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A wood turning and copying machine is a machine that is widely used in factory woodworking for replicating products of a certain configuration that corresponds to a given sample. This equipment allows you to process any parts with high accuracy and speed. However, production machines with their large dimensions will be difficult to locate in a small private workshop.
Copying equipment in woodworking
Many carpentry enthusiasts, gradually expanding their tool base and improving their skills, come to the idea of assembling a wood copy lathe with their own hands. After all, with the help of this device it is possible to make an exact copy of any piece of furniture and carry out restoration work.
Note!
In most cases, of course, the main factor that encourages people to “reinvent the wheel” is high price for a finished factory product.
The operating principle of a wood copying machine is quite simple:
- Blank required size clamped horizontally.
- Starting the device, forcing the workpiece to rotate around its axis.
- In turn, the movable cutter also removes excess wood, turning the blank into a product of the desired shape.
Structurally, a copying device for lathe woodworking consists of a whole series of parts connected to each other, so there will be a lot to work on.
Personal assembly of equipment at home
Lathe
In order to assemble a small copying machine for wood with your own hands, you will need to make some effort and patience, as well as invest financially (about 7-7.5 thousand rubles). But this is several times less than the costs that await you if you purchase a ready-made option.
Lathes and copying machines are used to make many identical parts, for example, balusters for stair railings, fence posts, etc. You can make a functional design with your own hands, using devices that are unnecessary on the farm.
Making a lathe
The most primitive model of a lathe is made from regular drill. But this is not the only solution. Main parts of the future device:
- bed;
- front and rear pillars (headstocks);
- electric motor;
- master and slave centers;
- tool rest.
The bed is the base for placing all elements and mechanisms. Therefore, it is made of thick timber or metal. The headstock is securely fixed to the base; the part will be attached to it. The front pillar houses a device that transmits movement from the electric motor to the driving center and then to the part.
The rear post (headstock) moves along a guide on the bed; it holds the free end of the workpiece. A tool rest is placed between the headstocks. The headstocks must be positioned strictly along a single axis.
For a do-it-yourself machine, an electric motor with a power of 200 - 250 W, with a speed of no more than 1500, is suitable. If you plan to process large parts, a more powerful motor is required.
A faceplate is placed on the electric motor pulley, which secures large workpieces. The faceplate contains points on which the part is pressed. The opposite end of the part is fixed with a corner.
To turn a regular lathe into a copying machine, an additional device is required - a copier.
Copier for lathe
The basis of the copier will be an unnecessary manual frezer. It is placed on a surface made of 12 mm plywood, the size of the platform is 20 x 50 cm. Holes are made in the platform for fasteners and cutters, and stops are installed - bars for fixing the cutter. The router is placed between the clamps and secured with a pair of large nails.
The remote part of the platform moves along the frame along a guide - a pipe. Its ends are fixed in wooden blocks. The bars are attached to the frame with self-tapping screws. When fixing the pipe, you must use a level and align the axis of the pipe with the center of the machine. Before installation, a pair of bars with holes are put on the pipe and can be easily moved along the guide. A platform on which the router is placed is attached to the bars.
Second important element installed with your own hands directly on the lathe - a block in a horizontal position on which the templates will be attached. A 7 x 3 cm beam is suitable; it is attached to the vertical stands with self-tapping screws. The stands are screwed to the frame. The upper surface of the block must clearly coincide with the axis of the machine.
When the copier is not in use, the block is dismantled, the platform with the milling cutter is moved back and the machine turns into a regular lathe.
The stop is made of thick plywood and is attached to work surface. In fact, the stop plays the role of a copier in this design. It is fixed vertically, fixed to the end of the working surface on a transition beam made of wood. The copier can be removed, it is installed on the stand with self-tapping screws. The stand must be fixed rigidly, without the possibility of removal.
The templates are made of plywood and are screwed to the front surface of the block using self-tapping screws. The upper surface of the beam should be aligned with the axis of the template.
Disadvantages of the proposed design
- The working surface with the router has to be moved with both hands, since during operation it warps and jams;
- You can only copy fairly simple elements, for example, it is impossible to repeat twisted patterns on posts;
- to move the cutter it is more convenient to provide a screw drive;
- It’s better to replace the cutter with a circular saw; such a device will be more universal.
The design of woodworking lathes is similar in basic parameters to metalworking equipment. They also have a front and tailstock, caliper, spindle with cutters. The purpose of the equipment depends on its weight, equipment with additional devices and automated systems management.
Construction of a woodworking lathe
The design of a wood lathe differs from that of metal lathes in that it does not require a cooling system; therefore, there is no coolant supply system. The power of a manually controlled woodworking lathe is less, but it has adjustable rotation speeds. To work on manually operated wood lathes that are not intended to produce one type of product, special devices are used - cutters and a removable faceplate.
Main nodes
The faceplate serves to securely fasten the material of the maximum permissible diameter, and the cutter is used to self made on equipment that does not have a permanently installed support. They are more often used for making simple blanks for painting, turning cuttings needed on the farm for shovels, ax handles and other household utensils.
The school wood lathe gives a complete idea of how you can make household items and beautiful souvenirs. A machine operating at low speeds will allow the novice master to understand the basic operating principle of all turning units and mechanisms. The skills acquired at school will help you master more complex CNC turning equipment.
One of the most common equipment in mass production in woodworking shops is a wood turning and copying machine. For its operation, devices are needed - stencils, according to the outline of which the outline of the object will be created.
Classification of woodworking machines
Many types of equipment are used in the woodworking industry. The main characteristics by which classification is made are technological process and design features.
Technological features:
- Cutting;
- Gluing and assembly;
- Presses;
- Finishing;
- Dryers.
Equipment of different designs for performing the same operations may differ in operating technology.
- Processing 1 or many items;
- Number of threads;
- 1-axis or 4-axis;
- By the number of spindles;
- Along the trajectory of movement of the processed material;
- By the nature of the presentation.
- By cyclicality.
The scheme of operation on a turning and copying machine is as follows:
- At the top of the frame, a stencil made of wood is installed on special fasteners - a copier.
- The rolling roller moves along outside copier
- By connecting the roller to the cutting tool using a rigid fastening method, the cutter accurately transfers the movement of the roller along the copier to the wood. Where there is a recess on the copier, there will be a convex element on the wood, and the protrusion on the stencil will appear as a notch in the finished wooden object.
For the production of identical elements wooden decor a machine with a copier is the most convenient solution.
A lathe on which machining is carried out using hand tools: reyer, meisel, scraper, is not particularly accurate. When making several similar parts from wood with the same density characteristics, you have to rely only on the skill of the turner and his eye, but it is still very difficult to give a 100% guarantee that they will be identical. The use of different types of wood in the production means that cutters and devices will need to be different from each other.
The wood turning and copying machine is distinguished by the accuracy of reproduction of the stored data. The copier is a kind of CNC prototype. One copier allows you to make identical things an infinite number of times, which is necessary for the manufacture of balusters for railings or legs for cabinet furniture sets. In workshops where production is on stream, it is more advisable to use CNC-equipped copying machines.
When working with wood, there is always a manual process of bringing the part to perfection using sandpaper. Grinding is carried out at the stage while the object is secured between the lathe heads. Rotation is programmed at lower speeds than those at which cutting was performed.
Lathes are used for turning wooden elements oblong shape. The workpiece is mounted on a spindle with approximately equal weight distribution. To do this, holes are drilled in the center of the end ends of the wooden workpiece - this is necessary so that the rotation of the shaft is uniform. Most often, cylindrical wood or timber with planed corners are used. Cutting is carried out not only on the external, but also on the internal surface of the workpiece. Forms finished products can be complex, conical, cylindrical - symmetrical relative to the center of the product.
A desktop wood lathe equipped with a computer programming system has high precision in reproducing complex designs. It can be used to create very complex carving elements.
Classification
Lathes are divided into:
- center ones with mechanized feed. It is possible to perform work on this equipment using hand-held cutting tools (when installing a special tool rest on the frame). An oblong piece of wood is held by a spindle and a movable tailstock. The longitudinal feed of the caliper is mechanized. These machines can be used to work with a copier. When working with short, light workpieces, the tailstock fastening may not be used. During processing inside wooden part The fastening is a faceplate. The moving elements in the operating mode on these lathes are the cutters moving along the piece of wood being processed and the rotating spindle.
- Lathes are used to produce parts on a flat, wide wooden base. Beautiful multi-level carvings, bas-reliefs, high reliefs - this is what can be produced on machines that work with a wide faceplate, on which the workpiece is mounted. Work is carried out only on the front part of the part. The rest of the revision will be done manually.
- round sticks process wood, giving it a shape with round. When working on this equipment, the workpieces do not rotate or move. The only moving parts of the machine are the heads with the cutters. There are also machines in this group for processing long products. Then they will feed the workpieces with rollers under the cutters.
Shaping wood occurs by rotating the material being processed and using a cutting tool.
Device and equipment
Woodworking lathes differ in the type of support feed and the shape of the items being manufactured.
- Wooden blanks not exceeding 40 cm in diameter and 1 m in length, 60 cm, are processed on a lathe with a tool rest.
- Power-feed lathes are designed to handle wood workpieces with the same size limitations as hand-cutting lathes.
- The device for disc-shaped wooden blanks has the ability to place parts up to 3 m in diameter on the working surface. The thickness of the wood is limited by the parameters set by the machine manufacturer.
Diagram of a lathe with a mechanical support feed, equipped with an attached frontal device:
- bed on 2 pedestals;
- headstock and tailstock;
- calipers;
- spindle rotated by a 2-speed motor;
- V-belt drive connecting the 3-speed gearbox to the engine;
- a pulley mounted on the spindle drives the longitudinal slide;
- the cutters are mounted in a rotating holder;
- the main - transverse and additional - longitudinal supports set the direction of movement of the cutters.
When working with hand cutters, it is necessary to install a tool rest on the guides of the frame. The support at this stage of processing is retracted beyond working area all the way.
Accessories for lathes Tools for wood lathes
The head device also has a rotating holder. This device is used for processing workpieces with a diameter of up to 60 cm, fixed on one side to a faceplate connected to the spindle, and fixed by the tailstock of the machine. When processing a short workpiece, the clamp can be omitted, making it easier internal processing details.
The speed of cutting the edge of a tree at different points is different, which is determined by the distance of the cutter from the axis of rotation. This is most clearly seen when working with a copier. The spindle speed is determined by the diameter of the workpiece wood material and its strength.
Copier for wood lathe with manual router
We suggest you make your own copier with minimal costs according to time, the machine can be started in " industrial production» turned parts by evening. The “cutting tool” will be a manual milling cutter; the technical characteristics of the parts being manufactured depend on technical characteristics wood lathe. Despite the fact that the copier is made using plywood, it can produce up to hundreds of products from one copier, you will agree that this quantity is quite enough to fulfill most wholesale orders.
The device does not look exactly “attractive” from a design point of view, but we did not set such a task for ourselves. We tried to make our “equipment” as simple to manufacture and more or less reliable as possible. Which is what happened in the end. How is a copier made? Let's get to know him better.
Copier device
An ordinary hand-held milling cutter is used for the cutting tool; the specific model does not matter. Place the router on the support platform, our platform dimensions are 500×200 mm, made of sheet plywood 12 millimeters thick. You can slightly increase or decrease the linear parameters of the site depending on the size of the hand cutter. On the site, make holes for the cutter to exit and holes for installing mounting bolts. In order to completely eliminate unauthorized spontaneous movements of the cutter during operation, we advise you to install additional stop bars around the perimeter on the site, secure the bars with self-tapping screws, the length of the screws is selected taking into account the thickness of the fixing bars.
The router needs to be installed between the stop bars, check that it is securely fixed, any vibrations are completely eliminated. The far end of the platform should “ride” along the pipe the entire length of the wood lathe, we used a Ø 25 mm pipe, you can use other pipes for making. The main thing is that they can withstand the weight of the router without bending, that they are absolutely flat and have a perfectly smooth surface. Secure the ends of the pipe with two wooden blocks, in our case, 80×35 mm bars were used. Screw the bars to the body of the lathe using metal screws; you do not have to cut threads for the bolts. If your machine design does not allow you to fasten the bars in this way, then solve this problem in your own way.
Installing main structural elements homemade copier
Strong advice - do not rush during the manufacture of equipment; turned parts for a copier do not forgive even the slightest violations not only of technology, but also of the location of the working axes. It follows from this that the axis of the pipe along which the milling cutter will move must be perfectly parallel to the axis of rotation of the lathe. We naturally found that the axis of the pipe coincided with the axis of the machine, but this condition is not necessary. The main thing that cutting tool the cutter in its lowest position coincides with the axis of the machine, and this parameter can be adjusted by the level of the copier.
The pipe is fixed in the blind holes of the bars; before fixing it, you need to put two bars on it, on which the bearing platform of the router will be installed. An important condition is that the bars for the platform should slide easily along the guide pipe, but wobbling is prohibited. Check this parameter and, if necessary, manually lap the pipe and bars. Then attach the router support pad to the bars and install the router on it. Check the smoothness of sliding again, making sure that there is no wobble at all. Don’t be afraid of such “strict” requirements for gliding quality. If you have a pipe with a normal surface and completely flat, then achieving smooth sliding is not difficult.
Installation of a horizontal bar
This is the second “working” element of a homemade copier; in terms of installation accuracy, you must comply with all the above requirements. The profile template of the parts is attached to the horizontal bar. A 70×30 mm block is quite suitable for manufacturing; it is attached with self-tapping screws to vertical wooden posts; fix the posts with any in a convenient way to the lathe bed. The upper edge of the horizontal bar must be parallel to the axis of the machine and be flush with it. If the copier becomes temporarily unnecessary, the block can be easily removed, the mounting platform for the router tilts to the rearmost position and the wood lathe can be used for its intended purpose.
Attach a vertical stop to the working platform of the router, we made it from thin plywood, you can use more durable materials, up to metal ones. This part will move along the copier during turning and set the spatial position of the cutter; fasten the copier as firmly as possible. There is a direct relationship in thickness: the thinner it is, the more accurately the dimensions will be taken from the template. But there is another dependence - too thin a copier makes it difficult to move the device along the template, choose the golden mean. The height of the copier must be adjusted after the final assembly of the machine; during adjustment, all the listed conditions must be observed. One more thing. If you have a copier made of plywood, then you need to make it removable, this will allow you to quickly replace a worn-out copier with a new one during turning large quantity similar products.
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Copier stop |
How the template is made
There's nothing new here. Draw the outline of the part to be turned on a strip of plywood or OSB board, check all the dimensions again and carefully cut out using an electric jigsaw. The edges must be sanded to remove nicks and irregularities. Attach the template to the horizontal rail with self-tapping screws; when fixing, observe all installation dimensions.
Some features of turning
You will have to move the device only with two hands, otherwise it may jam on the pipe. Another problem is that the radii of curvature of turned parts are limited by the diameter of the cutter; this must be kept in mind when choosing the profile of turned parts. Practice shows the dependence of the feed speed on the diameter of the cutter: the smaller the diameter of the cutter, the less the feed should be and vice versa.
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