the “Industry Standards for Lighting of Agricultural Enterprises, Buildings and Structures” (Table 10).
Of the number of known methods for calculating KEO, the most widespread In domestic practice, the graphic method of A. M. Danilyuk, adopted in SNiP for natural lighting, was received.
The illumination of livestock buildings is standardized not only on the basis of sanitary and zoohygienic requirements, but also taking into account economic, thermal, climatic and other factors.
An important factor influencing the productivity and health of animals is not only the illumination itself, but also the length of daylight hours. In some cases (in the autumn-winter season or for northern regions), it is impossible to create the duration of biologically necessary daylight hours only through the use of natural lighting. In such cases, the duration of daylight is ensured by turning on artificial lighting for a certain time.
Most cattle buildings use side lighting. The height from the floor to the bottom of windows in livestock buildings is 1.2 m; in justified cases, it is allowed to make windows at a higher height, taking into account the layer of litter accumulation. In buildings with free-stall livestock kept on deep bedding, windows from inside the premises are protected with lattice fencing to a height of at least 2.4 m from the finished floor. In areas where the calculated temperature differences between indoor and outdoor air during the cold season are more than 25°C, it is necessary to provide double glazing of windows with separate or paired sashes. Windows for livestock and poultry buildings are designed in accordance with GOST 12506--81 “Wooden windows for industrial buildings. Types, design and sizes."
MINISTRY OF RURAL farms
ALTAI STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY site
Department of Cattle and Horse Breeding
Coursework
Microclimate in livestock buildings
Completed by: Udartseva Yu.V.
Checked by: Goncharova L.N.
Barnaul 2010
Introduction
- Literature review
1.2 The influence of microclimate on the health of animals and birds
1.3 Protection measures environment
- Brief description of the farm and sanitary and hygienic farm valuation
4. Characteristics of a separate livestock farm, complex
5. Dimensions of buildings, sections, equipment
6. Technology of labor-intensive processes
7. Ventilation system
7.1 Natural
7.2 Artificial
8. Room heating systems
9. Room illumination
9.1 Natural light
9.2 Artificial lighting
10. Graphic part
11. Measures to improve the operation of premises and technological equipment
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Maintaining high productivity of animals and ensuring veterinary well-being on farms is impossible without observing the rules of hygiene in keeping, feeding, caring for, raising young animals and maintaining premises. Farm animal hygiene is a veterinary science about the prevention of stressful situations on the animal body, depending on climatic, meteorological, soil factors, feeding conditions, maintenance, and technological solutions for buildings included in the projects. Animal hygiene begins with the protection of livestock facilities from the introduction of infections and ends with the development of measures for the disposal of production waste; it prevents the aerogenic spread of microorganisms, develops veterinary gaps and sanitary protection zones; forms the principles of filling and emptying premises, preventive breaks in sections, determines the number of animals in sections and premises, as well as optimal conditions for keeping, feeding, watering and caring for animals to obtain from them environmentally friendly, safe for humans products that meet modern regulations and GOSTs .
Veterinary hygiene is based on disease prevention, taking into account the ecological chain “air - soil - water - feed - animals - products - environmental protection - people”. Breaking this chain leads to irreparable consequences for both animal and human health. Therefore, all zoohygienic standards are coordinated with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service. Animal hygiene cannot be separated from veterinary sanitation, which includes measures for disinfection, deratization, etc., thereby facilitating compliance with animal hygiene standards.
Animal hygiene standards are developed by a number of scientific institutions (Giproniselkhoz, VNKIVSGE, VIZH, VIGIS, MGUPB and others), approved by the bureau of the departments of veterinary medicine and zootechnics of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and then included in the “Departmental Standards of Technological Design” for animal species. Taking into account these VNTP, design institutes develop individual and standard projects for the construction, reconstruction and operation of farms.
To date, such standards have been developed for all types of farm animals, including those kept on farms. Animal health specialists participate in the development of design assignments and in the preparation of projects, in their examination, selection of areas for construction and acceptance of objects into operation; completing farms, quarantining, transporting animals.
In accordance with veterinary and sanitary rules and zoohygienic standards, any farm must operate on the “closed type” principle, be fenced, landscaped, divided into “black and white” zones, have a sanitary checkpoint, disinfection barriers and disinfection mats at the entrance to the territory and the entrance to the premises. All production processes on the farm must go “front-to-back”, without crossing paths when regrouping animals and operating transport. Most premises, especially for young animals, must be operated according to the principle “everything is free - everything is occupied”, preventive breaks must be observed to carry out a set of veterinary and sanitary measures (cleaning, repairs, washing, disinfection with the provision of “biological rest”).
The farm itself, depending on the number, type and age groups of animals, must be provided with veterinary facilities: veterinary center, isolation ward, quarantine, slaughter and sanitary station or slaughter area, and have containers for collecting corpses and confiscated goods. All corpses must be taken to veterinary and sanitary plants, and only in their absence is disposal in biothermal pits allowed.
The qualifications of workers play a huge role in maintaining animal health and obtaining quality products. Therefore, livestock specialists and veterinarians must constantly conduct veterinary education with their staff, using materials on this topic.
1. Literature review
1.1 The importance of microclimate and factors of its formation
The natural sequence of atmospheric phenomena created in a given area as a result of many years of exposure to solar radiation, soil, and the movement of air masses, which determine in this area a characteristic weather regime or a set of weather observed over a long period of time, is called climate.
The climate of a particular area, as opposed to the weather, is more stable. Each geographical territory is characterized by its own climatic features.
The climate of large geographical areas is called macroclimate. Conversely, the climate of a confined space includes the concept of microclimate.
In livestock farming, microclimate is understood, first of all, as the climate of premises for animals, which is defined as the totality of the physical state of the air environment, its gas, microbial and dust contamination, taking into account the condition of the building itself and technological equipment.
Microclimate - indoor climate. It is of great importance for the formation of the animal’s constitution, its productivity and resistance.
The microclimate is composed of several parameters, temperature, humidity, lighting, air speed, gas composition of the air. Failure to comply with these parameters, at least one of them, will lead to pathological changes in the body. However, the significance and quantitative value of each of them depends on the purpose of the agricultural building and the animals that will be located in them. For certain groups of animals, one or another microclimate parameter will be more significant or, conversely, almost neutral. A number of specialists are involved in creating an optimal microclimate: livestock specialist, veterinarian, builders, engineers, mechanics and, as the final link in this chain, technical personnel, but main role undoubtedly belongs to animal health specialists.
The formation of the microclimate in animal premises is significantly influenced by the local climate, the season of the year, the thermal and humid state of the surrounding building structures, the ventilation device and the level of air exchange, heating, sewerage, methods of cleaning and removing manure from the premises, lighting, as well as technology for keeping animals, density and placement, daily routine on the farm, type of feeding, methods of feed distribution, watering, etc. The construction, operational and design features of the building have a great influence. The terrain, as much as it can improve the microclimate, can worsen it by the same amount. The formation of the microclimate is also determined by the remoteness of livestock farms from industrial enterprises and settlements, protection from the prevailing cold winds. Of considerable importance is the depth of groundwater and the location of the building to the cardinal points. Of no small importance is the internal layout of buildings, area and cubic capacity per head, as well as the number of rows of stalls, pens, cages, sections, feed and manure passages, the presence of vestibules in the room and a thermal curtain in them, the use of infrared irradiators for young animals, insulation of doors , size and number of windows, and their glazing. The construction of floors is important, since heat loss from 20 to 40% of all heat loss occurs through the floor; the incidence of colds in animals depends on the quality of the floor.
1.2 The influence of microclimate on the health of animals and birds
1.3 Measures to protect the environment
The main environmental issues are the disposal and storage of manure. When choosing a place to store manure, first of all, you need to take into account the climatic conditions of the area. As a rule, a manure storage facility is located on the leeward side of the farm. However, the most well-known way to dispose of manure is to apply it to fields as fertilizer. Thanks to the application of manure, the physical and chemical composition of the soil improves and fertility increases. The manure storage facility must be built in such places that the access of animals is excluded and the access of people is limited, since various pathogens may be present in the manure. Manure from isolators and quarantines must be collected and stored for 30 days in separate manure storage facilities or on concrete sites located in the yard of the isolation facility or quarantine. Disinfection, disposal and transportation of such manure are carried out in accordance with veterinary legislation.
It is necessary to provide for agricultural fields and irrigation of agricultural crops. Usage waste water for irrigation is not allowed in areas with standing groundwater at a depth of less than 1.25 m.
Animal corpses are transported to a collection point for raw materials to be sent to a plant for the production of meat and bone meal. From the raw material collection points, the corpses are transported to the veterinary and sanitary plant for the production of meat and bone meal in special plant vehicles. If there are no such factories, then groups of animals, as directed by the veterinarian, are disposed of in special trays in the disposal department of the slaughterhouse, with subsequent feeding to animals of another species or obtaining technical products. The corpses of animals that died from particularly dangerous diseases are burned in special workshops.
In order to protect the air, measures are taken to plant green plants along the perimeter and between buildings, which helps reduce air pollution by 3-5 times; compliance with veterinary and sanitary gaps between buildings (20-25m), buildings are located parallel to the prevailing winds so that polluted air is blown out of the farm territory. The intake of clean air is carried out from below from the end of the building, the exhaust is carried out upward, it is also necessary to observe the veterinary and sanitary gap between the farm territory and the populated area, manure storage facility.
2. Brief description of the farm
LLC “Zapadnoye” was formed in 1957. The central estate of the state farm is located three kilometers from the regional center of Klyuchi. The distance to the regional center of Barnaul is 370 km.
According to the agroclimatic zoning of the Altai Territory, the farm is located in a warm, arid region. In general, climatic conditions are favorable for growing crops. The climate is characterized by hot but short summers, cold winters with strong winds and snowstorms. The average air temperature in summer is +20+25C, maximum temperature is +40+41C. The average air temperature in winter is -16-20C, the absolute minimum temperature is -40-41C.
Geomorphologically, the territory of the state farm is a flat, ridged plain with a small number of depressions occupied by lakes. The hydrographic network on the territory of the state farm is represented by lakes. The water of the lakes is suitable for watering livestock and for household needs.
The direction of production activity of the farm is cattle breeding with developed grain production.
The total land area of the farm is 21,342 hectares, of which arable land is 15,470 hectares, hayfields are 1,167 hectares, pastures are 2,756 hectares, and cattle are 800 heads.
The cattle farm is located 1500m from the road. Summer camps located at a distance of 300m from the complex, that is, 1800m to the village.
3. Zoo-hygienic requirements for choosing a site for the construction of livestock buildings
The land plot for the construction of livestock farms must meet zoohygienic requirements. The correct choice of site for their construction is of great importance for the production activities of farms and complexes. A well-chosen site allows for better use of forage lands and reserves, clearly organizing technological processes and the work of service personnel, rational transportation of feed, manure, animals, etc., correctly marking out the buildings and structures included in the farm, and, as necessary, expanding and developing the farm. .
When choosing sites for the construction of livestock farms and complexes, it is necessary to maintain the distance to roads. Here it is necessary to take into account both the necessary veterinary and sanitary gap, which ensures the possibility of localizing the work of the enterprise, and the convenience of transport connections with the main roads along which feed is imported and products are exported.
Veterinary gaps from complexes to highways of national, republican and regional significance of categories I and II must be at least 300 m, to highways of republican and regional significance of category III to cattle drives - at least 150m, to other highways of local significance - not less than 50m, with the exception of access roads to the enterprise.
You cannot build on a site with close groundwater.
The land plot must be: dry, not chipped
etc.............
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..2
MICROCLIMATE OF LIVESTOCK PREMISES………………..3
INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AIR ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FARM ANIMALS………..6
INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR ON THE BODY
ANIMAL………………………………………………………………………………..8
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….10
LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………...11
INTRODUCTION
Keeping farm animals in closed
premises of livestock farms industrial type associated with significant deviations of the parameters and gas composition of the air from normal conditions. Therefore, when designing livestock complexes, along with theoretical dependencies, experimental data obtained from experimental studies are usually used. Experiments to determine the influence of environmental parameters on the condition of animals and the biological changes occurring in their bodies under the influence of these parameters are carried out by scientists from domestic and foreign research centers. Under natural conditions, frequent and unexpected weather changes significantly complicate experimental work, resulting in an increase in the duration of research. The time required for conducting experimental research can be reduced by creating an artificial climate that simulates the conditions of a particular season. Such conditions can be created in a special installation consisting of a climate chamber, animal life support systems and control of machines and devices. She serves physical model livestock premises and allows for research of farm animals in laboratory conditions.
Microclimate of livestock premises.
The microclimate of livestock premises is the combination of physical and chemical factors of the air environment formed inside these premises. The most important microclimate factors include: temperature and relative humidity of the air, the speed of its movement, the speed of its movement, the chemical composition, as well as the presence of suspended dust particles and microorganisms. When assessing chemical composition air is determined primarily by the content of harmful gases: carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, the presence of which reduces the body's resistance to disease.
Factors influencing the formation of the microclimate are also: illumination, the temperature of the internal surfaces of enclosing structures, which determines the dew point, the amount of radiant heat exchange between these structures and animals, air ionization, etc.
Zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements for keeping animals and poultry boil down to ensuring that all indicators of the microclimate in the premises are strictly maintained within the established standards.
Table 1. Zootechnical and zoohygienic standards for the microclimate of livestock premises(winter period).
Premises | Optimal air temperature, °C. | Relative air humidity,%. | Optimal speed of air movement, m/s. | Maximum permissible carbon dioxide content (by volume), % | Illumination, lux. |
| Cowsheds and buildings for young animals | 3 | 85 | 0,5 | 0,25 | 10-20 |
| Veal breeders | 5 | 75 | 0,5 | 0,25 | 10-20 |
| Maternity ward | 10 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,25 | 25-30 |
| Milking parlors | 15 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,25 | 15-25 |
| Pig pens: | |||||
| for single queens | 16 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,25 | 5-7 |
| fatteners | 14 | 75 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 2-3 |
| Sheepfolds for adult sheep | 4 | 80 | 0,5 | 0,3 | 5 |
| Poultry houses for laying hens: | |||||
| floor content | 12 | 65 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 15 |
| cellular content | 16 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 20-25 |
These standards are established taking into account technological conditions and determine permissible fluctuations in temperature, relative air humidity, air flow speed, and also indicate the maximum permissible content of harmful gases in the air.
With proper maintenance of animals and optimal air temperature, the concentration of cloacal gases and the amount of moisture in the air in the room does not exceed permissible values.
In general, supply air treatment includes: dust removal, odor removal (deodorization), neutralization (disinfection), heating, humidification, dehumidification, cooling. When developing a technological scheme for processing supply air, they strive to make this process the most economical and automatic control the simplest.
In addition, the premises must be dry, warm, well lit and insulated from external noise.
In maintaining microclimate parameters at a level at the level of zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements, an important role is played by the design of doors, gates, and the presence of vestibules, which winter time open when distributing feed with mobile feed dispensers and when removing manure with bulldozers. The premises are often overcooled, and animals suffer from colds.
Of all the microclimate factors, the most important role is played by the air temperature in the room, as well as the temperature of floors and other surfaces, since it directly affects thermoregulation, heat exchange, metabolism in the body and other vital processes.
In practice, indoor microclimate refers to controlled air exchange, i.e., the organized removal of polluted air from premises and the supply of clean air through a ventilation system. With the help of a ventilation system, optimal temperature and humidity conditions and the chemical composition of the air are maintained; create the necessary air exchange at different times of the year; ensure uniform distribution and circulation of air indoors to prevent the formation of “stagnant zones”; prevent condensation of vapors on the internal surfaces of fences (walls, ceilings, etc.); create normal conditions for the work of service personnel in livestock and poultry premises.
The air exchange of livestock premises as a calculated characteristic is the specific hourly flow rate, i.e. the supply of supply air, expressed in cubic meters per hour and referred to 100 kg of live weight of animals. Practice has established the minimum acceptable air exchange rates for barns - 17 m 3 / h, calf barns - 20 m 3 / h, pigsties - 15-20 m 3 / h per 100 kg of live weight of the animal located in the room in question.
Illumination is also an important microclimate factor. Natural light It is most valuable for livestock buildings, but in winter and late autumn it is not enough. Normal lighting of livestock buildings is ensured subject to the standards of natural and artificial illumination.
Natural lighting is assessed by the luminous coefficient, which expresses the ratio of area window openings to the floor area of the room. Artificial illumination standards are determined by the specific power of lamps per 1 m 2 of floor.
The optimally required parameters of heat, moisture, light, air are not constant and vary within limits that are not always compatible not only with the high productivity of animals and poultry, but sometimes with their health and life. To ensure that the microclimate parameters correspond a certain type, age, productivity and physiological state of animals and poultry at different conditions feeding, maintenance and breeding, it must be regulated with technical means.
Optimal and controlled microclimate are two different concepts, which at the same time are interrelated. An optimal microclimate is a regulated goal and a means to achieve it. The microclimate can be regulated using a set of equipment.
The influence of the chemical composition of air on the productivity of farm animals.
The concentration of vapors from animal excretions in indoor air above the permissible norm has a negative impact on health and productivity. It is measured by gas analyzers.
Animals absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and water vapor. 100 volume parts of air (without water vapor) contain: nitrogen 78.13 parts, oxygen 20.06 parts, helium, argon, krypton, neon and other inert (inactive) gases 0.88 parts, carbon dioxide 0.03 parts. At optimal air temperature, a 500-kilogram cow emits 10-15 kg of water vapor per day.
Nitrogen in the air in a gaseous state is not used by animals: the amount of nitrogen they inhale is the same amount they exhale. Of all the gases, animals absorb only oxygen (O2).
Atmospheric air is also relatively constant in terms of its carbon dioxide (CO 2) content (fluctuations within 0.025-0.05%). But the air exhaled by animals contains much more of it than the atmosphere. The maximum permissible concentration of CO 2 in livestock yards is 0.25%. Over the course of an hour, a cow emits on average 101-115 liters of carbon dioxide. As the permissible rate increases, the animal’s breathing and pulse become much faster, and this, in turn, negatively affects its health and productivity. Therefore, regular ventilation of premises is an important condition for normal life.
In the air of poorly ventilated livestock buildings, you can find a fairly significant admixture of ammonia (NH 3) - a gas with a pungent odor. This poisonous gas is formed during the decomposition of urine, feces, and dirty litter. Ammonia has a cauterizing effect during breathing; it easily dissolves in water, is absorbed by the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, and conjunctiva of the eye, causing severe irritation. In such cases, animals develop coughing, sneezing, lacrimation and other painful phenomena. The permissible level of ammonia in the air of barnyards is 0.026%.
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..2
MICROCLIMATE OF LIVESTOCK PREMISES………………..3
INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AIR ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FARM ANIMALS………..6
INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR ON THE BODY
ANIMAL………………………………………………………………………………..8
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………….10
LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………...11
INTRODUCTION
Keeping farm animals in closed
in the premises of industrial livestock farms is associated with significant deviations of the parameters and gas composition of the air from normal conditions. Therefore, when designing livestock complexes, along with theoretical dependencies, experimental data obtained from experimental studies are usually used. Experiments to determine the influence of environmental parameters on the condition of animals and the biological changes occurring in their bodies under the influence of these parameters are carried out by scientists from domestic and foreign research centers. Under natural conditions, frequent and unexpected weather changes significantly complicate experimental work, resulting in an increase in the duration of research. The time required for conducting experimental research can be reduced by creating an artificial climate that simulates the conditions of a particular season. Such conditions can be created in a special installation consisting of a climate chamber, animal life support systems and control of machines and devices. It serves as a physical model of a livestock building and allows for research on farm animals in laboratory conditions.
Microclimate of livestock premises.
The microclimate of livestock premises is the combination of physical and chemical factors of the air environment formed inside these premises. The most important microclimate factors include: temperature and relative humidity of the air, the speed of its movement, the speed of its movement, the chemical composition, as well as the presence of suspended dust particles and microorganisms. When assessing the chemical composition of air, the content of harmful gases is determined first of all: carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, the presence of which reduces the body's resistance to disease.
Factors influencing the formation of the microclimate are also: illumination, the temperature of the internal surfaces of enclosing structures, which determines the dew point, the amount of radiant heat exchange between these structures and animals, air ionization, etc.
Zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements for keeping animals and poultry boil down to ensuring that all indicators of the microclimate in the premises are strictly maintained within the established standards.
Table 1. Zootechnical and zoohygienic standards for the microclimate of livestock premises(winter period).
Premises |
speed |
carbon dioxide gas (by volume), % |
Illumination, lux. | ||
| Cowsheds and buildings for young animals | 3 | 85 | 0,5 | 0,25 | 10-20 |
| Veal breeders | 5 | 75 | 0,5 | 0,25 | 10-20 |
| Maternity ward | 10 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,25 | 25-30 |
| Milking parlors | 15 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,25 | 15-25 |
| Pig pens: | |||||
| for single queens | 16 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,25 | 5-7 |
| fatteners | 14 | 75 | 0,3 | 0,3 | 2-3 |
| Sheepfolds for adult sheep | 4 | 80 | 0,5 | 0,3 | 5 |
| Poultry houses for laying hens: | |||||
| floor content | 12 | 65 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 15 |
| cellular content | 16 | 70 | 0,3 | 0,2 | 20-25 |
These standards are established taking into account technological conditions and determine permissible fluctuations in temperature, relative air humidity, air flow speed, and also indicate the maximum permissible content of harmful gases in the air.
With proper maintenance of animals and optimal air temperature, the concentration of cloacal gases and the amount of moisture in the air in the room does not exceed permissible values.
In general, supply air treatment includes: dust removal, odor removal (deodorization), neutralization (disinfection), heating, humidification, dehumidification, cooling. When developing a technological scheme for processing supply air, they strive to make this process the most economical and automatic control the simplest.
In addition, the premises must be dry, warm, well lit and insulated from external noise.
In maintaining microclimate parameters at the level of zootechnical and sanitary-hygienic requirements, a large role is played by the design of doors, gates, and the presence of vestibules, which open in winter when distributing feed by mobile feed dispensers and when removing manure with bulldozers. The premises are often overcooled, and animals suffer from colds.
Of all the microclimate factors, the most important role is played by the air temperature in the room, as well as the temperature of floors and other surfaces, since it directly affects thermoregulation, heat exchange, metabolism in the body and other vital processes.
In practice, indoor microclimate refers to controlled air exchange, i.e., the organized removal of polluted air from premises and the supply of clean air through a ventilation system. With the help of a ventilation system, optimal temperature and humidity conditions and the chemical composition of the air are maintained; create the necessary air exchange at different times of the year; ensure uniform distribution and circulation of air indoors to prevent the formation of “stagnant zones”; prevent condensation of vapors on the internal surfaces of fences (walls, ceilings, etc.); create normal conditions for the work of service personnel in livestock and poultry premises.
The air exchange of livestock premises as a calculated characteristic is a specific hourly flow rate, i.e., the supply of supply air, expressed in cubic meters per hour and related to 100 kg of live weight of animals. Practice has established the minimum acceptable air exchange rates for barns - 17 m 3 / h, calf barns - 20 m 3 / h, pigsties - 15-20 m 3 / h per 100 kg of live weight of the animal located in the room in question.
Illumination is also an important microclimate factor. Natural lighting is most valuable for livestock buildings, but in winter and late autumn it is not enough. Normal lighting of livestock buildings is ensured subject to the standards of natural and artificial illumination.
Natural lighting is assessed by the light coefficient, which expresses the ratio of the area of window openings to the floor area of the room. Artificial illumination standards are determined by the specific power of lamps per 1 m 2 of floor.
The optimally required parameters of heat, moisture, light, air are not constant and vary within limits that are not always compatible not only with the high productivity of animals and poultry, but sometimes with their health and life. In order for microclimate parameters to correspond to a certain type, age, productivity and physiological state of animals and poultry under various conditions of feeding, keeping and breeding, it must be regulated using technical means.
Optimal and controlled microclimate are two different concepts, which at the same time are interrelated. An optimal microclimate is a regulated goal and a means to achieve it. The microclimate can be regulated using a set of equipment.
The influence of the chemical composition of air on the productivity of farm animals.
The concentration of vapors from animal excretions in indoor air above the permissible norm has a negative impact on health and productivity. It is measured by gas analyzers.
Animals absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and water vapor. 100 volume parts of air (without water vapor) contain: nitrogen 78.13 parts, oxygen 20.06 parts, helium, argon, krypton, neon and other inert (inactive) gases 0.88 parts, carbon dioxide 0.03 parts. At optimal air temperature, a 500-kilogram cow emits 10-15 kg of water vapor per day.
Nitrogen in the air in a gaseous state is not used by animals: the amount of nitrogen they inhale is the same amount they exhale. Of all the gases, animals absorb only oxygen (O2).
Atmospheric air is also relatively constant in terms of its carbon dioxide (CO 2) content (fluctuations within 0.025-0.05%). But the air exhaled by animals contains much more of it than the atmosphere. The maximum permissible concentration of CO 2 in livestock yards is 0.25%. Over the course of an hour, a cow emits on average 101-115 liters of carbon dioxide. As the permissible rate increases, the animal’s breathing and pulse become much faster, and this, in turn, negatively affects its health and productivity. Therefore, regular ventilation of premises is an important condition for normal life.
In the air of poorly ventilated livestock buildings, you can find a fairly significant admixture of ammonia (NH 3) - a gas with a pungent odor. This poisonous gas is formed during the decomposition of urine, feces, and dirty litter. Ammonia has a cauterizing effect during breathing; it easily dissolves in water, is absorbed by the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, and conjunctiva of the eye, causing severe irritation. In such cases, animals develop coughing, sneezing, lacrimation and other painful phenomena. The permissible level of ammonia in the air of barnyards is 0.026%.
When feces rot as a result of decomposition in liquid receivers and other places, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) accumulates in the air of rooms with poor ventilation, which is a highly poisonous gas with the smell of rotten eggs. The appearance of hydrogen sulfide in a room is a signal of bad things. sanitary condition livestock premises. As a result, a number of disorders occur in the body: inflammation of the mucous membranes, oxygen starvation, dysfunction of the nervous system (paralysis of the respiratory center and control center of blood vessels), etc.
The influence of the physical properties of air on the animal’s body.
Ambient temperature has a huge impact on the body, in particular on the heat generation processes that constantly occur in all cells of the body. Low temperature external environment enhances metabolism in the body, delays the return internal heat; high - on the contrary. At high air temperatures, the body transfers internal heat to the external environment through the process of breathing through the lungs, as well as through heat radiation through the skin. In the second case, heat is emitted in the form of infrared rays. When the air temperature rises to the animal's body temperature, radiation from the surface of the skin stops. Therefore, it is important to maintain a normal microclimate in the barnyard (Table 1), and temperature fluctuations should not exceed 3°. The maximum room temperature for most types of farm animals should not exceed 20 °C.
Air humidity is determined by hygrometers. Absolute humidity is characterized by the amount of water vapor (g) in 1 m 3 of air, maximum humidity is the maximum amount of water vapor that can be contained in 1 m 3 of air at a given temperature. Humidity can be expressed as a percentage - as the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum. This is relative humidity and is determined using psychrometers.
Indoor air humidity is important. With high humidity and temperature and weak air movement in the room, heat transfer is greatly reduced, resulting in overheating of the body, and this can lead to heat stroke. Under such conditions, the animals’ appetite, productivity, resistance to diseases decrease, and lethargy and weakness appear. High air humidity at low temperatures has a negative effect: it causes the body to lose large quantity heat. To make up for these losses, the animal requires additional food.
At any temperature, animals feel better and produce better in dry air conditions. Heat transfer in dry air and high temperatures is carried out by the body through sweating and evaporation of moisture through the lungs during breathing. At low temperatures, dry air helps reduce heat transfer. Solar insolation plays an important role in the life of the body. Under the influence of sunlight, the body’s metabolism increases, in particular, the supply of oxygen to organs and tissues is better, and the deposition in them increases. nutrients– proteins, calcium, phosphorus. Under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is formed in the skin. Sunlight, neutralizing pathogenic microorganisms, creates for animals favorable conditions, increases the resistance of their body against infectious diseases. When there is insufficient sunlight, the animal experiences light starvation, as a result of which a number of disorders occur in the body. Too much solar insolation also has a negative effect on the body, causing burns and, often, sunstroke.
The sun's rays intensify hair growth, enhance the function of the skin glands (sweat and sebaceous), while the stratum corneum thickens and the epidermis thickens, which is very important for strengthening the body's resistance.
During the winter stable period, regular walks for animals should be organized and their artificial ultraviolet irradiation should be practiced (with the necessary precautions taken).
Conclusion.
Failure to comply with indoor microclimate requirements leads to a decrease in milk yield by 10-20%, a decrease in weight gain by 20-30%, an increase in the waste of young animals to 5-40%, a decrease in egg production of chickens by 30-35%, the consumption of additional amounts of feed, and a reduction in service life equipment, machines and buildings themselves, reducing the resistance of animals to various diseases.
List of used literature.
1. Melnikov S.V. Mechanization and automation of livestock farms and complexes. - L.; Ear. Leningr. department, 1978.
2. V.G. Koba, N.V. Braginets, D.N. Musuridze, V.F. Nekrashevich. Mechanization and technology of livestock production; Tutorial for agricultural universities- M.; Kolos, 1999.
3. N.N. Belyanchikov, A.I. Smirnov. Mechanization of livestock farming. - M.: Kolos, 1983. - 360 p.
4. E.A Arzumanyan, A.P. Beguchev, V.I Georgevsky, V.K. Dyman, etc. Animal husbandry. - M., Kolos, 1976.-464p.
5. N.M. Altukhov, V.I. Afanasyev, B.A. Bashkirov et al. A short reference book for a veterinarian. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 574 p.
6. S. Kadik. Ventilation and ventilation are different. /Livestock production in Russia/ March 2004