Downhole centrifugal pumps are multistage machines. This is primarily due to the low pressure values created by one stage (impeller and guide vane). In turn, small pressure values of one stage (from 3 to 6-7 m of water column) are determined by the small values of the outer diameter of the impeller, limited by the inner diameter of the casing and the dimensions of the downhole equipment used - cable, submersible motor, etc.
The design of a borehole centrifugal pump can be conventional and wear-resistant, as well as with increased corrosion resistance. The diameters and composition of the pump components are basically the same for all pump versions.
A conventional downhole centrifugal pump is designed to extract liquid from a well with a water content of up to 99%. Mechanical impurities in the pumped liquid should not exceed 0.01 mass% (or 0.1 g/l), while the hardness of mechanical impurities should not exceed 5 Mohs points; hydrogen sulfide - no more than 0.001%. According to the manufacturer's technical specifications, the free gas content at the pump intake should not exceed 25%.
The corrosion-resistant centrifugal pump is designed to operate when the pumped formation fluid contains hydrogen sulfide up to 0.125% (up to 1.25 g/l). The wear-resistant design allows you to pump out liquids containing mechanical impurities up to 0.5 g/l.
The steps are placed in the bore of the cylindrical body of each section. One pump section can accommodate from 39 to 200 stages, depending on their mounting height. Maximum amount The number of stages in the pumps reaches 550 pieces.
Rice. 6.2. Downhole centrifugal pump diagram:
1 - ring with segments; 2,3 - smooth washers; 4,5 - shock absorber washers; 6 - top support; 7 - lower support; 8 - shaft support spring ring; 9 - spacer sleeve; 10 -base; 11 - splined coupling.
Modular ESPs
To create high-pressure wells centrifugal pumps the pump has to install many stages (up to 550). However, they cannot be placed in one housing, since the length of such a pump (15-20 m) complicates transportation, installation at the well and manufacturing of the housing.
High-pressure pumps are made up of several sections. The length of the body in each section is no more than 6 m. The body parts of individual sections are connected by flanges with bolts or studs, and the shafts by splined couplings. Each pump section has an upper axial shaft support, a shaft, radial shaft supports, and steps. Only the lower section has a receiving net. Fishing head - only the upper section of the pump. High-pressure pump sections can be shorter than 6 m in length (usually pump body lengths are 3.4 and 5 m), depending on the number of stages that need to be placed in them.
The pump consists of an inlet module (Fig. 6.4), a section module (section modules) (Fig. 6.3), a head module (Fig. 6.3), check valves and drain valves. 
It is possible to reduce the number of module sections in the pump, respectively, equipping the submersible unit with an engine of the required power.
The connections between the modules and the input module to the motor are flanged. Connections (except for the connection of the input module to the engine and the input module to the gas separator) are sealed with rubber rings. The connection of the shafts of the module sections with each other, the module section with the shaft of the input module, the shaft of the input module with the engine hydraulic protection shaft is carried out using splined couplings.
The shafts of the module sections of all groups of pumps, which have the same casing lengths of 3.4 and 5 m, are unified. To protect the cable from damage during hoisting operations, removable steel ribs are located on the bases of the section module and head module. The design of the pump allows, without additional disassembly, the use of a pump gas separator module, which is installed between the input module and the section module.
Specifications some standard sizes of ESPs for oil production, manufactured by Russian companies according to technical specifications are presented in table 6.1 and fig. 6.6.
The pressure characteristic of an ESP, as can be seen in the figures above, can be either with a falling left branch of the characteristic (low-flow pumps), monotonically falling (mainly for medium-flow installations), or with a variable sign of the derivative. High-flow pumps generally have this characteristic.
The power characteristics of almost all ESPs have a minimum at zero flow (the so-called “closed valve mode”), which necessitates the use of a check valve in the tubing string above the pump.
The working part of the ESP characteristics recommended by manufacturers very often does not coincide with the working part of the characteristics determined by general pump construction methods. In the latter case, the boundaries of the working part of the characteristic are the feed values in (0.7-0.75) Qo and (1.25-1.3Q 0, where Q 0 is the pump flow into optimal mode work, i.e. at maximum efficiency.
Submersible motors
A submersible electric motor (SEM) is a specially designed motor and is an asynchronous two-pole AC motor with a squirrel-cage rotor. The engine is filled with low-viscosity oil, which performs the function of lubricating the rotor bearings and removing heat to the walls of the engine housing, washed by the flow of well products.
The upper end of the electric motor shaft is suspended on the sliding heel. The motor rotor is sectional; the sections are assembled on the motor shaft, made of transformer iron plates and have grooves into which aluminum rods are inserted, short-circuited on both sides of the section with conductive rings. Between the sections the shaft rests on bearings. Along its entire length, the electric motor shaft has a hole for oil circulation inside the engine, which is also carried out through the stator groove. There is an oil filter at the bottom of the engine.
The length and diameter of the engine determine its power. The rotation speed of the motor shaft depends on the frequency of the current; at an AC frequency of 50 Hz, the synchronous speed is 3000 rpm. Submersible electric motors are marked with an indication of power (in kW) and the outer diameter of the housing (mm), for example, PED 65-117 is a submersible electric motor with a power of 65 kW and an outer diameter of 117 mm. The required electric motor power depends on the flow and pressure of the submersible centrifugal pump and can reach hundreds of kW.
Modern submersible electric motors are equipped with sensor systems for pressure, temperature and other parameters, recorded at the depth of descent of the unit, with signals transmitted via an electric cable to the surface (control station).
Motors with a power of more than 180 kW with a diameter of 123 mm, more than 90 kW with a diameter of 117 mm, 63 kW with a diameter of 103 mm and a power of 45 kW with a diameter of 96 mm are sectional.
Sectional motors consist of upper and lower sections, which are connected when the motor is installed in the well. Each section consists of a stator and a rotor, the structure of which is similar to a single-section electric motor. The electrical connection of the sections to each other is serial, internal and is carried out using 3 tips. Sealing of the connection is ensured by a seal when joining the sections.
To increase the flow and pressure of the working stage of a centrifugal pump, speed controllers are used. Speed controllers make it possible to pump the medium over a wider range of volumes than is possible at a constant speed, as well as to carry out a smooth, controlled start-up of the submersible asynchronous motor with limitation of starting currents at a given level. This increases the reliability of the ESP by reducing the electrical loads on the cable and motor winding when starting up the units, and also improves the operating conditions of the formation when starting up the well. The equipment also allows, in combination with the telemetry system installed in the ESP, to maintain a given dynamic level in the well.
One of the methods for regulating the rotor speed of an ESP is to regulate the frequency of the electric current supplying the submersible motor.
Russian-made control stations SURS-1 and IRBI 840 are equipped with equipment to support this control method.
Water protection
To increase the performance of a submersible electric motor great importance has reliable operation of its hydraulic protection, which protects the electric motor from formation fluid entering its internal cavity and compensates for changes in the volume of oil in the engine during heating and cooling, as well as in case of oil leakage through leaky structural elements. Reservoir fluid entering the electric motor reduces the insulating properties of the oil, penetrates the insulation of the winding wires and leads to a short circuit in the winding. In addition, the lubrication of the engine shaft bearings deteriorates.
Currently, type G hydraulic protection is widely used in the fields of the Russian Federation.
Type G hydraulic protection consists of two main assembly units: a protector and a compensator.
The main volume of the hydraulic protection unit, formed by an elastic bag, is filled with liquid oil. Through check valve the outer surface of the bag absorbs the pressure of the well production at the depth of descent of the submersible unit. Thus, inside the elastic bag filled with liquid oil, the pressure is equal to the immersion pressure. To create excess pressure inside this bag, there is a turbine on the tread shaft. Liquid oil through a system of channels under excess pressure enters the internal cavity of the electric motor, which prevents well products from entering the electric motor.
The compensator is designed to compensate for the volume of oil inside the engine when changing temperature regime electric motor (heating and cooling) and is an elastic bag filled with liquid oil and located in the housing. The compensator body has holes connecting the outer surface of the bag with the well. The internal cavity of the bag is connected to the electric motor, and the external cavity is connected to the well.
As the oil cools, its volume decreases, and the well fluid, through holes in the compensator housing, enters the gap between the outer surface of the bag and the inner wall of the compensator housing, thereby creating conditions for complete filling of the internal cavity of the submersible electric motor with oil. When the oil in the electric motor heats up, its volume increases and the oil flows into the internal cavity of the compensator bag; in this case, the well fluid from the gap between the outer surface of the bag and the inner surface of the housing is squeezed out through the holes into the well.
All housings of the elements of the submersible unit are connected to each other by flanges with studs. The shafts of the submersible pump, hydraulic protection unit and submersible electric motor are connected to each other by splined couplings. Thus, the ESP submersible unit is a complex of complex electrical, mechanical and hydraulic devices of high reliability, which requires highly qualified personnel.
Check and bleed valves
The check valve serves to prevent reverse rotation (turbine mode) of the pump rotor under the influence of the liquid column in the tubing string during stops and to facilitate restarting the pump unit. Stoppages of the submersible unit occur for many reasons: power outage due to an accident on the power line; shutdown due to activation of motor protection; shutdown during periodic operation, etc. When the submersible unit is stopped (de-energized), a column of liquid from the tubing begins to flow through the pump into the well, spinning the pump shaft (and therefore the submersible motor shaft) in the opposite direction.
If the power supply is restored during this period, the motor begins to rotate in the forward direction, overcoming enormous force. The starting current of the motor at this moment may exceed the permissible limits, and if the protection does not work, the electric motor fails. The drain valve is designed to drain liquid from the tubing string when lifting the pumping unit from the well. The check valve is screwed into the pump head module, and the drain valve is screwed into the check valve body. It is allowed to install valves above the pump depending on the gas content at the grid of the pump inlet module.
In this case, the valves must be located below the splice of the main cable with the extension cord, since otherwise the transverse dimension of the pump unit will exceed the permissible one.
Check valves of pumps 5 and 5A are designed for any flow, group 6 - for flow up to 800 m 3 /day inclusive. Structurally, they are identical and have a threaded coupling and a pump-compressor smooth pipe with a diameter of 73 mm. The check valve for group 6 pumps, designed for a flow rate of over 800 m 3 /day, has a coupling thread and a smooth pipe tubing with a diameter of 89 mm.
Bleed valves have the same thread designs as check valves. In principle, the bleed valve is a coupling, in side wall into which a short bronze tube (fitting), sealed at the inner end, is inserted horizontally. The hole in this valve is opened using a metal rod with a diameter of 35 mm and a length of 650 mm, dropped into the pipe from the surface. The rod, hitting the fitting, breaks it off at the point of the cut and opens a hole in the valve.
As a result, the liquid flows into the production string. The use of such a drain valve is not recommended if the installation uses a pig to clean paraffin from pipes. If the wire on which the scraper is lowered breaks, it falls and breaks the fitting, spontaneous bypass of liquid into the well occurs, which leads to the need to lift the unit. Therefore, other types of drain valves are used, actuated by increasing pressure in the pipes, without releasing a metal rod.
Transformers
Transformers are designed to power submersible centrifugal pump installations from an alternating current network with a voltage of 380 or 6000 V with a frequency of 50 Hz. The transformer increases the voltage so that the motor at the input to the winding has a specified rated voltage. The operating voltage of the motors is 470-2300 V. In addition, the voltage reduction in a long cable is taken into account (from 25 to 125 V/km).
The transformer consists of a magnetic core, high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) windings, a tank, a cover with inputs and an expander with an air dryer, and a switch. Transformers are made with natural oil cooling. They are intended for installation outdoors. On the high side of the transformer windings there are 5-10 taps that provide optimal voltage to the electric motor. The oil filling the transformer has a breakdown voltage of 40 kV.
Control station
The control station is designed to control the operation and protect the ESP and can operate in manual and automatic modes. The station is equipped with the necessary control and measuring systems, automatic machines, all kinds of relays (maximum, minimum, intermediate time relays, etc.). If emergency situations occur, the appropriate protection systems are activated and the installation is switched off.
The control station is made in a metal box and can be installed outdoors, but is often located in a special booth.
Cable lines
Cable lines are designed to supply electricity from the surface of the earth (from complete devices and control stations) to a submersible electric motor.
They are subject to fairly stringent requirements - low electrical losses, small diametrical dimensions, good dielectric properties of insulation, temperature resistance to low and high temperatures, good resistance to formation fluid and gas, etc.
The cable line consists of a main power cable (round or flat) and a flat extension cable connected to it with a cable entry sleeve.
The connection of the main cable with the extension cable is ensured by a one-piece coupling (splice). Splices can also be used to connect sections of the main cable to obtain the required length.
The main length of the cable line most often has a round or close to triangular cross-section.
To reduce the diameter of the submersible unit (cable + centrifugal pump) Bottom part The cable has a flat cross-section.
The cable is produced with polymer insulation, which is applied to the cable cores in two layers. Three insulated cable cores are connected together and covered with a protective armor substrate and metal armor. The metal armor tape protects the core insulation from mechanical damage during storage and operation, primarily when lowering and lifting equipment.
In the past, armored cable was produced with rubber insulation and a protective rubber hose. However, in the well, the rubber became saturated with gas, and when the cable rose to the surface, the gas tore the rubber and the armor of the cable. The use of plastic cable insulation has significantly reduced this disadvantage.
For a submersible motor, the cable line ends with a plug-in coupling, which provides a tight connection to the motor stator winding.
The upper end of the cable line passes through a special device in the wellhead equipment, which ensures the tightness of the annulus, and is connected through a terminal box to the electrical line of the control station or complete device. The terminal box is designed to prevent oil gas from entering the cable line cavity into transformer substations, complete devices and control station cabinets.
The cable line in the state of transportation and storage is located on a special drum, which is also used for lowering and lifting installations in wells, preventive and repair work ah with the cable line.
Selection of designs cable lines depends on the operating conditions of ESP installations, primarily on the temperature of the well product. Often, in addition to the reservoir temperature, the calculated value of the decrease in this temperature due to the temperature gradient, as well as the increase in temperature, is used environment and the downhole unit itself due to heating of the submersible electric motor and centrifugal pump. The temperature increase can be quite significant and amount to 20-30 °C. Another criterion for choosing a cable design is the ambient temperature, which affects the performance and durability of the insulating materials of cable lines.
Important factors influencing the choice of cable design are the properties of the formation fluid - corrosion activity, water cut, gas factor.
To maintain the integrity of the cable and its insulation during hoisting operations, it is necessary to fix the cable on the column. NKT. In this case, it is necessary to use fixing devices near the area where the diameter of the column changes, i.e. near the coupling or thread landing. When fixing the cable, you must ensure that the cable fits tightly to the pipes, and in the case of using a flat cable, you must ensure that the cable is not twisted.
The simplest devices for attaching cables to tubing and submersible pumping units of an ESP are metal belts with buckles or clamps.
The extension cable is attached to the submersible unit components (submersible pump, protector and motor) in the places specified in the operating manuals for this type of equipment; The extension cable and the main cable are fastened to the tubing on both sides of each tubing coupling at a distance of 200-250 mm from the upper and lower ends of the coupling
The operation of ESP installations in inclined and curved wells required the creation of devices for fastening cables and protecting them from mechanical damage.
The Russian enterprise ZAO Izhspetstekhnologiya (Izhevsk) has developed and produced protective devices (SD), consisting of a housing and mechanical locks (Fig. 6.9).
This device is installed on the tubing coupling and has the following technical features:
Provides simple and reliable fixation (axial and radial) on tubing;
Reliably holds and protects the cable, including in emergency situations;
It does not have prefabricated elements (screws, nuts, cotter pins, etc.), which prevents them from getting into the well during installation and tripping operations;
Assumes repeated use;
Installation of the device does not require any assembly tools.
Among the world's leading companies, the company Lasalle (Scotland) has the greatest experience in the development, production and operation of cable protective devices (Fig. 6.10).
Lasalle all-metal die-cast protectors feature the following characteristics:
Speed and ease of installation;
Suitable for use in high sulfur downhole environments;
The absence of loose elements that could fall into the well;
Reusable.
Lasalle offers protectors to protect the main cable (flat and round) and extension cable in areas of the tubing string, submersible unit, check valves and drain valves.
Application area ESP- these are high-yield, water-flooded, deep and inclined wells with a flow rate of 10 ¸ 1300 m 3 / day and a lift height of 500 ¸ 2000 m. Overhaul period ESP up to 320 days or more.
Installations of submersible centrifugal pumps in modular design types UECNM and UETsNMK are intended for pumping out products oil wells containing oil, water, gas and mechanical impurities. Installation type UECNM have a standard design, but type UETsNMK- corrosion-resistant.
The installation (Fig. 24) consists of a submersible pumping unit, a cable line lowered into the well on pump and compressor pipes, and surface electrical equipment (transformer substation).
Submersible pump unit includes a motor (electric motor with hydraulic protection) and a pump, above which check and drain valves are installed.
Depending on the maximum transverse dimensions of the submersible unit, the installations are divided into three conditional groups - 5; 5A and 6:
— units of group 5 with a transverse dimension of 112 mm are used in wells with a casing casing pipes internal diameter of at least 121.7 mm;
— installations of group 5A with a transverse dimension of 124 mm — in wells with an internal diameter of at least 130 mm;
- installations of group 6 with a transverse dimension of 140.5 mm - in wells with an internal diameter of at least 148.3 mm.
Conditions of applicability ESP for pumped media: liquid containing mechanical impurities no more than 0.5 g/l, free gas at the pump intake no more than 25%; hydrogen sulfide no more than 1.25 g/l; water no more than 99%; pH value of formation water is within 6¸8.5. The temperature in the area where the electric motor is located is no more than +90°C (special heat-resistant version up to +140°C).
An example of a settings code - UETsNMK 5-125-1300 means: UETsNMK— installation of an electric centrifugal pump of modular and corrosion-resistant design; 5 - pump group; 125 — supply, m 3 / day; 1300 — developed pressure, m of water. Art.
In Fig. Figure 24 shows a diagram of the installation of submersible centrifugal pumps in a modular design, representing a new generation of equipment of this type, which allows you to individually select the optimal installation layout for wells in accordance with their parameters from a small number of interchangeable modules.
The installations (in Fig. 24 there is a diagram of NPO “Borets”, Moscow) provide optimal selection pump to the well, which is achieved by having for each supply large quantity pressure The pressure pitch of the installations ranges from 50¸100 to 200¸250 m, depending on the supply in the intervals indicated in the table. 7 basic settings data.
Table 7
|
Name of installations |
Minimum (internal) diameter of the exploitation column, mm |
Transverse installation dimensions, mm |
Supply m3/day |
Engine power, kW |
Gas separator type |
|
|
UETsNMK5-80 |
||||||
|
UETsNMK5-125 |
||||||
|
UETsNM5A-160 |
||||||
|
UETsNM5A-250 |
||||||
|
UETsNMK5-250 |
||||||
|
UETsNM5A-400 |
||||||
|
UETsNMK5A-400 |
||||||
|
144.3 or 148.3 |
137 or 140.5 |
|||||
|
UETsNM6-1000 |
Mass-produced ESP have a length from 15.5 to 39.2 m and a weight from 626 to 2541 kg, depending on the number of modules (sections) and their parameters.
In modern installations, from 2 to 4 module sections can be included. A package of steps is inserted into the section body, which consists of impellers and guide vanes assembled on a shaft. The number of steps ranges from 152¸393. The inlet module represents the base of the pump with inlet holes and a mesh filter through which liquid from the well enters the pump. At the top of the pump there is a fishing head with a check valve to which the tubing is attached.
Pump ( ECNM)— submersible centrifugal modular multistage vertical design.
Pumps are also divided into three conditional groups - 5; 5A and 6. The diameters of the housings of group 5¸92 mm, group 5A - 103 mm, group 6 - 114 mm.
The pump module section (Fig. 25) consists of a housing 1 , shaft 2 , stage packages (impellers - 3 and guide vanes - 4 ), upper bearing 5 , lower bearing 6 , upper axial support 7 , heads 8 , grounds 9 , two ribs 10 (serve to protect the cable from mechanical damage) and rubber rings 11 , 12 , 13 .
The impellers move freely along the shaft in the axial direction and are limited in movement by the lower and upper guide vanes. The axial force from the impeller is transmitted to the lower textolite ring and then to the guide vane shoulder. Partial axial force is transferred to the shaft due to friction of the wheel on the shaft or sticking of the wheel to the shaft due to the deposition of salts in the gap or corrosion of metals. Torque is transmitted from the shaft to the wheels by a brass (L62) key that fits into the groove of the impeller. The key is located along the entire length of the wheel assembly and consists of segments 400-1000 mm long.
The guide vanes are articulated with each other along peripheral parts; in the lower part of the housing they all rest on the lower bearing 6 (Fig. 25) and base 9 , and from above through the upper bearing housing are clamped in the housing.
The impellers and guide vanes of standard pumps are made of modified gray cast iron and radiation-modified polyamide; corrosion-resistant pumps are made of modified cast iron TsN16D71KhSh of the “niresist” type.
The shafts of section modules and input modules for pumps of standard design are made of combined corrosion-resistant high-strength steel OZH14N7V and are marked “NZh” at the end; for pumps with increased corrosion resistance - from calibrated rods made of N65D29YUT-ISH-K-Monel alloy and are marked at the ends "M".
The shafts of the module sections of all groups of pumps, which have the same casing lengths of 3, 4 and 5 m, are unified.
The connection of the shafts of the section modules with each other, the section module with the input module shaft (or gas separator shaft), and the input module shaft with the engine hydraulic protection shaft is carried out using splined couplings.
The connection between the modules and the input module to the motor is flanged. The connections (except for the connection of the input module to the engine and the input module to the gas separator) are sealed with rubber rings.
To pump out formation fluid containing more than 25% (up to 55%) by volume of free gas at the pump inlet module grid, a pumping-gas separator module is connected to the pump (Fig. 26).
Rice. 26. Gas separator:
1 – head; 2 – adapter; 3 – separator; 4 - frame; 5 – shaft; 6 – grate; 7 - guide vane; 8 – Working wheel; 9 – auger; 10 – bearing; 11 ‑ base
The gas separator is installed between the input module and the section module. The most effective gas separators are of the centrifugal type, in which the phases are separated in a field of centrifugal forces. In this case, the liquid is concentrated in the peripheral part, and the gas is concentrated in the central part of the gas separator and is released into the annulus. Gas separators of the MNG series have a maximum flow rate of 250¸500 m 3 /day, a separation coefficient of 90%, and a weight of 26 to 42 kg.
The engine of a submersible pumping unit consists of an electric motor and hydraulic protection. Electric motors (Fig. 27) are submersible three-phase, short-circuited, two-pole, oil-filled, conventional and corrosion-resistant designs of the unified PEDU series and in the conventional design of the PED modernization series L. Hydrostatic pressure in the operating area is no more than 20 MPa. Rated power from 16 to 360 kW, rated voltage 530¸2300 V, rated current 26¸122.5 A.
Rice. 27. Electric motor of the PEDU series:
1 - coupling; 2 - lid; 3 – head; 4 – heel; 5 – thrust bearing; 6 - cable entry cover; 7 - cork; 8 – cable entry block; 9 – rotor; 10 – stator; 11 – filter; 12 – base
Hydraulic protection (Fig. 28) of motors is designed to prevent formation fluid from penetrating into the internal cavity of the electric motor, compensating for changes in the volume of oil in the internal cavity from the temperature of the electric motor and transmitting torque from the electric motor shaft to the pump shaft.
Rice. 28. Water protection:
A– open type; b– closed type
A– upper chamber; B- down Cam;
1 – head; 2 – mechanical seal; 3 – upper nipple; 4 - frame; 5 – middle nipple; 6 – shaft; 7 – lower nipple; 8 – base; 9 - connecting tube; 10 – aperture
The hydraulic protection consists of either one protector or a protector and a compensator. There may be three options for hydraulic protection.
The first consists of protectors P92, PK92 and P114 (open type) from two chambers. The upper chamber is filled with a heavy barrier liquid (density up to 2 g/cm 3 , immiscible with formation fluid and oil), the lower chamber is filled with MA-PED oil, the same as the cavity of the electric motor. The cameras are connected by a tube. Changes in the volume of liquid dielectric in the engine are compensated by transferring the barrier liquid in the hydraulic protection from one chamber to another.
The second consists of protectors P92D, PK92D and P114D (closed type), which use rubber diaphragms; their elasticity compensates for changes in the volume of liquid dielectric in the engine.
The third - hydraulic protection 1G51M and 1G62 consists of a protector located above the electric motor and a compensator attached to the lower part of the electric motor. The mechanical seal system provides protection against formation fluid ingress along the shaft into the electric motor. The transmitted power of the hydraulic protection is 125¸250 kW, weight is 53¸59 kg.
The thermomanometric system TMS - 3 is intended for automatic control over the operation of a submersible centrifugal pump and its protection from abnormal operating conditions (at low pressure at the pump intake and elevated temperature submersible electric motor) during well operation. There are underground and above ground parts. Controlled pressure range from 0 to 20 MPa. Operating temperature range from 25 to 105 o C.
Total weight 10.2 kg (see Fig. 24).
The cable line is a cable assembly wound on a cable drum.
The cable assembly consists of a main cable - a round PKBK (cable, polyethylene insulation, armored, round) or a flat cable - KPBP (Fig. 29), connected to it by a flat cable with a cable entry coupling (extension cord with a coupling).
Rice. 29. Cables:
A– round; b– flat; 1 - lived; 2 – insulation; 3 – shell; 4 - pillow; 5 - armor
The cable consists of three cores, each of which has an insulation layer and a sheath; cushions made of rubberized fabric and armor. Three insulated cores of a round cable are twisted along a helix, and the cores of a flat cable are laid parallel in one row.
The KFSB cable with fluoroplastic insulation is designed for operation at ambient temperatures up to +160 o C.
The cable assembly has a unified cable entry coupling K38 (K46) of the round type. The insulated conductors of the flat cable are hermetically sealed in the metal housing of the coupling using a rubber seal.
Plug lugs are attached to the conductive conductors.
The round cable has a diameter from 25 to 44 mm. Flat cable sizes from 10.1x25.7 to 19.7x52.3 mm. Nominal construction length 850, 1000¸1800m.
Complete devices type ShGS5805 provide switching on and off of submersible motors, remote control from the control center and program control, operation in manual and automatic modes, shutdown in case of overload and deviation of the mains voltage above 10% or below 15% of the nominal, current and voltage control, as well as external light signaling of emergency shutdown (including built-in thermometric system).
The integrated transformer substation for submersible pumps - KTPPN is designed to supply electricity and protect electric motors of submersible pumps from single wells with a power of 16-125 kW inclusive. Rated high voltage 6 or 10 kV, medium voltage regulation limits from 1208 to 444 V (transformer TMPN100) and from 2406 to 1652 V (TMPN160). Weight with transformer 2705 kg.
The complete transformer substation KTPPNKS is designed for power supply, control and protection of four centrifugal electric pumps with 16¸125 kW electric motors for oil production in well pads, powering up to four electric motors of pumping machines and mobile pantographs when performing repair work. KTPPNKS is designed for use in the conditions of the Far North and Western Siberia.
The installation package includes: pump, cable assembly, motor, transformer, complete transformer substation, complete device, gas separator and tool kit.
Purpose and technical data of ESP.
Submersible centrifugal pump installations are designed for pumping formation fluid containing oil, water and gas, and mechanical impurities from oil wells, including inclined ones. Depending on the number of different components contained in the pumped-out liquid, the pumps of the installations have a standard design and a version with increased corrosion and wear resistance. When operating an ESP, where the concentration of solids in the pumped-out liquid exceeds the permissible 0.1 gram/liter, the pumps become clogged and the working units wear out intensively. As a result, vibration increases, water enters the motor through the mechanical seals, and the engine overheats, which leads to failure of the ESP.
Symbol settings:
ESP K 5-180-1200, U 2 ESP I 6-350-1100,
Where U - installation, 2 - second modification, E - driven by a submersible electric motor, C - centrifugal, N - pump, K - increased corrosion resistance, I - increased wear resistance, M - modular design, 6 - groups of pumps, 180, 350 - supply m/day, 1200, 1100 – pressure, m.w.st.
Depending on the diameter of the production string and the maximum transverse dimension of the submersible unit, ESPs of various groups are used - 5.5, and 6. Installation of group 5 with a transverse diameter of at least 121.7 mm. Group 5a installations with a transverse dimension of 124 mm - in wells with an internal diameter of at least 148.3 mm. Pumps are also divided into three conditional groups - 5.5 a, 6. The diameters of the housings of group 5 are 92 mm, group 5 a - 103 mm, group 6 - 114 mm. Technical characteristics of pumps of the ETsNM and ETsNMK types are given in Appendix 1.
Composition and completeness of the ESP
The ESP installation consists of a submersible pumping unit (an electric motor with hydraulic protection and a pump), a cable line (a round flat cable with a cable entry coupling), a tubing string, wellhead equipment and surface electrical equipment: a transformer and a control station (complete device) (see Figure 1.1 .). The transformer substation converts the field network voltage to a sub-optimal value at the electric motor terminals, taking into account voltage losses in the cable. The control station provides control of the operation of pumping units and its protection under optimal conditions.
A submersible pumping unit, consisting of a pump and an electric motor with hydraulic protection and a compensator, is lowered into the well along the tubing. The cable line provides power supply to the electric motor. The cable is attached to the tubing with metal wheels. Along the length of the pump and protector, the cable is flat, attached to them with metal wheels and protected from damage by casings and clamps. Check and drain valves are installed above the pump sections. The pump pumps out fluid from the well and delivers it to the surface through the tubing string (see Figure 1.2.)
The wellhead equipment provides suspension of the tubing string with an electric pump and cable on the casing flange, sealing of pipes and cables, as well as drainage of the produced fluid into the outlet pipeline.
A submersible, centrifugal, sectional, multistage pump does not differ in operating principle from conventional centrifugal pumps.
Its difference is that it is sectional, multi-stage, with a small diameter of working stages - impellers and guide vanes. Submersible pumps produced for the oil industry contain from 1300 to 415 stages.
The pump sections, connected by flange connections, are made of a metal casing. Made from steel pipe length 5500 mm. The length of the pump is determined by the number of operating stages, the number of which, in turn, is determined by the main parameters of the pump. - feed and pressure. The flow and pressure of the stages depend on cross section and the design of the flow part (blades), as well as on the rotation speed. A package of stages is inserted into the body of the pump sections, which is an assembly of impellers and guide vanes on a shaft.
The impellers are mounted on the shaft on a feather key along a running fit and can move in the axial direction. The guide vanes are secured against rotation in the nipple body, located in the upper part of the pump. From below, a pump base with receiving holes and a filter is screwed into the housing, through which liquid from the well flows to the first stage of the pump.
The upper end of the pump shaft rotates in the oil seal bearings and ends with a special heel that takes the load on the shaft and its weight through a spring ring. Radial forces in the pump are absorbed by plain bearings installed at the base of the nipple and on the pump shaft.
At the top of the pump there is a fishing head in which a check valve is installed and to which the tubing is attached.
Submersible electric motor, three-phase, asynchronous, oil-filled with a squirrel-cage rotor in a conventional version and a corrosion-resistant version PEDU (TU 16-652-029-86). Climatic modification - B, placement category - 5 according to GOST 15150 - 69. At the base of the electric motor there is a valve for pumping oil and draining it, as well as a filter for cleaning the oil from mechanical impurities.
The hydraulic protection of the motor motor consists of a protector and a compensator. It is designed to protect the internal cavity of the electric motor from formation fluid, as well as to compensate for temperature changes in oil volumes and its consumption. (See Figure 1.3.)
The protector is two-chamber, with a rubber diaphragm and mechanical shaft seals, and a compensator with a rubber diaphragm.
Three-core cable with polyethylene insulation, armored. Cable line, i.e. a cable wound on a drum, to the base of which an extension is attached - a flat cable with a cable entry coupling. Each cable core has an insulation layer and a sheath, cushions made of rubberized fabric and armor. Three insulated cores of a flat cable are laid parallel in a row, and a round cable is twisted along a helical line. The cable assembly has a unified cable entry coupling K 38, K 46 of the round type. In a metal casing, the couplings are hermetically sealed using a rubber seal, and tips are attached to the conductive conductors.
The design of ESP installations, ESPNM with a pump having a shaft and stages made of corrosion-resistant materials, and ESP with a pump having plastic impellers and rubber-metal bearings is similar to the design of ESP installations.
When the gas factor is high, pump modules are used - gas separators, designed to reduce the volumetric content of free gas at the pump intake. Gas separators correspond to product group 5, type 1 (repairable) according to RD 50-650-87, climatic version - B, placement category - 5 according to GOST 15150-69.
Modules can be supplied in two versions:
Gas separators: 1 MNG 5, 1 MNG5a, 1 MNG6 – standard design;
Gas separators 1 MNGK5, MNG5a - increased corrosion resistance.
Pumping modules are installed between the input module and the submersible pump section module.
The submersible pump, electric motor, and hydraulic protection are connected to each other by flanges and studs. The pump, motor and protector shafts have splines at the ends and are connected by splined couplings.
Accessories for lifts and equipment for ESP installations are given in Appendix 2.
Technical characteristics of the motor
The drive of submersible centrifugal pumps is a special oil-filled submersible asynchronous three-phase alternating current electric motor with a vertical squirrel-cage rotor of the PED type. Electric motors have housing diameters of 103, 117, 123, 130, 138 mm. Since the diameter of the electric motor is limited, at high powers the motor is longer and, in some cases, sectional. Since the electric motor operates immersed in liquid and often under high hydrostatic pressure, the main condition reliable operation– its tightness (see Figure 1.3).
The PED is filled with a special low-viscosity, high dielectric strength oil, which serves both for cooling and lubrication of parts.
A submersible electric motor consists of a stator, rotor, head, and base. The stator housing is made of steel pipe, the ends of which are threaded for connecting the head and base of the motor. The stator magnetic circuit is assembled from active and non-magnetic laminated sheets having grooves in which the windings are located. The stator winding can be single-layer, continuous, coil or double-layer, rod, loop. The winding phases are connected.
The active part of the magnetic circuit, together with the winding, creates a rotating magnetic field in electric motors, and the non-magnetic part serves as supports for the intermediate rotor bearings. Lead ends made of stranded wire are soldered to the ends of the stator winding. copper wire with insulation, having high electrical and mechanical strength. Plug sleeves are soldered to the ends, into which the cable lugs fit. The output ends of the winding are connected to the cable through a special plug block (coupler) of the cable entry. The motor current lead can also be a knife type. The motor rotor is squirrel-cage, multi-section. It consists of a shaft, cores (rotor packages), radial supports (sliding bearings). The rotor shaft is made of hollow calibrated steel, the cores are made of sheet electrical steel. The cores are assembled onto the shaft, alternating with radial bearings, and are connected to the shaft with keys. Tighten the set of cores on the shaft axially with nuts or a turbine. The turbine serves for forced circulation of oil to equalize the engine temperature along the length of the stator. To ensure oil circulation, there are longitudinal grooves on the immersed surface of the magnetic circuit. The oil circulates through these grooves, a filter at the bottom of the engine where it is cleaned, and through a hole in the shaft. The engine head contains a heel and a bearing. The adapter at the bottom of the engine is used to accommodate the filter, bypass valve and valve for pumping oil into the engine. The sectional electric motor consists of upper and lower sections. Each section has the same main components. Technical characteristics of the SEM are given in Appendix 3.
Basic technical data of the cable
The supply of electricity to the electric motor of the submersible pump installation is carried out through a cable line consisting of a power cable and a cable entry coupling for coupling with the electric motor.
Depending on the purpose, the cable line may include:
Cable brands KPBK or KPPBPS - as the main cable.
Cable brand KPBP (flat)
The cable entry sleeve is round or flat.
The KPBK cable consists of single-wire or multi-wire copper cores, insulated in two layers of high-strength polyethylene and twisted together, as well as a cushion and armor.
Cables of the KPBP and KPPBPS brands in a common hose sheath consist of copper single-wire and multi-wire conductors, insulated with high-density polyethylene and laid in the same plane, as well as a common hose sheath, cushion and armor.
Cables of the KPPBPS brand with separately hosed conductors consist of single- and multi-wire copper conductors, insulated in two layers of polyethylene high pressure and laid in the same plane.
The KPBK brand cable has:
Operating voltage V – 3300
The KPBP brand cable has:
Operating voltage, V - 2500
Allowable formation fluid pressure, MPa – 19.6
Permissible gas factor, m/t – 180
KPBK and KBPP brand cables have permissible ambient temperatures from 60 to 45 C for air, 90 C for formation fluid.
Cable line temperatures are given in Appendix 4.
1.2. Brief overview of domestic schemes and installations.
Submersible centrifugal pump installations are designed for pumping oil wells, including inclined ones, formation fluid containing oil and gas, and mechanical impurities.
The units are available in two types - modular and non-modular; three versions: normal, corrosion-resistant and increased wear resistance. The pumped medium of domestic pumps must have the following indicators:
· reservoir wildness – a mixture of oil, associated water and oil gas;
· maximum kinematic viscosity of formation fluid 1 mm/s;
· pH value of produced water pH 6.0-8.3;
· maximum content of obtained water 99%;
· free gas at intake up to 25%, for installations with modules - separators up to 55%;
· maximum temperature of extracted products up to 90C.
Depending on the transverse dimensions submersible centrifugal electric pumps, electric motors and cable lines used in the set of installations, the installations are conventionally divided into 2 groups 5 and 5 a. With casing diameters of 121.7 mm; 130 mm; 144.3 mm respectively.
The UEC installation consists of a submersible pumping unit, a cable assembly, ground electrical equipment - a transformer commutation substation. The pumping unit consists of a submersible centrifugal pump and a motor with hydraulic protection, and is lowered into the well on a tubing string. Submersible pump, three-phase, asynchronous, oil-filled with a rotor.
The hydraulic protection consists of a protector and a compensator. Three-core cable with polyethylene insulation, armored.
The submersible pump, electric motor and hydraulic protection are connected to each other by flanges and studs. The pump, motor and protector shafts have splines at the ends and are connected by splined couplings.
1.2.2. Submersible centrifugal pump.
The operating principle of a submersible centrifugal pump is no different from conventional centrifugal pumps used for pumping liquids. The difference is that it is multi-sectional with a small diameter of working stages - impellers and guide vanes. The impellers and guide vanes of conventional pumps are made of modified gray cast iron, corrosion-resistant pumps are made of niresist cast iron, and wear-resistant wheels are made of polyamide resins.
The pump consists of sections, the number of which depends on the main parameters of the pump - pressure, but not more than four. Section length up to 5500 meters. For modular pumps it consists of an input module, a module - section. Module - heads, check valves and drain valves. The connection of the modules to each other and the input module to the motor - flange connection (except for the input module, motor or separator) is sealed with rubber cuffs. The connection of the shafts of the module sections with each other, the module section with the input module shaft, and the input module shaft with the engine hydraulic protection shaft is carried out using splined couplings. The shafts of module sections of all groups of pumps with the same body lengths are unified in length.
The module section consists of a housing, a shaft, a package of stages (impellers and guide vanes), upper and lower bearings, an upper axial support, a head, a base, two ribs and rubber rings. The ribs are designed to protect the flat cable with coupling from mechanical damage.
The inlet module consists of a base with holes for the passage of formation fluid, bearing bushings and a grid, a shaft with protective bushings and a splined coupling designed to connect the module shaft with the hydraulic protection shaft.
The head module consists of a body, on one side of which there is an internal conical thread for connecting a check valve, on the other side there is a flange for connection to the section module, two ribs and a rubber ring.
There is a fishing head at the top of the pump.
The domestic industry produces pumps with a flow rate (m/day):
Modular – 50,80,125,200.160,250,400,500,320,800,1000.1250.
Non-modular – 40.80,130.160,100,200,250,360,350,500,700,1000.
The following pressures (m) - 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1400, 1700, 1800, 950, 1250, 1050, 1600, 1100, 750, 1150, 1450, 1750, 1800, 1700, 1550, 00.
1.2.3. Submersible motors
Submersible electric motors consist of an electric motor and hydraulic protection.
Motors are three-phase, asynchronous, squirrel-cage, two-pole, submersible, unified series. SEMs in normal and corrosive versions, climatic version B, location category 5, operate from an alternating current network with a frequency of 50 Hz and are used as a drive for submersible centrifugal pumps.
The engines are designed to operate in formation fluid (a mixture of oil and produced water in any proportions) with a temperature of up to 110 C containing:
· mechanical impurities no more than 0.5 g/l;
· free gas no more than 50%;
· hydrogen sulfide for normal, no more than 0.01 g/l, corrosion-resistant up to 1.25 g/l;
The hydraulic pressure in the engine operating area is no more than 20 MPa. Electric motors are filled with oil with a breakdown voltage of at least 30 kV. The maximum long-term permissible temperature of the stator winding of an electric motor (for a motor with a housing diameter of 103 mm) is 170 C, for other electric motors it is 160 C.
The engine consists of one or more electric motors (upper, middle and lower, power from 63 to 630 kW) and a protector. An electric motor consists of a stator, a rotor, a head with a current input, and a housing.
1.2.4. Hydraulic protection of the electric motor.
The hydraulic protection is designed to prevent formation fluid from penetrating into the internal cavity of the electric motor, compensating the volume of oil in the internal cavity from the temperature of the electric motor and transmitting torque from the electric motor shaft to the pump shaft. There are several options for water protection: P, PD, G.
Hydroprotection is available in regular and corrosion-resistant versions. The main type of hydraulic protection for the SED configuration is an open type hydraulic protection. Open type hydroprotection requires the use of a special barrier liquid with a density of up to 21 g/cm, which has physical and chemical properties with formation fluid and oil.
The hydraulic protection consists of two chambers connected by a tube. Changes in the volume of liquid dielectric in the engine are compensated by the flow of barrier liquid from one chamber to another. In closed-type hydraulic protection, rubber diaphragms are used. Their elasticity compensates for changes in oil volume.
24. Conditions for well flow, determination of energy and specific gas consumption during operation of a gas-liquid lift.
Well flow conditions.
Well flowing occurs if the pressure difference between the formation and the bottom hole is sufficient to overcome the back pressure of the liquid column and pressure loss due to friction, that is, flowing occurs under the influence of hydrostatic pressure of the liquid or the energy of the expanding gas. Most wells flow due to gas energy and hydrostatic pressure simultaneously.
Gas contained in oil has a lifting force, which manifests itself in the form of pressure on the oil. The more gas is dissolved in oil, the lower the density of the mixture and the higher the liquid level rises. Having reached the mouth, the liquid overflows and the well begins to gush. The general mandatory condition for the operation of any flowing well will be the following basic equality:
Рс = Рг+Рtr+ Ру; Where
Рс - bottomhole pressure, RG, Рtr, Ру - hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column in the well, calculated vertically, pressure loss due to friction in the tubing and back pressure at the wellhead, respectively.
There are two types of well flowing:
· Gouting of a liquid that does not contain gas bubbles - artesian gushing.
· Gouting of a liquid containing gas bubbles that facilitate gushing is the most common method of gushing.
The most widely used installation practice is electric centrifugal pumps.
Submersible centrifugal pump installations are designed for pumping out
The ESP includes: surface and underground equipment.
The underground equipment includes: - assembly of an electric centrifugal unit; - pumping pipe column and cable.
The surface equipment consists of wellhead equipment, control station and transformer.
Rice. 1. 1 – engine; 2 – cable; 3 – water protection; 4 – ESP pump 5.6 – check and drain valves; 7 – wellhead equipment; 8 – autotransformer; 9 – control station; 10 – tubing; 11 – suction module.
Principle of operation: The electric centrifugal unit is lowered into the well on the tubing. It consists of three main parts located on one vertical shaft: a multistage centrifugal pump, an electric motor (SEM) and a protector that protects the electric motor from liquid penetration and provides long-term lubrication of the pump and motor. The current to power the electric motor is supplied through a three-core flat cable, which is lowered along with the tubing string and attached to them with thin iron clamps (belts).
The transformer is designed to compensate for the voltage drop in the cable supplying current to the motor. Using the control station, manual control of the engine, automatic shutdown of the unit when the liquid supply is stopped, zero protection, protection against overload and shutdown of the unit in the event of short circuits are carried out. During operation of the unit, the centrifugal current pump sucks liquid through a filter installed at the pump inlet and forces it through pump pipes to the surface. Depending on the pressure, i.e. liquid lifting heights, pumps with different numbers of stages are used.
28. Other types of rodless pumps
Screw pump – submersible pump driven by an electric motor; The liquid in the pump moves due to the rotation of the rotor-screw. Pumps of this type are especially effective when extracting high-viscosity oils from wells.
Hydropiston pump is a submersible pump driven by a flow of liquid supplied to the well from the surface by a pumping unit. In this case, two rows of concentric pipes with a diameter of 63 and 102 mm are lowered into the well. The pump is lowered into the well inside a pipe with a diameter of 63 mm and pressed by liquid pressure against the seat located at the end of this pipe. The liquid coming from the surface moves the engine piston, and with it the pump piston. The pump piston pumps out fluid from the well and, together with the working fluid, delivers it through the intertubular space to the surface.
Diaphragm pump - a volumetric type pump, in which the change in the volume of the pump chamber occurs due to the deformation of one of its walls, made in the form of an elastic plate - a diaphragm. Due to the fact that the moving parts of the drive mechanism D. n. do not have contact with the pumped medium, D. no. also used for pumping out liquids contaminated with abrasive mechanical substances. impurities. Diaphragms are made of rubber (including reinforced rubber) and other elastic materials, as well as stainless alloys. They take the form of (mostly) a corrugated plate or bellows.
Submersible centrifugal pump installations designed for pumping out
oil wells, including inclined formation fluid containing
oil, water and gas, and mechanical impurities. Depending on quantity
various components contained in the pumped liquid, pumps
The installations have a standard design and increased corrosion and wear resistance.
I have long dreamed of writing on paper (printing on a computer) everything I know about ESPs.
I will try to tell you in simple and understandable language about the Electric Centrifugal Pump Installation - the main tool that produces 80% of all oil in Russia.
Somehow it turned out that I have been connected with them all my adult life. At the age of five he began traveling with his father to the wells. At ten he could repair any station himself, at twenty-four he became an engineer at the enterprise where they were repaired, at thirty he became deputy general director at the place where they are made. There is a ton of knowledge on the subject - I don’t mind sharing, especially since many, many people constantly ask me about this or that relating to my pumps. In general, in order not to repeat the same thing many times in different words, I will write it once, and then I will take exams;). Yes! There will be slides... without slides there will be no way.
What it is.
ESP is an installation of an electric centrifugal pump, aka a rodless pump, aka ESP, aka those sticks and drums. ESP is exactly it ( feminine)! Although it consists of them (masculine). This is a special thing with the help of which valiant oil workers (or rather service workers for oil workers) extract formation fluid from underground - this is what we call the mulyaka, which is then (after undergoing special processing) called with all sorts of interesting words like URALS or BRENT. This is a whole complex of equipment, to make which you need the knowledge of a metallurgist, metalworker, mechanic, electrician, electronics engineer, hydraulics, cable engineer, oil worker, and even a little gynecologist and proctologist. The thing is quite interesting and unusual, although it was invented many years ago and has not changed much since then. By and large, this is a regular pumping unit. What is unusual about it is that it is thin (the most common one is placed in a well with an internal diameter of 123 mm), long (there are installations 70 meters long) and works in such filthy conditions in which a more or less complex mechanism should not exist at all.
So, each ESP contains the following components:
ESP (electric centrifugal pump) is the main unit - all the others protect and provide it. The pump gets the most - but it does the main job - lifting liquid - that's how its life is. The pump consists of sections, and the sections consist of stages. The more stages, the greater the pressure that the pump develops. The larger the stage itself, the greater the flow rate (the amount of liquid pumped per unit of time). The greater the flow rate and pressure, the more energy it consumes. Everything is interconnected. In addition to flow rate and pressure, pumps also differ in size and design - standard, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, wear-corrosion-resistant, very, very wear-corrosion-resistant.
SEM (submersible electric motor) The electric motor is the second main unit - it turns the pump - it consumes energy. This is an ordinary (electrically) asynchronous electric motor - only it is thin and long. The engine has two main parameters - power and size. And again there is different versions standard, heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant, especially heat-resistant, and generally indestructible (as if). The engine is filled with special oil, which, in addition to lubricating, also cools the engine and greatly compensates for the pressure exerted on the engine from the outside.
The protector (also called hydraulic protection) is a thing that stands between the pump and the engine - it, firstly, divides the engine cavity filled with oil from the pump cavity filled with formation fluid, while transmitting rotation, and secondly, it solves the problem of equalizing the pressure inside the engine and outside ( In general, there are up to 400 atm, which is about a third of the depth of the Mariana Trench). They come in different sizes and, again, all sorts of designs blah blah blah.
A cable is actually a cable. Copper, three-wire... It's also armored. Can you imagine? Armored cable! Of course, it will not withstand a shot even from a Makarov, but it will withstand five or six descents into the well and will work there - for quite a long time.
Its armor is somewhat different, designed more for friction than for a sharp blow - but still. The cable comes in different sections (core diameters), differs in armor (regular galvanized or stainless steel), and it is also temperature resistant. There is a cable for 90, 120, 150, 200 and even 230 degrees. That is, it can operate indefinitely at a temperature twice as high as the boiling point of water (note - we are extracting something like oil, and it doesn’t burn very well - but you need a cable with a heat resistance of over 200 degrees - and almost everywhere).
Gas separator (or gas separator-dispersant, or just a dispersant, or a dual gas separator, or even a dual gas separator-dispersant). A thing that separates free gas from liquid... or rather liquid from free gas... in short, it reduces the amount of free gas at the inlet to the pump. Often, very often, the amount of free gas at the pump inlet is quite enough for the pump not to work - then they install some kind of gas-stabilizing device (I listed the names at the beginning of the paragraph). If there is no need to install a gas separator, they install an input module, but how should the liquid get into the pump? Here. They install something in any case.. Either a module or a gas engine.
TMS is a kind of tuning. Who deciphers it - thermomanometric system, telemetry... who knows how. That's right (this is an old name - from the shaggy 80s) - a thermomanometric system, we'll call it that - it almost completely explains the function of the device - it measures temperature and pressure - there - right below - practically in the underworld.
There are also protective devices. This is a check valve (the most common is KOSH - a ball check valve) - so that liquid does not drain from the pipes when the pump is stopped (raising a column of liquid through a standard pipe can take several hours - it’s a pity for this time). And when you need to raise the pump, this valve gets in the way - something is constantly pouring out of the pipes, polluting everything around. For these purposes, there is a knock-down (or drain) valve KS - a funny thing - which is broken every time when lifted from the well.
All this equipment hangs on pumping and compressor pipes (tubing - fences are made from them very often in oil cities). Hangs in the following sequence:
Along the tubing (2-3 kilometers) there is a cable, on top - the CS, then the KOSH, then the ESP, then the gas pump (or input module), then the protector, then the SEM, and even lower the TMS. The cable runs along the ESP, throttle and protector all the way to the engine head. Eka. Everything is a cut short. So - from the top of the ESP to the bottom of the TMS it can be 70 meters. and a shaft passes through these 70 meters, and it all rotates... and around there is high temperature, enormous pressure, a lot of mechanical impurities, a corrosive environment.. Poor pumps...
All pieces are sectional, sections no more than 9-10 meters long (otherwise how to put them in the well?) The installation is assembled directly at the well: PED, a cable, protector, gas, sections of a pump, valve, pipe are attached to it.. Yes! Don’t forget to attach the cable to everything using clamps (such special steel belts). All this is dipped into the well and works there for a long time (I hope). To power all this (and somehow control it), a step-up transformer (TMPT) and a control station are installed on the ground.
This is the kind of thing that is used to extract something that later turns into money (gasoline, diesel fuel, plastics and other crap).
Let's try to figure out how it all works, how it's done, how to choose and how to use it.