Report on agrochemical soil survey example. Carrying out agrochemical examination of soils. Toxic elements

Agrochemical soil research is carried out for the purpose of their agrochemical assessment and monitoring changes in fertility.

The results of agrochemical research are the basis for the development of a scientifically based fertilizer system and measures to increase soil fertility and crop yields. They are used to determine the need and draw up plans for the use of fertilizers based on economic computing technology, to develop recommendations for design estimates, cultivation of agricultural crops using intensive technologies, growing programmed crops on irrigated lands and for other purposes of agrochemical services at all levels of agricultural production . TASKS: - carrying out on-farm and site-by-site assessment of land and establishing the value of land plots depending on their quality, technological and spatial condition; - systematic monitoring of the dynamics of agrochemical indicators and development on its basis of proposals for maintaining and expanding the reproduction of soil fertility in agricultural lands; - development of proposals to reduce the load on the level of use of chemical agents per unit of land area; - objective assessment of the efficiency of agricultural production in different regions republics.

Of particular importance in increased efficiency mineral and organic fertilizers Currently, their rational use is acquiring. That is, the application depends on the soil fertility in each specific field and the needs of the crop being sown.

Fertilizer is a powerful means of increasing crop yields. They provide at least half of the yield increase.

The rational use of mineral and organic fertilizers, improving the level of agricultural technology and other measures made it possible to increase grain yields by more than two times, and sunflowers by 1/6 times.

An important role in increasing productivity is played by organic fertilizers, which contain the main nutrients for plants: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as microelements.

Of particular importance in increasing the efficiency of mineral and organic fertilizers is currently their rational use, i.e. application depending on the soil fertility in each specific field and the needs of the sown crop.

The following indicators are most often used for agrochemical examination:

1.Nitrification capacity of soils

4. Chemical composition of soil water extract, etc.

Based on the results of soil analyses, agrochemical cartograms are compiled on a scale (usually 1:25000) and recommendations for the use of fertilizers.

Agrochemical cartogram, a map showing the degree of provision of the soil with nutrients assimilable for plants - phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium, microelements, or the need of the soil for liming and gypsum. They are divided into large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale. In agriculture, large-scale agrochemical cartograms are used to determine the overall fertilizer needs of farms, establish the correct doses and types of fertilizers for individual fields, and when developing a plan for liming and gypsuming soils on collective and state farms. The most common are agrochemical cartograms, showing the supply of soil with assimilable phosphorus and potassium, soil acidity; less often - the supply of soil with nitrogen, magnesium, and microelements.

For certain regions and agricultural Medium-scale cartograms have been compiled for zones, and small-scale maps have been compiled for some republics and economic regions. Small and medium-scale agrochemical cartograms are necessary for drawing up scientifically based production plans mineral fertilizers and their distribution between individual regions.

Agrochemical soil research is carried out by specialists from the soil-agrochemical research departments of regional design and survey stations for chemicalization Agriculture. If there is a production need, specialists from other departments of chemicalization stations may be involved in carrying out this work. The head of the soil and agrochemical survey department is responsible for the planning, organization and quality of work on agrochemical soil survey and compliance contractual obligations. Agrochemical inspection is carried out under agreements concluded by the Regional Institute of Agriculture with collective farms, state farms and other agricultural enterprises, at the expense of land users. Soils of various types of agricultural land (arable land, incl. personal plots located in crop rotation fields, hayfields and pastures, etc.) of all land users at intervals of every four years. If necessary (at the request of the land user), studies can be carried out more often. Agrochemical research of soils of agricultural lands is carried out in administrative districts at any time that allows agricultural work to be carried out (this is the period April-October) and, if possible, at the same time as this work was carried out the previous time. The sequence and scope of work on agrochemical soil research are carried out in accordance with plans agreed upon with a higher organization. The approved work plan for agrochemical examination of soils in each administrative district is communicated to the district agro-industrial association no later than November 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical examination. Before the start of field work, the head of the department of agrochemical soil surveys and group leaders determine for each soil scientist-agrochemist the scope of work, the order of their implementation, and provide performers necessary material. IN calendar plan The surveyed area by land, the number of samples, and the start and end dates of work on the farm are indicated. In order to carry out work more efficiently, it is recommended to plan work in such a way that soil scientists (or groups of soil scientists) are permanently assigned to specific farms in the region and carry out work in them in each round. One of the essential aspects of successful work on agrochemical soil research is the close contact of the agrochemist-soil scientist with the agrochemical service of the region and farm. On the part of the management of the farm, a responsible specialist (agronomist, agrochemist) is assigned for the entire period of work, who is one of the members of the commission for acceptance of work.

Lesson plan:

1. Subject, methods and tasks of agrochemical examination. The importance of agrochemical soil examination.

1. Subject, methods and tasks of agrochemical examination. The importance of agrochemical soil examination. In recent decades, anthropogenic impact on natural objects, including the soil cover of urban landscapes, has increased significantly. Land degradation in certain regions has reached a critical level, when restoration of soil properties and, first of all, their fertility has become practically impossible without targeted environmental activities.

Plans for environmental protection measures and their implementation can only be carried out on the basis of complete information about the state of the environment, including soil cover. Systematic monitoring of the condition of soils on agricultural land is expected to play an important role in this. The optimal form of organizing and implementing such control is complex agrochemical monitoring, which combines various areas of work on examining soils of agricultural land: agrochemical, toxicological, radiological, herbological. Taking into account the experience of this work by the agrochemical service of Russia, this monitoring can be implemented as a comprehensive large-scale survey of soils on agricultural land by design and survey centers (stations) for chemicalization of the agrochemical service. The relevance of this approach is due to the introduction various Shapes management into agricultural production, which leads to the complication of interaction between the land user and the environment.

These instructions present a methodology for conducting a comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils on agricultural land, the results of which can be used to maintain and increase their fertility, reduce and prevent negative anthropogenic impacts on the soil, and improve the quality of the crop.

The application of these instructions does not cancel the conduct of systematic special agrochemical, toxicological, radiological and herbological research.

A comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils on agricultural land is carried out with the aim of monitoring and assessing changes in soil fertility, the nature and level of their pollution under the influence of anthropogenic factors, creating data banks of fields (working areas, carrying out complete certification of land (working) soil areas.

The main objectives of agrochemical monitoring of land conditions are:

timely detection of changes in the state of fertility of agricultural land;

their assessment, forecast for the future and adoption necessary measures to preserve and improve soil fertility;

information support for the land cadastre and state control of soil fertility and land protection.

The results of the agrochemical survey are used in the development of technologies, recommendations and design and estimate documentation for the use of chemicalization agents, as well as in the scientifically based determination of the need and distribution of mineral fertilizers at all levels of agricultural production management, in the certification of land plots and soils, and in the cadastral assessment of land.

Agrochemical examination of soils is carried out by experts in soil certification of land plots, specialists from the departments of soil-agrochemical surveys of State, republican, regional, regional centers (stations) of the agrochemical service. If there is a production need, specialists from other departments of chemicalization centers (stations) of the agrochemical service, district (inter-district), economic (inter-farm) agrochemical laboratories, who have completed appropriate advanced training courses, can be involved in carrying out this work.

The soils of collective farms, state farms, peasant (farm) farms and other land users are subject to agrochemical examination.

The soil of all types of agricultural land - arable land, hayfields - is subject to agrochemical examination. pastures and numerous plantings.

In order to maintain continuity of information during an agrochemical survey, a grid of elementary sections of the previous survey is used.

A comprehensive agrochemical examination is carried out on the basis of simultaneous selection of soil samples for the purpose of landscape-agrochemical, ecological-toxicological, herbological and radiological assessment and control of changes; ecological condition and soil fertility of agricultural land:

Landscape and agrochemical assessment is carried out for each working area based on an analysis of the agrochemical properties of soils determined in combined samples taken from elementary plots that make up a single array of the working area;

Ecological and toxicological assessment is carried out based on the results of analyzes of soil samples for the content of residual amounts of stable (promising) pesticides and heavy metals and on the basis of visual monitoring of herbicidal phytotoxicity during an agrochemical examination;

Herbological assessment is carried out by determining the degree of infestation during soil sampling; the composition and quantity of weed seeds is determined by performing a special analysis;

The radiological assessment is carried out by measuring the gamma background at each elementary site at 8 points during the collection of soil samples (if permissible levels are exceeded, a more detailed examination is carried out).

Based on the results of a comprehensive survey, information is issued for each work site and for all land use.

The results of a comprehensive agrochemical soil survey are used for:

drawing up quality certificates for work areas;

Development of technology for the production of environmentally friendly crop products and efficient use of agricultural land;

drawing up “ecological passports for lands of all types of agricultural land use;

Current and long-term planning of land use and specialization of agricultural production;

allocation of micro-reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and biological farming areas;

identifying potential and actual sources of soil pollution with agrochemical toxicants. and man-made pollutants in order to reduce and prevent them negative impact on the state of agrocenoses and the quality of agricultural products.

Scientific and methodological guidance when carrying out work on a comprehensive agrochemical survey is provided by the Central Research Institute of Agrochemical Services for Agriculture (TSINAO) of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture.

The frequency of agrochemical examination of soils is established differentially for different natural-economic regions and zones of the Russian Federation.

Timing for re-examinations:

For farms using more than 60 kg/ha of a.i. for each type of mineral fertilizer - 5 years;

For farms with an average level of fertilizer application (30-60 kg/ha a.m.) for each type - 5-7 years;

For irrigated agricultural land - 3 years;

For drained agricultural land - 3-5 years;

For state sorting sites, experimental farms of complex chemicalization and when introducing innovative projects (regardless of the volume of fertilizers used) - 3 years;

At the request of farms using high doses of fertilizers, it is allowed to reduce the time between repeated surveys.

Agrochemical soil examination is carried out in accordance with work plans agreed upon with regional agricultural production management bodies, as well as with the heads of farms, collective farms, cooperatives and other forms of ownership.

The work plan determines the annual volume of soil areas to be surveyed by type of land, the number of agrochemical analyzes by type, indicating the methods for their implementation. The order of work is established by administrative districts. An agrochemical survey of soils in an administrative district should be carried out in one field season.

The work plan for the current year is drawn up by the head of the department of soil and agrochemical research.

The areas of agricultural land subject to survey are taken into account as of January 1 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.

The approved work plan for agrochemical soil examination is communicated to customers no later than November 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical examination.

The conclusion of agreements with farms to conduct an agrochemical survey of soils is carried out no later than December 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical survey.

The plan for conducting an agrochemical survey for each farm is communicated to specific executors no later than one month before the start of the field season. Monthly work planning is carried out according to work orders.

To conduct an agrochemical survey, field groups are organized in the department of soil-agrochemical surveys consisting of the head of the group, chief, leading, senior specialists and specialist soil scientists-agrochemists. The number and composition of groups are determined by the volume of soil-agrochemical research.

The head of the soil and agrochemical survey department is responsible for the planning, organization and quality of agrochemical soil survey and compliance with contractual obligations.

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Coursework on the topic:

“Agrochemical examination and monitoring of soil fertility in the Dubovskoye agricultural production complex of the Shpakovsky district”

Introduction

1. Monitoring soil fertility indicators in connection with long-term agricultural use

1.2 The influence of mineral and organic fertilizers and other methods of mobilizing fertility on the agrochemical parameters of soils

2. Conducting a comprehensive agrochemical survey of agricultural soils

2.1 Goals and frequency of comprehensive agrochemical soil survey

2.2 Planning and organization of work, desk preparation of a cartographic basis for conducting an agrochemical survey of soils

Introduction

The main condition for the stable development of the Russian agro-industrial complex is the preservation, reproduction, and rational use of the fertility of agricultural lands. Currently, in many farms in the country, the rate of soil degradation has sharply increased, which is associated with a lack of funds invested in production. Similar problems arise when conducting agrochemical monitoring of land fertility, which is systematically carried out by the Agrochemical Center of district or regional significance. In our country, such research has been conducted since 1964.

Since July 16, 1998, the Russian Federation Law “On State Regulation of Ensuring the Fertility of Agricultural Lands” has been in force.

The main direction for the practical implementation of this law is agrochemical maintenance of agricultural lands. Agrochemical survey helps provide agricultural producers with comprehensive agrochemical information, helps to correctly and rationally conduct activities to develop agrochemical and reclamation technologies to conduct scientific research in the field of ensuring land fertility.

Agrochemical inspection is carried out on all types of agricultural land, and is also carried out by experts in soil certification of land plots, specialists from departments of soil-agrochemical surveys, state, republican, regional and regional centers of agrochemical service. During agrochemical examination, the content of humus, macroelements, microelements, heavy metals and radionuclides is determined in soils

The systematic use of organic and mineral fertilizers is accompanied by changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils.

Physico-chemical properties of soils in addition to the direct effect on the crop cultivated plants have a significant impact on the nutritional regime of soils, their biological activity, determine the nature of the transformation of fertilizers applied to the soil in the arable horizon, and under conditions of leaching water regime they determine the possibility of the movement of certain compounds into deeper layers of the soil.

Control over agrochemical inspection is carried out by the Central Research Institute of Agrochemical Inspection.

Land surveys were previously carried out for the purpose of a general assessment of soil fertility during land reclamation. However, when assessing the effectiveness of the use of fertilizers, their insufficient cumulative effect on the yield and quality of products was explained by the poor level of literacy in their use, and the agrochemical state of the soil was not taken into account. Agrochemical examination must be carried out after a certain number of years, depending on the conditions of use of agricultural land.

Agrochemical examination in modern agricultural conditions is necessary measure allowing for control over the preservation and reproduction of soil fertility.

fertilizer soil agrochemical cartogram

1. Monitoring soil fertility indicators in connection with

long-term agricultural use

1.1 General information about the farm

SEC "Dubovskoye" is located in the north-eastern part of the Shpakovsky district Stavropol Territory. It was organized in 1965 as a result of the disintegration of the Pelagiadsky state farm. In 1977, a new disaggregation of the state farm took place, as a result of which the Verkhnedubovsky and Dubovsky state farms were formed within the existing boundaries.

Direction economic activity SEC grain and livestock farming. The crop growing industry is represented by:

field farming (production of grain and industrial crops):

feed production;

vegetable growing;

gardening and viticulture.

Livestock industry:

poultry farming

sheep farming

dairy and beef cattle breeding.

The central estate of the farm is located in the village of Dubovka, located 22 km from the regional center of Mikhailovsk and 35 km from the regional center of Stavropol.

Land use consists of one massif with an area of 17646.5 hectares.

Farm soils are represented by:

1. Chernozems:

1.1Ordinary ordinary chernozems

Area: 4293 hectares. They are found in the northwest and south of farms on the plain, gentle and sloping slopes and on the tops of ridges.

1.2Ordinary carbonate chernozems

Area - 5543 hectares. Ordinary carbonate chernozems are the most common soils on the farm. They formed almost throughout the entire territory of the SPKk, lie on the plain, ridge-like elevations, sloping and gentle slopes and therefore represent a large number of varieties, they are often divided into 2 subgroups:

a) not eroded

b) eroded

1.3 Ordinary deep-boiling chernozems

Area: 329 hectares. These soils widespread We did not receive it on the farm territory. Lie down for more high areas farms in the northern and central parts in single tracts

2. Meadow - solonchak

Area - 691 hectares. They occur in the floodplains of the Razvilka and Kizilovka rivers and the Sukhoi stream.

3. Alluvial meadow slightly saline soils.

Area: 435 hectares. They lie in the floodplains of the Razvilka and Kizilovka rivers. A characteristic feature of the chernozems of the farm is the low content of humus, but its significant penetration along the profile into depth.

In 1969, the SPK had the following composition of agricultural land (Table 1).

Table 1 - composition and structure of land in the Dubovskoye agricultural production complex for 2007

Indicators

Total land area
incl. agricultural land of which:

hayfields
pastures
perennial planting
Sown area, incl.
Cereals incl.
lake wheat
lake barley



corn
Technical incl.
sunflower
Feed products, incl.
corn for silage
annual herbs
perennial herbs

pure couples

It should be noted that the largest territory of the farm is occupied by arable land (75.1%). Pastures 15.1%.

It is advisable to cultivate winter and spring crops on the farm territory. Also, a large sown area is occupied by forage crops, 19.02% or 1689 hectares.

1.2 The influence of mineral and organic fertilizers and others

ways to mobilize fertility on agrochemical soil indicators

Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to satisfy the needs of plants for nutrients, moisture and air, as well as to provide conditions for their normal life.

Soil is the source of material well-being for humanity, the greatest gift of nature. Therefore, the protection and reproduction of soil fertility is the fundamental basis of highly productive agriculture, obtaining high yields. An important indicator of high soil fertility is the presence of a sufficient supply of necessary for plants macro- and microelements that are in a form accessible to plants (Mineev, 2004).

The main indicators of soil fertility include the following:

Agrochemical - humus content, soil solution reaction, state of the soil absorption complex (the amount of absorbed or exchangeable bases, hydrological and exchangeable acidity, cation exchange capacity). The degree of saturation with bases, the gross content and mobile forms of macro- and microelements necessary for plant nutrition.

Agrophysical - granulometric composition, structural state, bulk density, total porosity, water, air and thermal properties and soil regimes.

Biological - total number microorganisms, their species and group composition, enzymatic activity, nitrifying, denitrifying and nitrogen-fixing activities of the soil, intensity of cellulose decomposition in the soil, intensity of CO2 release.

Environmental - content in the soil of substances and elements of pollutants (heavy metals, residual amounts of pesticides, etc.), pathogenic microflora, etc.

It is known that the lack of even one nutrient significantly restrains the growth of productivity, so strict control over the content of nutrients in the soil and their consumption by plants is necessary. Unfortunately, there are no deep scientific developments on the accumulation and migration of nutrients in the soil as a result of complex agrochemical cultivation of fields, developments on the use of high doses of liquid fertilizers, industrial waste, etc.

In the 90s it happened sharp decrease application of fertilizers in Russia - 9-10 times. As a result, the humus content decreased, soil acidity increased, and the balance of nutrients became negative. Without the use of fertilizers, soil fertility quickly decreases and, as a result, yields sharply decrease (B.A. Yagodin, 2002).

Among the factors contributing to the degradation of fertility, the most significant are the following: erosion, gouging, dehumification, acidification, alkalization and salinization, pollution and biochemical pollution. Anthropogenic activity has a significant impact on the course of the soil-forming process and the formation of soil fertility. At anthropogenic impact Soil fertility increases or noticeably decreases from the original as a result of ignoring known techniques aimed at preserving it. The systematic use of organic and mineral fertilizers is accompanied by changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils.

The physical and chemical properties of soils, in addition to their direct effect on the yield of cultivated plants, have a significant impact on the nutritional regime of soils, their biological activity, and determine the nature of the transformation of fertilizers applied to the soil in the arable horizon. Long-term application of manure, as a rule, increases the amount of organic matter and absorption capacity of soils, reduces metabolic and hydrolytic acidity and increases the degree of soil saturation with bases, i.e. improves physicochemical characteristics soil

Long-term use of mineral fertilizers deteriorates soil properties. This is explained by the absorption of cations included in fertilizers by the soil and the acidification of the reaction of the soil solution as a result of the displacement of hydrogen and aluminum from the absorbing complex, as well as the physiological acidity of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. With the correct application of mineral fertilizers, soil acidity not only does not increase, but in some cases it even decreases.

Long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers increases the total carbon content and enriches the soil with mobile nitrogen available to plants. With the systematic application of fertilizers, the gross content of phosphorus, the supply of its mobile compounds increase, and the mobility of phosphorus increases.

Thus, an optimal soil nutritional regime can be created only with the correct combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers.

1.3 Dynamics of soil fertility in the Dubovskoye agricultural production complex

According to the natural and agricultural zoning of the land fund of the USSR, the territory of the economy belongs to the steppe and forest-steppe province.

Land use of the Dubovskoye agricultural complex is located in the fifth agroclimatic region, characterized by a moderately humid climate. The soil cover is represented mainly by ordinary chernozems, and a subordinate position is occupied by meadow and alluvial meadow soils. The lands are characterized by medium loamy and heavy loamy granulometric composition.

table 2 -Comparative characteristics the last two cycles of soil-agrochemical survey of the farm’s arable land

Grouping soils by content nutrients
	area, ha	area, ha
Mobile phosphorus (P2O5)







Exchangeable potassium (K2O)

2. Conducting a comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils

agricultural land

2.1 Goals and frequency of integrated agrochemical

soil surveys

A comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils on agricultural land is carried out with the aim of monitoring the direction and assessing changes in soil fertility, the nature and level of their pollution under the influence of anthropogenic factors, creating data banks of fields (working areas), and conducting complete certification of land (working) soil areas.

To compile agrochemical maps, cartograms and field passports, to develop recommendations for determining optimal doses of fertilizers for cultivated crops, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive agrochemical survey.

Contents of movable forms nutrients, soil reaction, the composition of absorbed cations, and the degree of saturation with bases change much faster, especially under the influence of ameliorants and fertilizers. Therefore, agrochemical examination of soils according to these indicators must be carried out after certain periods (1, 3, 5, 7 years or more), which are shorter, the higher the saturation of crops with mineral and organic fertilizers and ameliorants.

Large-scale agrochemical surveys and soil mapping are carried out by the design and survey centers and chemicalization stations of the Agrochemical Service available in each region, territory and district of the Russian Federation at the request of farms, farmers and other land users. Along with agrochemical maps (passports) of the results of regular surveys, land users also receive recommendations on the rational use of fertilizers and ameliorants for cultivated crops, developed by specialists from centers and stations based on the results of the latest survey. Recommendations on the use of fertilizers received by the land user from centers and stations must necessarily be clarified taking into account the specific conditions of each field, the type and yield of predecessors, specific agrotechnical techniques, crop variety, meteorological conditions of the year, economic opportunities and market conditions.

2.2 Planning and organization of work, desk training

cartographic basis for carrying out agrochemical

soil surveys

The work plan determines the annual volumes of soil areas subject to inspection by type of land, the number of agrochemical, toxicological and radiological analyzes by type, indicating the methods for their implementation. The order of work execution is established by administrative districts. An agrochemical survey of soils in an administrative district should be carried out in one field season.

Soil surveys are carried out in accordance with work plans agreed upon with regional agricultural production management bodies, as well as with the heads of farms, collective farms, cooperatives and other forms of ownership.

The cartographic basis for conducting a comprehensive agrochemical survey is the plan of on-farm land management of the land use territory with the boundaries of soil contours and the boundaries of working areas allocated during land surveys marked on them. appraisal work specialists from StavNIIgiprozem.

The work on preparing cartographic materials consists of the following stages:

Receiving land management plans, soil maps, cadastral maps, on-farm land assessment maps from the departments of land use, land management and soil protection, agricultural production departments;

Transferring the boundaries of soil types, subtypes, land plots and their cadastral numbers to land management plans;

Drawing up a statement of comparison of the numbering of land plots adopted in practical work GCAS (GSAC), with a single cadastral numbering, currently adopted.

In the foothill, forest-steppe and steppe zones, mountain areas, field agrotechnical survey is carried out on a scale of 1: 10,000 and 1: 25,000, in the semi-desert zone - on a scale of 1: 25,000. On irrigated lands, the survey is carried out on a scale of 1: 5,000 - 1: 10,000.

A soil scientist-agrochemist collects information on the use of fertilizers, land reclamation, and crop yields over the past 3-5 years and enters them into the journal of agrochemical soil examination.

After conducting an agrochemical examination on the farm, the following documents are drawn up:

The act of acceptance of work on field agrochemical examination of soils is drawn up by the soil scientist-agrochemist who conducted the agrochemical examination of soils, and is signed by the head of the enterprise or the chief agronomist. Signatures are certified by seals.

A work order report is drawn up by a soil scientist-agronomist for all types of work carried out on the farm, with a mandatory indication of the technical days spent on completion individual species work related to the survey. The work report is approved by the head of the soil and agrochemical research department.

The acceptance certificate is filled out by a soil scientist-agrochemist in two copies.

2.3 Rules for collecting soil samples

Taking soil samples in the field is a very important part of the work on compiling agrochemical cartograms. If proper sampling is not ensured, subsequent soil analyzes will be greatly undermined.

Mass analysis data is distributed over a certain area. Therefore, the soil sample must be typical for the entire arable layer of the characterized area, or at least its predominant part.

Given the heterogeneity of the territory, it is customary to take mixed samples. They are made up of “individual” samples taken at different points of the study area.

Soil samples are taken over a period of 1.5-2 months in the spring, and 1.5-2 months in the fall. Samples are taken with a drill to the depth of the arable layer or deeper. A mixed sample is made up of 5-10 individual soil samples taken evenly over the entire area of a plot ranging in size from 5 to 10 hectares.

The most common method is to take samples along a route line running along the axis of the site. The fields are divided into rectangles. A route line (course) is laid in the middle of each rectangle, with two-dimensional markers placed at the beginning and end of it.

The stroke is divided into parts equal to the length of the side of the elementary section, by the number of individual samples, from which one mixed sample is made. When taking samples, entries are made in a diary about the condition of the crops and the characteristics of the soil cover.

The sample is supplied with a label indicating the sample number, the depth at which it was taken, the name of the collective farm, crop rotation and field number, the crop, the date of collection and the name of the person who took the sample.

3. Compilation of agrochemical essays

3.1 Registration of agrochemical cartograms

Agrochemical cartograms are compiled for all types of agricultural land use for all indicators determined during an agrochemical survey of soils.

During an agrochemical examination, the content of humus, available phosphorus and potassium, and pH are determined. Based on the results of the analysis, cartograms of humus, the reaction of the soil environment and the provision of soil with available phosphorus and potassium are compiled.

The main documents for compiling agrochemical cartograms are a field statement, analytical statements and a working field copy of the on-farm land management plan with plotted soil contours, as well as the boundaries of all land plots.

Soil groups or classes	Secured soil density	Cartogram
		Soil acidity		Soil phosphorus supply	Soil potassium supply
	very low	Dark red		turquoise	light yellow
			orange	turquoise blue
					orange
	increased	orange		light blue	light orange
					brown
	very high			Navy blue	dark brown

Using a color scale, you can easily and accurately determine the soil group or class, as well as the soil’s supply of potassium, phosphorus, humus content and soil acidity.

Research has shown that for different types soils (chernozems, chestnut soils, etc.), it is impossible to use any single method for determining available phosphorus and potassium and create a single scale for dividing soils according to their content. Depending on the characteristics of the soil, methods for determining plant nutrition elements should be differentiated. The design of cartograms consists of the following work:

Preparation of copies of the plan (for cartograms of the reaction of the soil environment, humus content and the supply of soil with phosphorus and potassium).

Drawing a grid (elementary plots) on a copy of the land use plan (numbering with a simple black pencil and highlighting the soil contours with a thick line in black ink).

Inscribing the results of the analysis in the center of each (elementary section on the plan) with a simple black pencil. These figures (by class) are transferred to the plan from the free analysis table.

Tracing contours (elementary areas) with colored pencils or shading them.

Painting or shading adjacent areas with similar indicators that coincide with the boundaries of nutrient supply, humus content, and pH.

Agrochemical cartograms are drawn on thick paper, or blue glued on gauze. At the top of each cartogram its name is given, at the bottom there are explanations with symbols. In the bottom right corner indicate the date of compilation and put the signature of the researcher. The cartogram is made for 4-6 years.

Soil reaction cartogram (pH)

A cartogram is compiled for each farm. It shows the contours of soils, varying in degree of alkalinity and acidity. When compiling cartograms, using the pH values marked on the land use plan, draw the boundaries of the areas and indicate the group number according to the legend (Table 7).

The explication of the cartogram for the reaction of the soil solution should contain: group number, coloring, degree of acidity, pH value and area of soils of varying pH degrees by groups and lands: arable land, fallow land and pastures.

The pH value is inscribed on the map at the center of the elementary plots to which the numbers of the mixed soil samples were assigned (Table 7).

A cartogram of the reaction of the soil environment serves to identify areas on the farm that are subject to chemical reclamation. However, the choice of areas and the establishment of a priority for chemical reclamation are determined not only by the properties of the soil, its pH, mechanical composition, but also by a number of other factors: the characteristics of agricultural crops, the use of fertilizers (organic and mineral), and the availability of fertilizers for chemical reclamation. Therefore, on the cartogram of the reaction of the soil environment, the “need” or the order of reclamation measures is not indicated. This should be given in the explanatory note to the cartogram.

Table 7 - grouping of soils according to the reaction of the soil environment (determined potentiometrically in a salt extract)

Using the table data, it is possible to determine the reactions of the soil environment for each group of areas and establish the exact pH value for each group.

Cartogram of available phosphorus content

A phosphorus cartogram is compiled for farms in all zones. Using methods developed for determining soils (for example, the Chirikov method for determining mobile phosphorus in leached soils, the Machigin method for carbonate soils) it is possible to obtain data for these soils that, to a certain extent, interact with the results of field and vegetation experiments. Data from the analysis of mixed samples for the content of available phosphorus are entered into a schematic map with elementary sections. Cells with the same values for the content of available phosphorus within the same gradation according to the explication (Table 8) are combined into one agrochemical contour, which is painted in the appropriate color or shaded according to the explication.

Table 8—grouping of soils according to the content of available phosphorus

	Security
	very low




	increased

	very high

Contours with a very low phosphorus content are painted red, low - pink, medium - yellow, high - green, high - blue, very high - blue.

The cartogram contains an explanation that indicates the named determination methods, the number of soil groups, color, amount of P2O5 and soil areas by group and land.

Cartogram of metabolic potassium content.

On the potassium cartogram, soil contours are distinguished that differ in the content of exchangeable potassium. Sampling points are indicated by an icon (x), and the K2O value (mg per 100 kg of soil) is placed next to it. The technique for identifying contours is the same as for cartograms of the reaction of the environment and phosphorus. Contours with very low potassium content are painted red, low - pink, medium - yellow, high - green, high - blue, and very high - blue (Table 9).

Table 9 - grouping of soils according to the content of exchangeable potassium

	Security
	very low


	increased

	very high

If the farm has different genetic types of soils or several varieties that differ sharply in mechanical composition, then on potassium cartograms it is advisable to draw their boundaries and put indices, since when using data on the potassium content in soils to establish methods for fertilizing soils with potassium, it is necessary to take into account their mechanical compound. At the same content of exchangeable potassium, light soils need potassium fertilizers to a greater extent (for crop rotation) than heavy soils.

Explication of potassium cartograms should contain: group number, coloring, amount of K2O (mg/kg) and areas of soils with different potassium content by groups and areas.

Cartogram of humus content

Table 10 shows the grouping of soils by humus content. Agrochemical cartograms can also be combined, when one indicator is shown by coloring, and the content of mobile P2O5 and K2O is shown, respectively, by a triangle. The color of the circle or triangle corresponds to the coloring scales of the available P2O5 and K2O. On the cartogram, each color corresponds to the availability of humus content in a given area: for example, very low humus content is painted red, low - pink, medium - yellow, high - green, high - blue, very high - blue. The cartogram contains an explanation that indicates the group number, coloring, humus content and the area of soils with different humus content (arable land, fallow land and pastures)

Table 10 - grouping of soils by humus content

	Security
	very low


	increased

	very high

3.2 Approximate content of an agrochemical essay

An explanatory note is attached to the cartogram, which contains basic information about the area (region): geographical location, layout of farms in the area, detailed agrochemical characteristics of the soils with tables on the content of plant nutrients and the degree of soil acidity by farms in the area.

It analyzes the results of the latest survey cycle of agricultural soils and reflects the nature of changes in the content of plant nutrients across survey cycles; Tables of fertilizer doses recommended for the region are provided, indicating the planned crop yields and recommendations for liming soils.

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Large-scale agrochemical examination of soils is carried out by agrochemical service centers located in each region. The frequency of inspection depends on the intensity of use of fertilizers and ameliorants. Thus, at variety plots, in experimental farms of research institutes, and on reclaimed lands, agrochemical examinations are carried out every 3 years. In farms where NPK saturation is more than 180 kg/ha - after 4 years. With a low level of fertilizer use - after 5-7 years. When conducting an agrochemical survey of any enterprise, agricultural land is divided into plots. An elementary area is an area that can be characterized by a single mixed pattern.

In soil samples taken from plots, indicators are determined that make it possible to assess the level of soil fertility (pH, G, K, P, microelements) and environmental safety land (content of heavy Me, pesticide residues, radionuclides). The survey results are issued in the form of agrochemical cartograms with an explanatory note and field passports with a diagram of certified areas.

An agrochemical cartogram is a map of a farm with plotted contours that determine the characteristics of soils in relation to agrochemical indicators. The basis for compiling cartograms are standard groupings, established classes (groups of soils according to the degree of acidity, humus content, mobile forms of nutrients, etc.) Each class corresponds to a specific color, in which the highlighted contours are painted. The scale of agrochemical cartograms is equal to the scale of soil maps: in the non-chernozem zone 1:10000; in the steppe zone 1:25000.

The explanatory note contains an analysis of changes in agrochemical indicators for the period between the last 2 studies, as well as recommendations for reclamation measures and the use of fertilizers.

The field passport is issued in electronic form and contains data on the natural-economic and soil-agrochemical condition of the site. The field passport contains three parts: targeted, soil-agrochemical, and operational. The address part indicates: region, district of the enterprise, type of land and crop rotation, field number and its area. In soil-agrochemical: soil type and GS, pH, G, content of mobile forms of nutrients. The operational part contains information about the use of fertilizers and ameliorants, crops cultivated in a given area and their yield. Electronic versions of field passports expand the possibility of statistical processing of agrochemical survey results. For example, using a computer, you can extract data on the content of nutrients in a specific type of soil or generalize the results for several enterprises.

An agrochemical cartogram is a map on which, in various colors or shading, it is shown how the arable layer of soil is provided with nutrients (usually phosphorus, potassium, less often nitrogen and microelements), as well as its acidity or alkalinity. To compile agrochemical cartograms of an agricultural or farm enterprise, an agronomic survey of soils is carried out. Crop rotation fields are divided into sections (2-5 hectares) that are uniform in soil, topography, and fertilizers applied in the past. Several soil samples are taken from each site to form a mixed sample weighing about 1 kg. The soil is analyzed, i.e., the content of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, and its acidity are determined. The contours of the plots are drawn on the farm map. Areas with the same nutrient content or similar acidity are painted with the same color. Usually several agrochemical cartograms are compiled. On one you can see the supply of soil with phosphorus (cartogram of the need for phosphorus fertilizers), on the second - with potassium (cartogram of the need for potash fertilizers), on the third - acidity and salinity of the soil (cartogram of the need for liming or gypsum). Agrochemical cartograms are very visual. They show which soil in a plot or field is poor in phosphorus, and where lime should be applied first in order to eliminate soil acidity that is harmful to agricultural plants. Having agrochemical cartograms, it is possible to calculate the doses of fertilizers for individual crops and the overall need of the farm (district, region and even country) for fertilizers and chemical ameliorants (lime, gypsum, etc.).

Agrochemical soil research is carried out for the purpose of their agrochemical assessment and monitoring changes in fertility.

Carrying out on-farm and site-by-site assessment of land and establishing the value of land plots depending on their quality, technological and spatial condition;

Systematic monitoring of the dynamics of agrochemical indicators and development on its basis of proposals for maintaining and expanding the reproduction of soil fertility in agricultural lands;

Development of proposals to reduce the load on the level of use of chemical agents per unit of land area;

Objective assessment of the efficiency of agricultural production in various regions of the republic.

Of particular importance in increasing the efficiency of mineral and organic fertilizers is their rational use. That is, the application depends on the soil fertility in each specific field and the needs of the crop being sown.

Fertilizer is a powerful means of increasing crop yields. They provide at least half of the yield increase.

An important role in increasing productivity is played by organic fertilizers, which contain the main nutrients for plants: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, as well as microelements.

The following indicators are most often used for agrochemical examination:

1.Nitrification capacity of soils

4. Chemical composition of soil water extract, etc.

Based on the results of soil analyses, agrochemical cartograms are compiled on a scale (usually 1:25000) and recommendations for the use of fertilizers.

For certain regions and agricultural Medium-scale cartograms have been compiled for zones, and small-scale maps have been compiled for some republics and economic regions. Small and medium-scale agrochemical cartograms are necessary for drawing up scientifically based plans for the production of mineral fertilizers and their distribution between individual regions.

Agrochemical soil research is carried out by specialists from the soil-agrochemical research departments of regional design and survey stations for the chemicalization of agriculture. If there is a production need, specialists from other departments of chemicalization stations may be involved in carrying out this work.

The head of the soil and agrochemical survey department is responsible for the planning, organization and quality of work on agrochemical soil survey and compliance with contractual obligations.

Agrochemical inspection is carried out under agreements concluded by the Regional Institute of Agriculture with collective farms, state farms and other agricultural enterprises, at the expense of land users.

Soils of various types of agricultural land (arable land, including personal plots located in crop rotation fields, hayfields and pastures, etc.) of all land users are subject to agrochemical inspection at intervals of every four years. If necessary (at the request of the land user), studies can be carried out more often.

Agrochemical research of soils of agricultural lands is carried out in administrative districts at any time that allows agricultural work to be carried out (this is the period April-October) and, if possible, at the same time as this work was carried out the previous time.

The sequence and scope of work on agrochemical soil research are carried out in accordance with plans agreed upon with a higher organization.

The approved work plan for agrochemical examination of soils in each administrative district is communicated to the district agro-industrial association no later than November 15 of the year preceding the agrochemical examination.

Before the start of field work, the head of the department of agrochemical soil surveys and group leaders determine for each soil scientist-agrochemist the scope of work, the order of their implementation, and provide the performers with the necessary material. The calendar plan indicates the surveyed area by land, the number of samples, and the start and end dates of work on the farm.

In order to carry out work more efficiently, it is recommended to plan work in such a way that soil scientists (or groups of soil scientists) are permanently assigned to specific farms in the region and carry out work in them in each round.

One of the essential aspects of successful work on agrochemical soil research is the close contact of the agrochemist-soil scientist with the agrochemical service of the region and farm.

On the part of the management of the farm, a responsible specialist (agronomist, agrochemist) is assigned for the entire period of work, who is one of the members of the commission for acceptance of work.