Municipal secondary school - boarding school Lykoshinskaya school - boarding school of secondary (complete) general education No. 2
Abstract on local history
"Estates in the vicinity of the village of Lykoshino and their inhabitants."
Job completed student 10 class
Starovoitova Olga .
Supervisor
teacher local history
Boykova Irina Alekseevna .
2009 .
Work plan:
1. Introduction - 4 pages.
2. Estates in the area of the village of Lykoshino and their owners:
2.1.The estate "Sukhoe".
Owner Olga Aleksandrovna Krshivitskaya - 11 pages.
2.2 The Sopki estate.
Owner: State Councilor Alexander Nikolaevich Lizarkh – von – Koenig – 15 pages.
2.3. Estate "Klyuchi"
Owner Mikhail Pavlovich Chekhov – 19 pages.
2.4. Estates in Shirokoe:
« Green Dacha" Owner Mikhail Dmitrievich Van – Putteren – 26 pages.
2.5. Dacha "Borisovo"
Owner, merchant of the first guild Nikolai Efremovich Beltikhin – 30 pages.
2.6. Estate "Mikhailovskoe".
Owner Kronid Aleksandrovich Panaev – 33 pages.
2.7. Estate "Baynevo"
Owner Valerian Aleksandrovich Panaev
Estate "Boroventsi"
Owners Sergei and Yuri Diaghilev – 37 pages.
2.8. Estate "Krasny Bor".
Owner Prince Yuri Obolensky – 39 pages.
2.9 Estate "Lukhino"
Owner Arkady Zakharovich Merkel – 41 pages.
2.10. Estate "Isaevo"
Owner Ivanov Germogen Ivanovich – 41 pages.
2.11. Estate "Abakumovo"
Owners: noble Solopovs – 42 pages.
2.12. Estate "Yazykovo - Rozhdestvenskoye".
Owners Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha and Dmitry Vasilyevich Stasov – 44 pages.
2.13. Estates "Zaklyuchye" and "Smentsovo"
Owner Alexander Sergeevich Khrenov -49 pages.
3. Conclusion – 52 pages.
4. References – 53 pages.
5. Appendix 1 “Klyuchi Estate”
6. Appendix 2 “Wide”
7. Appendix 3 “Dry”
8. Appendix 4 "Borisovo"
9. Appendix 5 "Mikhailovskoe"
10. Appendix 6 “Baynevo”, “Borovinets”
11. Appendix 7 “Language - Rozhdestvenskoye”
12. Appendix 8 “Conclusion”
13. Appendix 9 Search roads.
1. Introduction.
who now commands here, does everything and everything
decides...
This memory paralysis sooner or later
turns into petrification of conscience, which becomes
capable of anything... even looting"
F. Abramov, A. Chistyakov. "On the spiritual field."
In September 2008, together with a group of students from our school, I once again went on an excursion to Suvorovsky-Konchansky. Just like the first time, I was pleasantly surprised with the love and care with which the locals preserve, restore, and revive everything connected with the name of the great commander. I love going there. I like the atmosphere of the old manor.
As souvenirs, we bought postcards, booklets and the book “Estates of the Borovichi District and Their Owners.” Author Podobed L.V., head of the Borovichi branch of the Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve.
It was this book that became the starting point of my research, as it gave me an idea, or rather, a question: what kind of estates are there in the Bologovsky district and who were their owners? I began to find out, and was saddened to learn that this material in our area was not systematized and poorly studied. Not to mention that we have not yet published such a book.
So I decided to start collecting information about estates, at least for now in the vicinity of the village of Lykoshino. To my great surprise, there were quite a few of them. Here are just a few:
"Keys" - owner Mikhail Chekhov, brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov;
“Lily of the Valley Mountain” - owner General Mikhail Efimovich Grumm - Grzhimailo, brother of the famous traveler, explorer of the Pamirs, Tien Shan, Altai Grigory Efimovich Grumm - Grzhimailo.
“Borisovo” - merchant Nikolai Efremovich Beltikhin;
“Mikhailovskoe” - headquarters captain Kronid Aleksandrovich Panaev;
Krasny Bor - Prince Yuri Obolensky;
Zaklyuchye and Smentsovo - Alexander Sergeevich Khrenov, St. Petersburg architect, horse breeder;
The estate in the village of Rozhdestvenskoye is immediately associated with two famous families: the Stasovs and Miklouho - Maklay;
In the area of the village of Sopki in the 19th - early 20th centuries there were several estates.
One of them belonged to State Councilor Alexander Nikolaevich Lizarch-von-Konig.
Another estate at that time belonged to Mrs. Chirenkova.
In close proximity to the Hills there was an estate belonging to Mrs. Aleynikova.
The Sukhoe estate is owned by Olga Aleksandrovna Krshivitskaya, the granddaughter of the outstanding engineer Franz de Volland.
It is also the estate of the Turensky churchyard. It belonged to retired colonel Platon Dmitrievich Kashkarov (Kashkarev), who owned the estate since 1868.
According to information from 1911 (“List of populated places in the Borovichi district of the Pirus volost of the Novgorod province”) the following estates belonged to the Pirus volost: Klyuchki (farm of O. M. Kudryavtseva, mill); Lukhino (estate of A.Z. Merkel); Sominets (estate of Tokarevsky's heirs); Sorokiny Gory (dacha of Nikolai Ivanovich Grus), Abakumovo (Solopov nobles) and others.
According to preliminary estimates, of course, I could be wrong; in the Lykoshino area in the 19th century - early 20th century there were about 20 estates. Of these, only one has survived - in Zaklyuchye - and it was bought into private hands and is being restored for personal needs. Not a single museum! But Russian noble estates are a whole layer of Russian history, lost forever.
When I start thinking about the old Russia that has sunk into eternity, the same picture appears before my eyes...
I'm riding in a carriage. Here we have passed the stone gate, firmly built, blackened by centuries, and the horses are already carrying me along the long, endlessly edged linden alley leading to the facade of the Russian house, so close to the heart, with white columns and an old, old pediment.
The sun breaks through the linden foliage, and golden spots run along the path and sway as if alive...
And on the terrace there is already an imposing, smiling owner and joyfully greets me.
Hugs, three kisses according to Russian custom and the first question:
Have you had lunch?
The question is idle, because the owner does not need my answer: the guest will still be fed.
The same golden spots are already running across the snow-white tablecloth, and the rich borscht is already smoking in front of me and the owner, and the kulebyak is puffing up like a feather bed.
And try the pickled mushrooms - homemade. But the fish are from my own pond... And I can directly boast about the kvass: it really blows my nose - my wife cooks it perfectly.
The tired sun quietly hides behind the linden alley. Softened by the distance, the barely audible song of mowers can be heard sadly and beautifully.
Darling, you are falling asleep. Come on, I'll show you your room.
And in my room the lamp is already lit. Tired feet step softly on thick rugs, and the gaze is drawn to the fresh, cold sheets of the open bed...
Here are some matches, here is a candle, here is a decanter of pear kvass - in case you want some at night. Yes, maybe you could eat something at night? There are quails, cold sturgeons... No? Well, God be with you. Sleep for yourself.
I’m alone in the room... I go up to the bookcase, which importantly sticks out in the corner with hundreds of strong leather book bindings, and begin to sort through the books. Gogol, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Uspensky...
I read...
Everything is dozing off... And the noisy bird in the poultry house, and the clumsy, abundantly fed cattle in the barn, and the golden bread in the bins - everything is sleeping.
Simple, but so necessary for the simple Russian heart...
...Where are you now, Russian estates?! Where is the noble manor life?
On the pages of history, literature, in works of art, in old yellowed documents: wills, deeds of sale, audit “fairy tales”, reports, freedoms, correspondence, photographs... And finally, in frozen museum interiors, where things are stored, but there is no living life...
If fifty years ago they could show everywhere at least the place where the estate was located, now there are no traces left and for the most part the local population does not know or care about this, and there is almost no local population left in these places.
No, there will be no more that noble, landowner life...
But manor life was built on love and attention to the place where one lived. Owners of estates often enthusiastically studied everything that surrounded them, including the history of the region, its mineral resources, flora and fauna.
Perhaps the main feature of Russian estates is their fundamental uniqueness. Each of them was distinguished by its own way of life and its own way of managing, and bore the imprint of family traditions and its own history. By the way, the owners were often co-authors and even the sole authors of very original architectural and landscape projects. And the estate was created according to the tastes and plans of the inhabitants.
But with all their diversity, Russian estates had many common features, and, above all, they were all centers of culture, science, and art.
Traditions and the cult of family legends were of particular importance. Thanks to this, the appearance of the estates changed very little over time. The spirit of antiquity, the spirit of ancestors with their tastes and preferences always hovered over the inhabitants of the estates. The patriotic spirit in any noble family was, as a rule, very high, and it was brought up in the younger generation primarily through the examples of their fathers and grandfathers. And the inhabitants of the estates had something to be proud of!
The heyday of manor culture in our region occurred in the 19th century. From the end of the 18th century, representatives of the most brilliant families began to explore the Upper Volga region, the Tver and Novgorod hinterlands. Among the owners of estates were princes, counts, and generals. Those who were richer built on a grand scale. They invited the capital's architects, brought building stone from far away (not disdaining, however, local limestone and brick, which they quickly learned to make here, since there is enough clay in our area). They laid out regular and landscape parks with cascading ponds and gazebos, and planted linden and oak alleys. They built houses - palaces for themselves and separate outbuildings for managers and servants, sometimes even decorating stables with columns in the manner of ancient temples. They also built churches (as a rule, for the entire parish), which were not inferior in beauty and originality to those in the capital.
Of course, such a scale was the lot of a few. Most estates were built modestly, sometimes differing from the houses of wealthy peasants only in size. They were made of wood.
The idea of the owners' eternally idle lifestyle is far from the truth. And not only because most of the estate owners were in the public service. Living in estates, many nobles sought to use their strength and knowledge for economic needs. Some estates became agronomic centers, where they cut timber, bred thoroughbred horses, and built linen factories. This was considered a fulfillment of patriotic duty.
Science and art occupied a special place in the lives of estate owners. Among the inhabitants there were many talented people. Noble children not only received a good education, but also, growing up among the harmony of the estate, developed interest and attention to the world around them. Poets, philosophers, artists, and musicians grew up in the bosom of the estates. The estate spirit of the Upper Volga region not only raised talented people, but also attracted natives of other places marked by God's gift. That is why our region is associated with so many literary, artistic, artistic names!
Of course, estate life neither in Tverskaya, nor in Novgorod, nor in any other province was a complete idyll. The problems and contradictions of Russian reality could not bypass it. In the archives you can find a lot of information about the cruelty of landowners and the oppression of peasants. But this was not the case everywhere. After all, the nobility was the most educated and cultural class of pre-revolutionary Russia. And therefore, it was the peasants who stood up for the expelled and exiled estate owners.
The decline of noble estate culture began at the end of the 19th century, when the importance civil service intensified. For many recent landowners, it was the service that became the main source of income after the decree of 1861. Noble land ownership declined sharply, and the profitability of estates fell. Estates began to go bankrupt and change hands. Some have completely disappeared.
But the spirit of the noble estate did not disappear. It was the passing culture of the nobility that inspired the poets of the Silver Age and composers. And the new owners, to whom the estates passed, tried to preserve this spirit, did not let the estates disappear, and maintained them in their original form.
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, estates were built mainly not as economic centers, but as country houses intended for recreation. At this time, dachas of people of art became a new type of estate.
According to archival data, in 1917–1918 there were 1,230 estates within the Tver province. Previously, there were two or three times more of them. Anticipating the revolution, feeling their insecurity, many owners of estates left them before October. Some of those who remained were ready to give everything, others died during a senseless and barbaric robbery. The famous Leninist decree on land, according to which landowners' estates with all their accessories (not excluding archives and libraries) were placed at the disposal of volost land committees, actually legitimized the barbaric destruction of estates that began under the Provisional Government.
What was the first thing that attracted you to the estates? Not land, not household equipment, but wealth: antique furniture, dishes, art objects. This is precisely what was thrown to the wind in the first place. Especially many books and documents from home archives were lost.
The famous museum figure S. D. Yakhontov, who witnessed the destruction of estates, wrote: “... It makes your hair stand on end when you hear that horses were fed in expensive pianos, they sat under cows with expensive vases, they cut paintings of great masters into pieces, rare furniture they divided it into parts so that everyone could get it, rare books that had no price were torn for cigarettes, and valuable archives (papers) on which history was written were used to fuel stoves...”
The terrible cultural catastrophe did not spare our places either. While studying the history of estates in the vicinity of Lykoshino, I was amazed at their fate and the fate of their owners: Olga Aleksandrovna Krshivitskaya, the granddaughter of the outstanding Russian engineer Franz de Volland, who from 1812 to 1818 was the Chief Director of Russian Railways, the owner of the Sukhoe estate, died after revolution in the house of a former cook and was buried by compassionate peasants. Yuri Pavlovich Diaghilev, the brother of the famous theater figure Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev, the last owner of the Bainevo and Boroventsy estates, after the revolution he lived with his family in a tiny house, worked as a cab driver, a janitor, and in the summer the whole family tended a herd, until their eviction to Siberia. The exiled Valdai merchant Nikolai Efremovich Beltikhin, the builder of the first school in Lykoshino, also died in Siberia.
It would be good if the confiscated estate buildings were not destroyed, but were transferred to schools, rest homes, sanatoriums, and hospitals. But the new owners did not show proper care for their safety. Buildings were rebuilt, remodeled, and lost their appearance. There was not enough money to support them. And they burned and collapsed. And now, out of more than twenty estates that were once cultural centers in the Lykoshino region, one has miraculously survived. There are not even ruins of buildings (except for the house of Prince Obolensky); only the pitiful remains of parks and overgrown ponds have been preserved. And only hope remains that at least the memory of them will be preserved. In museum exhibitions, old photographs, stories of old-timers and in our research...
Search roads:
The main directions of my research work are:
1. Studying literature on this topic.
I visited the school library, used books from I.A. Boikova’s personal library, and from the district library. I got acquainted with how this topic is covered in the works of local historians M. A. Ivanov, N. A. Lastochkin, I. V. Bagazhova, V. V. Sychev and others (a list of references is attached), local history essays in the newspaper “ New life", articles in the magazines "Russian Province" and "Our Heritage".
2. Studying materials from the school local history museum.
Our school local history museum has existed since 1967.
Over the years, our museum has accumulated material on the history of the village and local enterprises. I looked through many albums (there are more than a hundred of them in the museum) and exhibition materials.
3. Studying local history materials on the cultural history of our region aesthetic and local history creative association "Rus".
I am a member of so. “Rus” for several years (since fifth grade).
In the office - museum "Svetyolka" for ten years of its existence. “Rus” and the search work that has been going on all these years, local history material on the history and culture of the Bologovskaya land has been accumulated and systematized, including from the history of the rural settlements of the Bologovskaya land and estates that once existed in our region.
4. Memoirs of guards.
These memories are placed in the appendix to the work and in the text of the work itself.
5. Use of summer camp materials ,
the route of which passed in the summer of 2008 through places where ancient estates were once located: Zaklyuchye, Garusovo, Shirokoye.
In the summer of 2009, members of the tourist tent camp will visit Krasny Bor, Sopki, Mishnevo, Ostrye Kletki, and Turni in order to study the history of these settlements.
6. My personal impressions of visiting the estates
in Suvorovsky - Kanchansky, Bernovo, Vasilevo, Nikolsky, Raika, Zaklyuchye, Shirokoye.
7. Use of materials from the state archives of Tver and Novgorod, provided to me by I. A. Boykova .
8. Use of materials from the Borovichi and Valdai local history museums, factual materials from many years of correspondence between I. A. Boikova and L. E. Brikker, an Okulovo local historian.
9. To work on the essay, I used local history material provided by the local history teacher of the Berezoryadsk school, Lyubov Nikolaevna Soroka.
2. Estates in the area of the village of Lykoshino and their inhabitants:
The estate "Sukhoe".
Owner Olga Aleksandrovna Krshivitskaya.
Village of Turni.
There are several legends about the origin of the name. Some people suggest that Peter I turned the Swedes here, others name some other enemies. And everything is very prosaic. “Turnya” is a cliff, in some places overgrown with forest.
In Turni, the stone Trinity Church, built from the late 19th to early 20th centuries, has survived to this day.
The church, naturally, is not functioning...
Pokrovskaya
church
1900 Village of Turni. Feast of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God .
And in the cemetery there are ruins of the wooden Intercession Church built in 1729.
Previously, in this place there was a grove of centuries-old trees that grew above a mound with ancient slabs and stones. Probably, there was previously a cemetery for the monastery that existed here in the 14th – 15th centuries. During surface excavations in this place, skulls were found, which were sent to the Anthropological Museum. Arrows from the Neolithic period were found in two places.
Next to the altar part of the stone church there is the burial place of the former owner of the Sukhoe estate, which was located in the 19th - early 20th centuries in close proximity to the village of Turny and the village of Sukhoe Olga Krshivitskaya, granddaughter of the outstanding Russian engineer Franz de Volland, who from 1812 to 1818 was the Chief Director of Russian Railways. At that time, the activities of the Communications Directorate were aimed at the construction of hydraulic structures in the Tver province. The family of Franz de Vollan lived in the Sopkinskaya volost of the Valdai district. The estate was located on the shores of Lake Divenets.
Excerpt from the book of Novgorod local historian I.V. Anichkov, 1911:
“The Sukhoi estate belongs to the widow of the actual state councilor Olga Alexandrovna Krshivitskaya, née de Volland. Previously, it belonged to the titular councilor A. A. Kusakov, who in 1832 sold it to the Life Guards of the Grenadier Regiment to Lieutenant Alexander Frantsevich de Vollan, from whom, according to his spiritual will, it went to his daughter, the real owner. According to local legend, there used to be a monastery in Turni, destroyed by Lithuania; they say that the monks immersed the bells in Lake Divenets, which has a remarkable property: there are winters when the water from the lake leaves somewhere, and in that place a funnel is formed and the ice in that place falls through (some lakes in the Novgorod province have this property of periodic disappearance of water) . Thus, the invasion of Lithuania was confined to the vicinity of the estate.
In 1880, His Imperial Majesty Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich visited the estate when he came hunting.
The house on the estate was previously wooden and, having just been rebuilt, burned down with all the collections and things. The second, brick, two-story, 14 rooms, built in 1837.
There is a library of approximately 10 thousand volumes, owned by the owner’s brother, actual state councilor G. A. de Vollan; it contains rare historical publications. In the house there is an old portrait of Prince George of Oldenburg, his wife Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna, granted to the widow of F.P. de Volan - Maria Yakovlevna de Volan, née de Witt, as well as portraits of de Volan, Ilovaisky, Krzyvitsky and A. F. de - Volan, who was married to the daughter of Major General Grigory Dmitrievich Ilovaisky.
And Olga Aleksandrovna Krshivitskaya was an opera singer, she sang at the Mariinsky Imperial Opera Theater in St. Petersburg. But fate decreed that the former owner of the Sukhoe estate died after the revolution in the house of a former cook and was buried by compassionate peasants next to her husband
Next to the grave of Olga Alexandrovna Krshivitskaya lies the ashes of her father Alexander Frantsevich de Volland
(born August 25, 1807, died
7.04. 1871), living
in the estate since 1832.
Remnant of the tombstone
Alexander Frantsevich
de Volland.
Researcher of the life of F. de Volland, Vladimir Mikhailovich Urzhanov, believes that Alexander’s brother, Grigory Frantsevich de Volland, ambassador to Japan and the USA, author of 8 books: “In the Land of the Rising Sun”, “In the Land of Billionaires and Democrats”, etc. , holder of 16 orders and medals of Russia, China, Japan and others, who died in 1916 in Yalta, was taken out and also buried in the Turna graveyard.
The once beautiful crypt of this family, built from large blocks of red granite, surrounded by a fence, is currently in a deplorable state: there is no fence, the crypt is torn up, the monument has been knocked over. You can still read the inscription on the monument: “Actual State Councilor Alexander Faddeevich Krshivitsky was born on April 23, 1842, died on April 26, 1913.”
Alexander Faddeevich Krshivitsky was a prominent public figure in the Novgorod province, an indispensable judge, a member of the provincial and district Valdai assembly, and a former magistrate for elections. Krzyvitsky had family lands in Valdai district, which came to him from his mother, née Anichkova.
Anichkovs- one of the oldest noble families in Russia - included in the 6th part of the Russian Armorial Book and in the so-called Velvet Book.
The Anichkovs were governors, stewards, solicitors, mayors, judges, ambassadors, police officers, leaders of the nobility, provincial secretaries, directors of gymnasiums, actual state councilors, collegiate assessors, court and titular councilors, police chiefs, vice-governors, doctors, monks, scientists, writers , artists. There were especially many military men among them - sergeants, warrant officers, midshipmen, captains, staff - captains, seconds - majors, captain - police officers, captains, lieutenant colonels, brigadiers, general - majors...
The geography of their family is also extensive: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vilna, Vladimir, Voronezh, Kazan, Murom, Pskov, Samara, Saratov, Sebezh, Smolensk, Tambov, Ufa, Yaroslavl, Tver, Novgorod, Borovichi, Valdai, Staraya Russa...
The Anichkov Bridge, and after it the Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg, are named after Lieutenant Colonel Mikhail Osipovich Anichkov, under whose leadership the first bridge across the Fontanka was built in 1725, in the same place as the current one.
The Sukhoe estate arose near the village of the same name. The name of the village comes from the name of Lake Sukhoe, on the shore of which it was located. Now the village is gone. There is no estate either. And even the crypt was looted and torn apart. It’s painful and insulting for us... For these people whose graves were desecrated...
The Sopki estate.
Owner: State Councilor Alexander Nikolaevich Lizarkh-von-Konig.
The name comes from the words “hills”, “hill”, “mountain”. And indeed, next to the village there are Vanina Mountains,
Knyazeva Gora, Mishkin
val and Vaskin val...
Hills - in a word,
The village of Sopki was the center of the Sopkinsky volost of the Valdai district of the Novgorod province in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The Sopkinskaya volost included (according to the “List of populated areas of the Valdai district of the Novgorod province” of 1884):
the village of Beryozka (number of inhabitants - 121), the village of Sukhoe (number of inhabitants - 108), the village of Zaozerye (number of inhabitants - 110), the village of Gryady (number of inhabitants - 250), Turensky Pogost (number inhabitants - 29), village Mishnevo (number of inhabitants - 211), village Ostrye Kletki
(number of inhabitants - 211), village of Gorki (number of inhabitants - 226), village of Plotishno (number of inhabitants - 32), Terehovo estate (number of inhabitants - 2), village of Edno (number of inhabitants - 279),
village Zakidovo (number of inhabitants -121), village Kobylino (number of inhabitants -180), village Cherny Bor
(number of inhabitants - 80), village of Mshentsy (number of inhabitants - 206), village of Buldakovo (number of inhabitants - 181), village of Lenyovo (number of inhabitants - 166). Total - 16 villages, 3 estates, churchyard.
D. Sopki. Procession of the Cross.
Start XX century.
In “Materials for the assessment of land in the Novgorod province. Valdai district" (Novgorod, 1890) in the village of Sopki there were:
In the Alphabet section community land ownership of state peasants, former landowners: Sopki village, owner Koenig - 935, 4 des. (village of Sopki, Sopkinskaya volost)
In the Alphabet section private peasant land ownership:
Andreevs Fedor and Trofim with 4 comrades -80, 9 dec. in Novotroitskaya parish. (village of Sopki)
Danilov Alexey – 27, 0 dec. in Novotroitskaya parish. (village of Sopki)
Dmitriev Sergey – 12, 5th dec. in Novotroitskaya parish. (wastes of Yashino and Kondratovo, or Dalneye Babino)
Dmitriev Sergey and Ivanov Nikolay – 15.0 dec. in Novotroitskaya parish. (Vysokaya wasteland, or Evdokimova)
Dmitriev Sergey with 3 comrades – 20.0 dess. in Novotroitskaya parish. (Vysokaya wasteland, or Evdokimova)
Ivanov Nikolay – 46, 3rd dec. in Novotroitskaya parish. (empty Podjelia)
Ivanov Ivan and Vasiliev Andrey – 42, 6th dec. in Sopkinskaya parish. (empty Vysokusha, Podsosonye)
Sergeev Demid with 2 comrades – 24.0 dess. in Sopkinskaya parish. (empty Klimatino)
In addition, in the Sopkinskaya volost the lands belonged to:
Treasury – 944.2 dess. (bainevets wastelands; Kamenka; Goryukha; villages of Mishnevo and Kukuy; village of Plotishno)
Panaev Kronid Aleksandrovich – 104.7 dess. (wastes of Podol, Klimatino, Selishche Petrova Gora, Tureevo)
Olga Alexandrovna Krshivnitskaya – 3670, 6 (Sopki village)
Koshkarev Platon Dmitrievich - 1890.2 des. (villages Sopki, villages Gorka and Lineva)
Koenig Alexander and Mikhail Nikolaevich - 2018.9 dec. (villages Sopki, villages Gorka and Lineva)
In 1909, 350 people lived in Sopki (170 men, 180 women). There are 80 courtyard spaces occupied by construction. Residential buildings - 68. Occupation of residents - agriculture. Bakery store, 2 small shops, school.
In the 20th century, there were several schools on the territory of the Lykoshinsky village council: in the village of Lykoshino, in the village of Porechye, in the village of Sopki, in Khmelevka. Sopka school is the oldest. Founded by the Ministry of Public Education in 1887.
And this school, the first in our area, is connected with the wonderful Russian writer Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky.
Gleb Ivanovich came to Sopki in 1877. Before the district teacher had time to get off at the Valdaika station, the strictest supervision was established over him and his wife, by order of the St. Petersburg mayor, General Trepov.
While collecting material for the essays that made up the cycle “From a Village Diary,” Gleb Ivanovich taught village children in his house.
Here are the lines from the “Village Diary”: “The appearance of the village is very ordinary. Hilly fields descend to a river, not wide and shallow, in which, as if in past times, there were “passion as many fish”...
The banks of the river are here and there covered with bushes, here and there there is swamp and sand, and at the bottom there is thick grass, which for the most part is pulled out instead of fish by men who thought of wandering around (without undressing) with nonsense... This river is called Slepukha, and the village lying on the other its side is called Blind - Litvino ... "
The writer’s brother Ivan Ivanovich argued that the village of Slepoye - Litvino mentioned in the essays - is Sopki.
In the area of the village of Sopki in the 19th - early 20th centuries there were several estates.
One of them belonged Koenigou. In 1909, 3 people lived in the Sopki estate (1 men, 2 women). There are 3 courtyard spaces occupied by construction. Residential buildings – 2. The estate was located on the banks of the Valdaika.
At the Turna churchyard there is a burial, on the monument of which there was the following inscription: “State Councilor Alexander Nikolaevich Lizarkh-von-Konig.
Another estate at that time belonged there Mr. Chirenkova. In 1909, 4 people lived in the estate (2 men, 2 women). There are 4 courtyard spaces occupied by construction. Residential buildings - 3. The owner owned a water-based flour mill on the river. Valdike. According to the recollections of the village guards, the first hydroelectric power station was built from this mill in Sopki, which generated electricity during the difficult war years.
In close proximity to the Hills there was a small shop owned by Aleynikova. There was a residential building on the territory of this establishment, and 3 people lived in it (one man and 2 women). This trading establishment was also located on the banks of the river. Valdayki.
During the years of collectivization of the village of Sopki, the collective farm “Testament of Ilyich” was organized. In the 30s, there were 77 families on the collective farm, that’s 245 people. The collective farm had 82 cows and 43 horses. Then, for a number of years, Sopki was a branch of the Vskhody state farm (the central estate is located in the village of Korykhnovo).
Until recently, there was a library in Sopki, and in 2000 there were 156 readers. There was a club. Shop. First aid station. Now there is nothing of this.
At 1.01. 2008 13 permanent farms, number of permanent residents – 24.
Estate "Klyuchi"
Spring 1905. The Chekhov family descends onto the platform of Valdaika station. They are incredibly happy: finally, an old dream has come true and they have become the owners of a small, but his plot of land - landowners.
Having loaded their things onto the arriving carts, they themselves, sitting in the carts that were waiting for them, moved to their new place of residence.
They liked the estate immediately. And, barely having time to settle down, Mikhail Pavlovich writes enthusiastic lines to his sister Maria Pavlovna: “There are lovely, gentle views all around, the river is murmuring, the grass is tall. There are an abyss of berries... You can’t force children into rooms... Our life is cheap, there’s a lot of freedom.”
In a letter to Borovichi local historian A.P. Anosov, Mikhail Pavlovich’s son Sergei Mikhailovich reveals the reason for the Chekhov family’s relocation to Valdaika: “In 1905, in order not to spend money every summer on renting a dacha for his two children, Mikhail Pavlovich bought the Klyuchi estate...”
They bought the estate from Colonel Neslukhovsky. He never lived on it, but periodically rented it out to one or the other. The estate consisted of 3.5 acres of land and a two-story wooden house(nine rooms), as well as service buildings.
The feeling of the fullness of life among nature, the joy of simple work on the earth - these feelings completely took possession of Mikhail Pavlovich in “Keys”. In a letter dated June 15, he describes watering the garden, haymaking, and the “glorious Russian summer.” And, inviting Marya Pavlovna to come for a visit, he adds: “True, after the Crimea it will seem to you, perhaps, poorer, but I assure you - in general it’s nice. Nothing flashy, everything is so lyrical, levitational... Okulovka is 30 miles away from us.”
M.P. Chekhov, having a university education, worked in the financial department and at the same time was a writer. One of his most famous works is the book “Around Chekhov.”
Mikhail Pavlovich was born on October 6, 1865 in Taganrog. His character was formed in the struggle against unfavorable living conditions. From a young age he had to work a lot, he got used to being independent early on.
In 1885, M.P. Chekhov entered Moscow University, choosing the Faculty of Law. But the example of his older brother, the creative atmosphere that reigned in the Chekhov house - all this aroused interest in literature. He began writing while still a 3rd grade student at the gymnasium, and published his poems in the magazine “Light and Shadows.” Drawings and puzzles composed by him also appeared here.
While studying at the university, he acted as an employee of children's magazines, publishing a number of essays and stories in the magazines “Children's Rest”, “Friend of Children”, “Spring”, “Children’s Reading”.
Mikhail Pavlovich was endowed with many talents. For example, he made wonderful sketches of the places he visited and where the Chekhov family lived. His watercolors depicting a house on Sadovaya - Kudrinskaya, Babkino, Luka, Taganrog, Crimea, and the Caucasus have been preserved. A lot of sketches were made on Valdai. He was also a self-taught musician and played the piano. In one of his letters to his brother Alexander, Anton Pavlovich writes: “Mishka discovered another talent in himself: he draws excellently on porcelain.”
After graduating from university, M.P. Chekhov entered the service of the Ministry of Finance.
In 1892, Mikhail Pavlovich sought a transfer to serve in the city of Serpukhov. At this time, the Chekhov family moved to Melikhovo, Serpukhov district. In his free time from work, he could spend a long time there and spend the summer months almost without leaving. At this time he does not leave literary work. He taught himself English. Was engaged in translations.
His first serious book was a dictionary for rural owners, “Zakroma,” which summarized the two-year agricultural experience of the Chekhov family, which included a wide range of issues in field cultivation, gardening, market gardening, and livestock farming.
In 1894, Mikhail Pavlovich was transferred to the city of Uglich. Here he becomes a director, actor, decorator for an amateur theater troupe, and writes plays himself. On the basis of common theatrical interests, in 1896 he met Olga Germanovna Vladykina, who served as a governess for a local manufacturer. Soon the wedding took place. In 1898, Mikhail Pavlovich and Olga Germanovna gave birth to a daughter, Ekaterina, a future singer, and in 1901 a son, Sergei, a future artist.
In 1898, Mikhail Pavlovich was appointed to the position of head of the department of the Yaroslavl Treasury Chamber (an institution in charge of the finances of the province). Here he became a regular visitor to the theater (the oldest in Russia) and a theater critic. Articles and reviews by M. P. Chekhov appeared in the local press, then in the capital’s magazine “Theater and Art”.
In 1901, M.P. Chekhov resigned, left his service in the Ministry of Finance and moved to St. Petersburg. Here he takes the position of head of the book trade on the railways of Suvorin's counterparty. It was then that he had the idea of purchasing a dacha not far from St. Petersburg, where he could not only relax, but also work. The case was not long in coming. An acquaintance of the Chekhovs, Colonel Neslukhovsky, offered to buy his dacha at the station. Valdai at a reasonable price, which is what was done.
Chekhov used the “Klyuchi” dacha in Shirokoye for 7 years, then sold it again to Neslukhovsky. The reason was that in 1908, the family of M.P. Chekhov began to experience great financial difficulties, most likely caused by the costs of publishing the magazine “Golden Childhood” (1907 - 1917). In a letter dated July 20, 1908, Mikhail Pavlovich complains that he is “completely ruined” and asks his sister for help. But Maria Pavlovna’s help only delayed parting with the Keys...
Ivan Pavlovich Chekhov, a famous teacher, vacationed in “Klyuchi” with his family more than once. In Moscow, Ivan Pavlovich was in charge of a number of public schools. He was the organizer, manager and observer of a number of public reading rooms and libraries.
Ivan Pavlovich was born on May 16, 1861 in Taganrog. After the Chekhov family left for Moscow in 1876, he stayed with his brother Anton in Taganrog and earned his living by bookbinding. In 1877 he moved to Moscow, passed the exam to become a parish teacher and was appointed to the city of Voskresensk, Moscow province.
In 1884, I.P. Chekhov transferred to Moscow. Here he was in charge of a number of public schools where he taught. He was the organizer and observer of a number of public reading rooms and libraries. He was a member of the Trust for the Poor and a member of the board of the Society for the Care of Teachers' Children.
Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov also visited “Klyuchi” with pleasure. Came alone and with family. He also really liked our places, and he is even trying to live nearby: “Sasha was there. Immediately upon arrival, he decided to settle next to me and at least take out and give him the land for sale.”
A.P. Chekhov was born on August 10 in Taganrog. In 1875 he graduated from the gymnasium with a silver medal and in the same year he moved to Moscow, where he entered the university at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, which he graduated in 1882.
Alexander Pavlovich wrote many stories, novellas and novels, published in various newspapers and magazines: “Novoe Vremya”, “News of the Day”, “Historical Bulletin”. In separate publications under the pseudonym “A. Gray-haired" published "Christmas Stories", "Homeless Birds", "Princely Diamonds", "Konyaka" and others.
His works on special issues are known: “Historical Sketches of Firefighting in Russia”, “Chemical Dictionary of a Photographer” and others. He edited the magazines “Blind”, “Fireman”, “Bulletin of the Russian Society for the Protection of Animals”.
Together with his father, the son of A.P. Chekhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, later a famous dramatic actor, director, and teacher, came to Valdaika and stayed at the Keys.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Chekhov (1891 – 1955) was Stanislavsky’s most talented student (“Misha Chekhov is a genius” - the words of Konstantin Sergeevich), he appeared on the stage of the First Studio of the Moscow Art Theater under the leadership of Vakhtangov, and then on the Moscow Art Theater stage, rehearsing with Stanislavsky, he created his unique Khlestakov in “The Inspector General”. Even the best actors of the Art Theater looked at Chekhov’s performance with amazement and some confusion, not understanding how and why a young studio student could instantly create something that masters spend months of painstaking work on. In the role of Khlestakov, Mikhail Chekhov delighted both Stanislavsky and Meyerhold. With his acting, he reconciled and united different theater schools. M. Chekhov - actor - philosopher, tragedian. In 1928, his book “The Actor’s Path” was published - a creative confession. That same year, already being the director of the theater, he went abroad and did not return. He knew that a warrant had been signed for his arrest. Repression affected even such talented people. He dreamed of returning to his homeland, but his dreams were not destined to come true... He could work in Russia, using his talent to create brilliant performances and roles. But I couldn't. But he left behind a unique manual for all actors - the book “On Actor’s Technique”. This book is full of faith in the creative abilities of people, in the theater of the future...
...Life in “Keys” is reflected in the correspondence of Mikhail Pavlovich with his sister Maria Pavlovna. In one of his letters, he reports that Lika Mizinova also came here to stay. Lidia Stakhievna Mizinova (1870 - 1937) was an acquaintance of the Chekhovs and Levitan, she worked as a teacher at the L. F. Rzhevskaya gymnasium, then in the Moscow City Duma. At the gymnasium, she met and then became friends with Maria Pavlovna, the Chekhovs’ sister, and then became close to the whole family, especially Anton Pavlovich. They met in Moscow, in Korneev’s house on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, which the Chekhov family rented after moving from Taganrog. Masha Chekhova brought a 19-year-old friend from the women's course. Anton Pavlovich was 29 at that time.
The beautiful Lika became the prototype of Nina Zarechnaya from “The Seagull”, the heroine of plays and films about Chekhov. She sang beautifully and dreamed of becoming an actress. At one time she was even a member of the troupe of the Moscow Art Theater. The artist Isaac Levitan was in love with her, and Lika accepted his advances, not without coquetry. But she was truly in love only with Anton Pavlovich, and he joked and “playfully” treated the young fan. And she rushed into the pool of love without looking back, writing passionate letters. She invited me to go with her to the Caucasus, to Switzerland. But Chekhov kept his distance. He was sick. Mortally ill. Anton Pavlovich knew this for sure, as a doctor. And Lika is so young, so pretty... In 1900 Chekhov married Olga Knipper, in 1901 Lydia Stakhievna married the famous director Sanin. And in 1904 Anton Pavlovich dies...
This death shocked everyone. And, of course, his younger brother Mikhail, with whom he was very friendly. Being under the charm of his older brother, Mikhail tried to help him in any way he could.
Mikhail Pavlovich was a kind of brother’s secretary: he copied Anton Pavlovich’s manuscripts, visited editorial offices, and carried out various business assignments. Writer, translator, editor, Mikhail Pavlovich was always aware of everything he did, what he thought, and with whom Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, this great figure of Russian literature, met.
The death of his brother became an irrevocable loss, and Mikhail Pavlovich begins work on his memoirs. This work, dedicated to the life and work of Anton Pavlovich, occupies a large place in his activities. Mikhail Pavlovich writes in his diary: “I wanted my memoirs to be “my” memoirs, and not a biography of Anton, and although they give a special place to Anton, because my best, most conscious life took place in his company, side by side side with him."
And the beautiful Russian nature of our places, which can only be understood by those who lived and live here, helped Mikhail Pavlovich create, create memories about his brother.
Here at the “Klyuchi” dacha, Mikhail Pavlovich publishes his memoirs and writes interesting essays about Chekhov’s prototypes. Together with his sister Maria Pavlovna, he publishes a six-volume volume of his brother’s letters and writes meaningful notes to them.
Life in the Keys was filled with literary work. In 1907, already being the owner of the estate, M. P. Chekhov received a literary prize from the Academy of Sciences (honorable review) for the second edition of “Essays and Stories.” This was recognition of his services to Russian literature. Academician A. F. Koni, in his review of the book, noted the realism and psychologism of M. P. Chekhov’s works, the sincerity of his author’s intonation: “A vigorous faith in the pure feelings of a person, the ability to see in him more than one toy of circumstances, given as a sacrifice to animal nature... emanates from Chekhov’s book.”
At the same time, he publishes and edits the illustrated magazine “Golden Childhood”. At that time it was one of the popular magazines for children. Mikhail Pavlovich acted as the only author in it. Over ten years, Chekhov published several hundred of his stories, short stories and poems in the magazine, signing them with various pseudonyms - S. Vershinin, K. Treplev, M. B-sky, M. Ch., Iris, Grasshopper.
Mikhail Pavlovich created this magazine with passion, skillfully introducing a lot of interesting and entertaining things into its content. It was not without reason that contemporaries were amazed at the enormous capacity for work, endurance and ingenuity of Mikhail Pavlovich, who knew how to publish a magazine with the most minimal means.
Mikhail Chekhov by nature was a very kind and sympathetic person. And he tried to instill these qualities in children. Therefore, all the stories that Mikhail Pavlovich published in the magazine were filled with love for nature, our little brothers. This love for plants and animals was the main theme of the Golden Childhood magazine.
And as you noticed, Chekhov wrote stories about nature on our Lykoshin land, drawing inspiration here, walking and working in the country, swimming in Valdai. Our landscapes occupy a prominent role in the writer’s work.
Only one thing bothered him: very often he had to travel to St. Petersburg for publishing matters: “In general, we live nicely, if only we didn’t have to go to St. Petersburg every week for three days.” And he really missed his family there in the city: “It’s boring to be alone in a whole empty apartment.” Thank God that at least it was convenient to travel by rail from Valdaika to St. Petersburg.
In 1910, a collection of stories and stories by M. P. Chekhov “Pipe” was published. It includes works written in the Keys. Their main theme is the unsettled life of people in conditions of social lawlessness and lawlessness (“Anyuta”, “Sister”, “Empty Chance”, “On the Barge”).
Living on Valdaiq until 1912, Mikhail Pavlovich did not serve anywhere. He gets into debt. “I'm completely broke. Third year without a place. Everything has been lived. You can’t sell the estate right away, it’s mortgaged... I understand Anton now, when he didn’t serve anywhere and didn’t receive a salary from anywhere, making his way in the first years of his activity...”
“We’ll live through the last week in the Keys. The last one - and forever. The deed of sale has been set for the twentieth of October, and we are no longer landowners...” These are lines from a letter dated August 20, 1911. Mikhail Pavlovich will forever say goodbye to our places - places that are free and beautiful.
IN Soviet era, in the twenties, M. P. Chekhov again began to act as a children's writer (under the pseudonym K. Treplev and S. Vershinin), but mainly during these years he worked as a translator.
In 1926, due to illness, M.P. Chekhov settled in Yalta and lived in the house - museum of A.P. Chekhov. Here he writes the play “Duel” based on the story by A.P. Chekhov and the film script “The Petrashevsky Case”, and studies Italian. He died in Yalta on November 14, 1936.
I remember the words of the writer K. G. Paustovsky about people like Mikhail Pavlovich Chekhov: “There are people without whom literature cannot exist, although they themselves write little, or even not at all... It doesn’t matter whether they write a lot or a little wrote. It is important that they lived, and the literary life of their time was in full swing around them, and the entire history of their time, the entire life of the country, was refracted through their activities.”
...Anton Pavlovich Chekhov had never been to our region, but in one of his works he touched on the Novgorod theme.
The writer has travel notes “Sakhalin Island”. Anton Pavlovich really was on Sakhalin in 1890. And there he met the convict Yegor, who told him the story of how he got to the island. Egor in his story mentions our region, including Parakhino, which is located in the Okulovsky district. And the convict’s story is replete with local Novgorod words; apparently Chekhov tried to more accurately record this man’s story. It is a pity that the notes do not contain the name of this convict, otherwise it would be possible to find the descendants of this unknown Yegor.
Among Anton Pavlovich’s acquaintances was Borovichi landowner Alexander Ivanovich Anichkov, owner of the Zalizenie estate.
Alexander Ivanovich graduated from the university and conservatory, knew and was fluent in all European languages and was widely educated in the field of humanities.
His friend, the artist Braz, often visited Zalizenie and discovered Alexander Ivanovich’s ability to draw, began to teach him how to use a brush and made Alexander Ivanovich a completely tolerable artist.
Osip Emmanuilovich Braz (1872 – 1936) – Russian painter and graphic artist. He studied at the drawing school and the Academy of Arts in the class of I. Repin. Participant of the exhibitions “World of Art”, “36 Artists”, etc. Braz is the author of the famous portrait of A.P. Chekhov. In the post-revolutionary years he worked in the Hermitage, then was exiled to Novgorod. At the end of the 20s he left Russia forever.
The famous P. M. Tretyakov, who laid the foundation for the famous Tretyakov Gallery, in March 1897 ordered a portrait of A. P. Chekhov from the artist O. E. Braz.
On March 16/28, 1898, Chekhov wrote from Nice to his sister Maria Pavlovna: “On the third day Braz arrived. With him is his friend, the Borovichi landowner Anichkov. Both stayed at the Russian boarding house. At first, Braz wanted to paint a portrait in the air, but this turned out to be inconvenient: he had to find a studio...” Chekhov by that time knew about Anichkov from correspondence with Braz. And later he gave him a parcel with medicines.
Thus, our region is connected with the famous Chekhov family.
What is the fate of the “Klyuchi” dacha?
In 1917, this dacha, like the others, was nationalized. Subsequently, the house was dismantled and transported to the Lykoshino station to equip a knitting workshop in it. And later the house burned down.
Estates in Shirokoe:
"Magpie Mountains" Owner Nikolai Ivanovich Gruss.
"Lily of the Valley Mountain" Owner Mikhail Efimovich Grumm – Grzhimailo.
"Green Dacha" Owner Mikhail Dmitrievich Van – Putteren.
Not far from the village. Lykoshino, just 4 kilometers away is the town of Shirokoe. The places are picturesque, spacious, wide. Hence the name: “wide” - spacious in the transverse dimension; for traveling.
Before the revolution there were four dachas here. They were located on the right side of the road that leads from Lykoshino to Valdai.
The yellow dacha belonged to the doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Gruss from St. Petersburg.
Having settled, he immediately built a small house, where he opened an outpatient clinic. On Sundays, N.I. Gruss received sick peasants from surrounding villages. Moreover, he did not take money from anyone. Just imagine how many people lined up every time to see the capital’s doctor, because the nearest zemstvo hospitals were forty to fifty miles away. One problem is that the tsarist government clearly did not like this charity.
The estate of N. Gruss (Grus) was called “Sorokiny Gory”.
The Blue Dacha (Landysheva Gora estate) belonged to General Mikhail Efimovich Grumm-Grzhimailo (Grum-Grzhimailo).
His brother had been here more than once. The famous traveler Grigory Efimovich Grumm - Grzhimailo, who made many interesting discoveries. Researcher of Central and Central Asia, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo traveled through Altai, Pamir, Tien Shan, Western Mongolia. Based on the results of his research, he wrote many interesting works.
And Mikhail Efimovich himself was a significant luminary. One thing is that when he taught at the cadet school, he taught Arsenyev himself. The one who made many discoveries in the Far East and wrote an interesting book about his journey, “Dersu Uzala”.
The green dacha belonged to a doctor from St. Petersburg, Mikhail Dmitrievich von Putteren.
Like Nikolai Ivanovich Gruss, Mikhail Dmitrievich spent a lot of time in the built outpatient clinic, where he treated local residents. But the main hostess at the Green Dacha was his wife, the permanent soloist of the Imperial Mariinsky Opera House, Maria Aleksandrovna Mikhailenko. The singer's creative biography was brilliant: more than forty parts of a wide variety of repertoire. And she sang together with Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin himself, with Leonid Vasilyevich Sobinov, with F. Stravinsky, who had a wonderful voice and was a good opera singer. And how many trips there were during this time! Bulgaria, Germany, Serbia, Japan. The largest opera houses in Russia applauded the singer. And Glazunov even dedicated the drinking song “Amber Cup” and the duet “Oh You Song” to her. Maria Alexandrovna recorded 340 works on gramophone records at the most famous gramophone companies - “Pate”, “Columbia”, “Gramafon”.
The fourth dacha was owned by Colonel Neslukhovsky. It was this dacha that was bought in 1905 by Mikhail Pavlovich Chekhov, brother of A.P. Chekhov.
After the revolution, a rest home for scientists was located in the buildings of nationalized dachas. There was a subsidiary farm with him. And what an alley of roses led to the buildings! Flowerbeds, a sea of flowers! Dance floor, swings, boating on Valdaika... People still remember this holiday home. Teachers at our school told how, when they were still children, they bought chocolates in a stall equipped with a large mushroom.
What a pity that the holiday home no longer exists...
During the Great Patriotic War, there was a hospital in Shirokoe. During the Great Patriotic War, several of them were replaced. The first one had number 3370. The boss was Logunov. After the war, and even during it, wounded Bologians were treated. Then this hospital moved to Valdai. And another one arrived here under number 3190 (chief Stolyarov). Mostly lightly wounded soldiers were being treated. The doctor was Gustarova. Around this time, 700 people were receiving treatment. There were not enough premises. They built a barracks (after the war a club was located there).
At one time, two captured German pilots were kept in the hospital.
The hospital existed until 1945. Since that time, a military burial ground has remained in the forest.
After the war, the holiday home opened its doors again in Shirokoye. New two-story buildings were built.
Now there are no traces left at the site of the holiday home, except for the foundations of some buildings, but they too will soon be wildly overgrown with weeds...
In 2004, there were 42 people and 9 summer residents in the village of Shirokoe. The number of permanent farms is 21.
At 1.01. 2008, 36 people live. The number of permanent farms is 19. The village is gradually dying...
Dacha "Borisovo"
The owner is a merchant of the first guild Nikolai Efremovich Beltikhin.
The village of Kuznetsovo is located 1.5 kilometers from Valdaika station on a hill.
Origin of the name: from the male personal name Blacksmith - “who forges at the forge, is engaged in blacksmithing.”
There was a blacksmith shop in the village for a long time. Its remains have been preserved. IN Soviet years The forge belonged to the collective farm "6th Congress of Soviets", which merged during the period of consolidation of farms with the collective farms "Veliky", "1st Lykoshinsky", "Krasny Bor", "6th Congress of Soviets" (1950). The ruins of the barnyard, where calves were raised until recently, have also been preserved. Behind the village there were two stables.
Nearby is the old forest lake Borisovka, once large, now almost overgrown. There are swamps all around.
The village is located on a hill. From here the whole area is visible. There are few houses, but every house has a garden. And every year apple and plum trees bear fruit here abundantly.
It was part of the Borovichi district of the Pirus volost. In the “List of populated places of the Borovichi district of the Novgorod province” (1885), in the village of Kuznetsovo there were 35 peasant households, the number of buildings: total - 55, including residential - 35. According to family lists of 1879, only 168 people lived in the village (79 - male and 89 female). According to parish information of the same year: number of inhabitants: m. - 77, women. – 93, including children: under 8 years old -19, from 8 to 13 – 20, from 13 to 18 – 12, middle aged (18 – 60 years old): m.- 50, w. – 59; over 60 years old: m. – 7, woman. – 3. Amount of land: allotment: convenient – 388 dessiatines, inconvenient: 33 dessiatines. Purchased - 9 dessiatines.
In the “List of populated places of the Borovichi district of the Novgorod province” (1911) it is written that in the village of Kuznetsovo the lands belonged to the Kuznetsov society. There were 37 courtyard spaces, 88 residential buildings. 211 people lived (male - 104, female - 107). The distance to the district town is 40 versts, to the railway station and school – 2 versts. The main occupation of the residents is agriculture. Some residents served as cab drivers. There was a chapel in the village. Residents used spring water because... There are no rivers or lakes convenient for collecting water.
In 2004, there were 23 permanent farms in the village. There were 38 people living there.
In 2008, 19 permanent farms were registered in Kuznetsovo, with 23 people living there. In summer there are many summer residents. There are no institutions in the village.
Behind the village of Kuznetsovo there was once the village of Cherny Bor (Chernye Bor). At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 80 people lived in it.
Not far from the village there was a dacha “Borisovo” (after the name of the lake), which belonged to the merchant of the 1st guild N.E. Beltikhin. A pond was dug next to the dacha.
The Beltikhin family of merchants was the richest and most famous at the Valdaika station and in the surrounding area. They owned several houses, had a dacha “Borisovo” and a farm in the village of Kuznetsovo, a dacha in the Village of Porozhki. They were also involved in bell foundry. In the Museum of Bells of the city of Valdai there is a bell on which the inscription “St. Valdayka Nikolaevskaya railway Beltikhin village. There is a similar inscription on other bells that are kept in private collections. The Beltikhins were connected by partnership trading relations with the famous bell-casters of the city of Valdai, the Usachevs. The Usachevs had a large factory in Valdai, but there was no sales of goods; firstly, in this small town there were two more factories where loud goods were cast, and secondly, the railway passed by and it was not easy to sell the goods. This is where Usachev’s friendship with the merchant Beltikhin, who had a trading shop right in the center of the village, came in handy.
Next to the house there was a bakery, and not far away there was a dairy factory owned by Nikolai Efremovich Beltikhin. Opposite the house there was a gazebo surrounded by trees. The gazebo was glazed with multi-colored pieces of glass that shimmered in the sun. And this, according to the oldest residents of the village, was very beautiful. Nikolai Efremovich built a firehouse next to the gazebo and used his own money to maintain a fire brigade at the station. By the way, until recently, in the center of our village there hung a fire bell, on which “Beltikhin” was cast. Now the bell is gone, it has disappeared somewhere, they say that the head of the village council gave it to his friends. There is no fire bell, and now there is no fire building either; in recent years, a modern entrepreneur equipped a bar in it and the building burned down due to careless handling of fire.
And the charred skeleton of the former fire stands as a edification to us.
The name of Nikolai Efremovich is known to every resident of the village, because he built the first school building and was its trustee, for which he was awarded a gold medal to wear around his neck.
But, unfortunately, charity did not help the Bneltikhin family, and even the fact that they voluntarily handed over all their houses and property to Soviet power did not save them from repression. Nikolai Efremovich and his wife were exiled to Siberia, where he died in 1931. His grandson and great-grandchildren know almost nothing about their life in exile.
But the Beltikhins’ house is located in the center of the village; now it houses a post office. The building of the parish school has survived for now (for a long time it housed a hospital, then a nursing home), but now it has been transferred to the Iversky Church. And the descendants of the merchant Beltikhin are alive.
Estate "Mikhailovskoe".
Owner Kronid Aleksandrovich Panaev.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the estate of the landowner Kozin was located in Mikhailovskoye.
In the middle of the 19th century, railway engineer Valerian Aleksandrovich Panaev was appointed head of the 6th section of the Northern Directorate of the railway under construction. He came to Valdaika with his brothers Ippolit and Kronid. In those days, the forests here abounded in game, trout were found in the rivers, a lot of river pearls were caught, this could not but influence the brothers’ decision to settle in these places. Valerian built a house on the Shegrinka River, and Kronid bought a superbly appointed estate from the landowner Kozin in 1887.
On the territory of the estate there was a two-story house, around it there was a park, opposite the estate house there were ponds in which swans swam. There were many flowers, the park was decorated with shady alleys. The Panaevs ran a substantial farm. Up to 40 workers worked at the cereal factory; 18 thousand quarters of grain were processed per year for 30 thousand rubles. This grain was sent to St. Petersburg, to Valdai, Demyansky, Borovichi districts. The Panaevs had two water mills: one on the Valdaika River, the other on the river. Zvanka. In 1911, a chapel was built in Mikhailovskoye.
During the time of the Panayevs, 116 people lived in the village and there were 24 residential buildings.
The Panaevs also owned land in the village of Lykoshino. On the lands of Kronid Aleksandrovich at the end of the 19th century, according to the design of Konstantin Andreevich Ton, the temple of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, a house for the priest, and a parish school were built.
The “List of populated places of the Novgorod province” for 1911 lists: the village of Mikhailovskoye (38 residential buildings, 199 inhabitants, a chapel, a bakery store, a small shop adjacent to the Mikhailovskoye estate), an estate belonging to the heirs of Panaev (5 residential buildings, 17 inhabitants ), Mikhailovsky roller mill plant of the heirs of Panaev on the river. Valdayka.
In the forties of the last century, N. A. Nekrasov began to get acquainted with our region. At this time, he was friends with the Panaev brothers, one of whom, namely Ivan Ivanovich Panaev, became his co-editor for the Sovremennik magazine. A well-known and talented prose writer and poet, satirist, outstanding feuilletonist, pamphleteer and critic, employee of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, Ivan Ivanovich devoted 30 years to literary work. He was constantly in the thick of the writing community and was close and friendly with many writers: Turgenev, Aksakov, Belinsky, Nekrasov. Ivan Ivanovich brought Nekrasov closer to his cousins - engineers - railway workers Valerian and Ippolit Panaev, as well as with Kronid Aleksandrovich Panaev, the headquarters - captain of the public district zemstvo assembly, who had an estate in the village of Mikhailovskoye. The brothers often invited the poet to their estates. After resting for a day or two upon arrival, everyone went hunting to the most remote corners of the Novgorod region. From here, from Mikhailovsky, he wrote to A. A. Butkevich, K. A. and F. A. Nekrasov in Aleshunino on October 5, Thursday (1861, St. Petersburg ) “Dear brothers and sisters. On Monday I returned from a hunt, which was successful - in two days the four of us killed 166 hares, in addition to other game. Plautin (husband of N.P. Ogarev’s sister, Colonel S.F. Plautin) killed 42, Abaza - 40, Zhodomirsky - 36, I - 48. I bring out this score in order to boast that I shot everyone. In fact, I beat the unfortunate beast recklessly, especially on the first day I killed 32 hares. This happened near the Valdaika station, where there is an abyss of this beast ... "
Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva (née Bryanskaya), who was Nekrasov’s common-law wife from 1845 to 1863, also came to visit Mikhailovskoye. Together they wrote a great novel, “Three Countries of the World” (1848). There were two signatures under it: N. Nekrasov and N. Stanitsky (N. Stanitsky is the pseudonym of A. Ya. Panaeva). Part of the material for this work was collected here in Valdai. The novel presents Valdai nature, the life of peasants and pilots. While working on the novel, the authors used their impressions of being on the Msta River and special literature about navigation on it.
There is information that in Mikhailovskoye in 1855, Panaeva and Nekrasov had a son, Ivan. In a letter to I. S. Turgenev on April 19, 1855, Nekrasov writes: “Having said goodbye to you, I left - and soon they let me know that the poor boy was in trouble. I came back. I was in the middle of the road with the Panayevs, then I was in St. Petersburg. The poor boy died. It happened in Mikhailovsky.” The relationship between Nekrasov and Panaeva was complex, and their life together not easy. They came together and then diverged. In 1863 the final break occurred.
Okulovka, Valdaika, Borovichi - these are the places of Nekrasov’s hunting “walks”. “I was hunting along the railway - this road seems to deliberately run through places that are needed only by hunters and no one else,” he wrote to I. S. Turgenev in 1852. “In my three trips there I killed more than a hundred white and gray partridges and wood grouse, not counting hares...”
Visiting many villages, he saw with bitterness how difficult life was for a peasant. He had a chance to witness the construction of the Nikolaevskaya road. Personal impressions were supplemented by the Panaevs’ stories about the terrible conditions in which the “cast iron” builders lived and worked. And in 1864 the poem “The Railway” appears.
Wandering with a gun through the surrounding areas of Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Alekseevich communicated with the people, witnessed peasant holidays, gatherings, went to rural fairs, weddings and funerals, met many people, observed their morals and customs. Then he transferred his observations to paper.
After the October Revolution, the Panayevs' manor house was destroyed.
But people remember him well, just as they remember the owners of the manor house. Nina Vladimirovna Chuprina (nee Kuznetsova) lives in Mikhailovskoye; this woman’s mother and grandmother served with the Panayevs, worked in his fields and on the estate. Nina Vladimirovna’s grandmother, Elizaveta, even remembered the arrival of Nekrasov and his friends to the estate and told her granddaughter about it. She also said that the master was kind, he gathered children in the area, treated them to candy, and gave money. The guys also took part in driving hares for hunting. The kids were interested, having fun, walking in a gang along the forest paths from the village of Khmelevka to Mikhailovskoye, shouting, taking rattles with them to drive the hares to Mikhailovskoye.
Now in the village of Mikhailovskoye there is LIU-3. The official opening date of the colony is considered to be 1925, but this date still requires clarification.
The first colonists worked in logging, transported logs on oxen and heavy-duty horses, and grew vegetables on their farms. All prisoners lived behind barbed wire, but could move freely around the village. At that time, traces of Panaev’s landowner’s estate were still preserved. Wonderful ponds, blue spruce trees, silver poplars. The manor's flower beds, full of fragrant flowers, were also kept in order. There were mirror carp in the ponds. The ponds were connected by canals in such a way that one could sail along them by boat to the Valdaika River.
In 1951, the correctional labor house in the village of Mikhailovskoye was transformed into an institution for tuberculosis patients.
In 1987, the institution became the Interregional Tuberculosis Hospital.
In 1990, it received the status of a correctional labor colony for housing patients with tuberculosis. In 2000, the institution received the name LIU-3.
In the 30s, the collective farm “Path to Victory” was organized in the village of Mikhailovskoye. Then the collective farm included 9 families, that’s 57 people. 14 cows and 9 horses were socialized.
At the 1st correctional labor colony, the Mikhailovskoye state farm was organized.
The village is located 2 kilometers from the administrative center of the Valdai settlement.
In 2004, just over 300 people lived in Mikhailovsky. Currently - about 250. The number of permanent farms is 110.
Currently, there are no institutions in the village except LIU-3, a store, a library, and a club. Streets in the village of Mikhailovskoye: Yuzhnaya, Novikova, Tsvetochnaya, Parkovaya. Parkovaya Street is located on the territory of the park belonging to the Panayevs' estate. In the place where the manor house was located there are only traces of the foundation.
Estate "Bainevo" .
Estate "Boroventsy".
Mid-19th century. Construction of the Nikolaev railway. Valerian Aleksandrovich Panaev, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Corps of Railway Engineers, is appointed head of the Valdaikovsky section of the track. He is young, not married yet. Together with him, his brothers come to the construction site: Hippolytus and Kronid. Ippolit settles with Valerian in the village of Kuznetsovo on the Shegrinka River, and Kronid acquires an estate in the village of Mikhailovskoye.
Soon the young engineer meets on his way a beautiful girl from the oldest Russian family - Sofya Melgunova, and the young couple get married at the Valdaika station in a military camp church. After the wedding, the Bainevo estate was transferred to them from the wife’s parents, which is located about 20 kilometers from the Valdai station in the direction of the city of Valdai. This estate became a happy place for lovers. Here they had three daughters: Elena, Alexandra and Valentina. Alexandra will become a famous opera singer, a student of Pauline Viardot, Valentina will die very young after the birth of her son and will be buried on the territory of the Valdai Monastery in the Panaevs’ tomb. And Elena will marry Pavel Petrovich Diaghilev. Elena will become the second wife of Pavel Petrovich. The first wife, Evgenia Nikolaevna Evreinova, died two months after the birth of her son Seryozha. When Elena Valerianovna married Diaghilev, Seryozha was two years old. He was sincerely attached to his stepmother, and carried the warmest attitude towards her throughout his life. And being a famous theatrical figure, the impresario, spending a lot of time at work in foreign countries, wrote warm, sincere letters to her. Elena Valerianovna answered him the same.
When Pavel Petrovich married Elena Valerianovna, he often began to visit the estate of his father-in-law Bainevo. At the same time, he built his Boroventsy estate nearby on the shore of Lake Borovinets, where he organized a weaving production.
From the first days, Seryozha’s nanny was the former courtyard girl of the Evreinovs, Avdotya Aleksandrovna. She was inseparably with Sergei for 30 years.
Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev had two younger brothers.
Valentin Pavlovich Diaghilev (1875 - 1929) - graduate of the Academy of the General Staff, professor, master of military history, major general - will die a martyr in the Solovetsky camps (in the same year the life of S.P. Diaghilev will end). He would be posthumously rehabilitated in 1989.
Yuri Pavlovich, born on May 13, 1878, will become a military man. He studied at the Alexander Cadet Corps, then at the Nikolaev Cavalry School. He served in the Life Guards Cossack Regiment. Participated in combat operations on the fronts of the First World War. After retiring, Yuri Pavlovich will settle on the Panayevs' estate - Bainevo. He will also become the last owner of the Boroventsy estate.
In the 1980s, the director of the Okulovo Central Library, Lidiya Vasilievna Ivanova, said that Sergei Pavlovich repeatedly came to Yuri Pavlovich Diaghilev at his Boroventsy estate on the shore of the lake of the same name. During such visits, he loved to organize evenings of Russian folk songs, for which vociferous singers were invited from the surrounding villages. Lidia Vasilyevna’s mother, who lived in the village of Malaya Krestovaya, near Uglovka, also took part in such evenings.
From Maria Petrovna Glazer (1920 - 1003), who lived as a child at a mill in the town of Brod, which was located not far from the Boroventsy estate, Okulov local historian Leonard Eduardovich Brikker wrote down memories of the Diaghilevs: “I remember the Diaghilevs already in Soviet times, in the late 20s years. The estate, land and linen factory had already been taken away from them. They lived in a tiny house in Novaya Derevnya near Novotroitsy and the village. Dinner. Yuri Pavlovich's wife's name was Tatyana Andreevna. She looked about forty years old and had a round face. They had a son, Dima, about 17 years old, a very intelligent boy, who was considered a fool in the village. After the expropriation, they had quite a lot of furniture left, and they sold it - that’s what they lived on. We bought a large dressing table from them that reached to the ceiling.
Yuri Pavlovich worked as a cab driver and a church watchman. In the summer, all three of the Diaghilevs were hired to shepherd the Novoderevensky herd. Pasti walked with a folding chair. Once my mother asked Tatyana Andreevna: “What do you eat?”, to which she, in a special way and swallowing the endings, answered (we often remembered this phrase): “In the morning raspberries with malak, at lunch - raspberries with malak, in the evening - raspberries and malak..."
Around 1930, the Diaghilevs, a local priest and several other people were taken and sent somewhere. The people sympathized with them."
As it happened later, the last owners of the Panayev family estates - the Diaghilevs of Bainevo and Boroventsy - were exiled to the Novosibirsk region. In recent years we lived in Chirchik (Uzbekistan). Yuri Pavlovich worked as an accountant in a local church. Son Dmitry is at the mine. During the Great Patriotic War he was the head of a mining section. Since 1945, he was a priest in Chirchik and Tashkent, where he died in 1993. He had no children.
There is nothing left of the estates today.
Estate "Krasny Bor".
Owner Prince Yuri Obolensky.
The scribe's book of 1495 describes in detail the Pirossky (Pirussky) churchyard. It included 304 obzhi (land plots). Part of the land was paid rent directly to the Grand Duke. Some belonged to monasteries, churches, landowners, and service people.
The land in the area of Lake Zvan (the inventory records “villages on Zvan”) belonged to Prince Yuri Obolensky. There were 9 villages around the lake with 13 courtyards in them. Judging by the inventory, the prince was no stranger to agriculture: “... and there are 12 crops, and of these the prince plows 2 crops for himself and his people, sows 10 boxes of rye, and mows 30 kopecks of hay...” The prince owned half of Lake Zvana. The Fedorovskaya volost was given to the same prince as an estate. The inventory also names the village of Filistovo (according to the inventory of Filitovo), which only recently ceased to exist. Timoshka Eremin lived in it, the exactions from him were large - 3 money, one and a half boxes of bread, a rosary of wheat, a ram, cheese, three handfuls of flax, and even the prince’s housekeeper was supposed to give a shoulder of lamb and a handful of flax. Interestingly, back in the 20th century, the village of Knyazha was located on these lands. Apparently, its name preserved the memory of the princes who owned this land. In the village of Bor, not far from Filistov, there also lived a peasant.
The second half of Lake Zvan belonged to the landowner Grigory, the son of Konstantinov. He also owned a quarter of Lake Szczesna. In those days, lakes were strictly guarded, no one had the right to fish in lakes given to landowners, the boundaries of the division were strictly observed, and fishing The prince received a separate tribute. The Zvanka River flows from Lake Zvan and carries its waters to Valdaika. In the place where the rivers merge is the village of Mikhailovskoye.
In the Soviet years, a correctional labor colony was opened on the site of the estates of K. A. Panaev and Obolensky.
In the village of Krasny Bor, on the dilapidated estate of Prince Obolensky, there was a women's colony. Women with children, and even pregnant women, were kept here. The orphanage stood separate from the main building, in which there were female prisoners. The children were cared for by ten nurses living right there on the territory of the colony. Women prisoners were engaged in feasible labor: they looked after cows. They grew potatoes and vegetables. The women's colony existed until 1939. This year, Prince Obolensky's house burned down. The fire was strong and even destroyed the walls. The women and their children were taken to Vyshny Volochyok. Now on the site of the manor house there are pitiful ruins.
Estate "Lukhino".
Owner Arkady Zakharovich Merkel.
The Lukhino estate is noted in the Pirussky volost of Borovichi district in the List for 1911 and belonged to Arkady Zakharovich Merkel. The estate was very small: only 2 residential buildings and 2 people lived (1 man and 1 woman). The main occupation of the estate's residents is farming.
Arkady Zakharovich Merkel - merchant, personal honorary citizen.
No further information has yet been discovered.
Estate "Isaevo".
Owner Ivanov Germogen Ivanovich.
On the shore of Lake Otdykhalovo (formerly the lake was called Nizhnyaya Oleshnya), not far from the village of Lvovo, there was the Otdykhalovo estate. There were five residential buildings in it, where 12 people lived (8 males, 4 females).
It is not established who owned the estate before 1918.
In 1918, the Otdykhalovo estate belonged to Vl. Serafimovich, and the Isaevo estate (between Lvov and Lutkov) according to information from 1909 and 1919 belonged to the professor, author of the textbook “Geography” Ivanov Hermogen Ivanovich.
On June 10, 1919, by decision of the Board of the UZO, the Isaevo estate remained in its previous form for the organization of a Soviet economy on its basis - the Rest House. The former owner, Professor G.I. Ivanov, became the head of the Soviet farm in Isaevo. His wife Anastasia Ivanovna and children – Hermogenes, Boris and Andrey lived with him.
In the mid-20th century, the lands of the village of Otdykhalovo became part of the Vskhody state farm.
As of January 2007, there were 10 private farmsteads left in Otdykhalovo, 15 residents, only 6 of them with permanent registration.
Abakumovo estate.
The owners are noblemen Solopovs.
Our river Valdaika flows into Lake Piros. On the shores of the lake there is to this day the ancient village of Piros with an ancient temple in the name of the holy supreme Apostles Peter and Paul. The closest to the village of Piros was the landowner estate Abakumovo (an alternative name is Abakonovo), located in close proximity to the village of Rechka. By the way, my classmate from this village, Olesya Arkhipova, told me that traces of the manor house were visible: the foundation, an overgrown pond, the outlines of the alleys.
The village of Rechka is called so because it is located on the Saminka River. The village was first mentioned in the scribe books of the Derevskaya Pyatina in 1495: “In the Borovitsky churchyard... the village of Rechka: the courtyard of Afanaska Tarasov, the courtyard of Vaska Gavrilkov, six boxes of rye are sowed and 30 knees are mowed of hay.”
Since the 18th century, Abakumovo became the estate of the noble family of the Solopovs.
The Solopovs were Borovichi nobles. The family of Vasily Vasilyevich Solopov and Victoria Dmitrievna (nee Pushkina) had three children: Maria, Konstantin and Claudia. The eldest daughter Maria later became an outstanding Russian writer, the abbess of the Leushinsky monastery, Abbess Taisia.
Maria Solopova graduated from the Pavlovsk Institute of Noble Maidens in St. Petersburg and returned to her native estate Abakumovo. But the idle life of a landowner was not to her heart. And then her parents decided to marry her to someone she didn’t love. So the girl decided to go to a monastery. The parents were against it, especially the mother, but the girl was adamant. Before leaving for St. Petersburg, Maria repeatedly visited the Iversky Svyatoozersky Monastery in Valdai, making sure to stop at Valdaika station along the way (Taisia Leushinskaya will write about this later in her memoirs).
The heir to the estate was Konstantin Vasilyevich Solopov, confirmed in the nobility on September 12, 1865. He entered the cadet corps in St. Petersburg with the help of his older sister, Abbess Taisia, who prepared him in all “non-specialized subjects.” Later he chose a military career. Konstantin Vasilyevich Solopov had two children, Apolinarius and Anatoly.
Klavdia Vasilievna Solopova graduated from the Pavlovsk Institute of Noble Maidens, which her sister graduated from at one time. She was accepted straight into the second grade and again thanks to her sister, who prepared her for admission. Then Maria was already a novice of the Tikhvin Vvedensky Monastery.
Later, Klavdia Vasilievna got married and had a daughter, Nadezhda, who became the wife of the hereditary priest Fyodor Fedorovich Okunev. And F.F. Okunev served at the Leushinsky courtyard in St. Petersburg.
In the first years of Soviet power, the estate was looted and burned. But to this day the memory of life in the manor house has been preserved. In the year 200, in the village of Rechka, in the attic of a house, an armchair from the estate was found, which is kept at the Leushinsky courtyard in St. Petersburg. Local residents tell legends about the estate, which can be assumed to reflect complex
relations between Abbess Taisia and her mother.
Abbess Taisiya Lushinskaya (Maria Vasilievna Solopova, 1842 - 1915) is an outstanding spiritual writer. She is the author of many times reprinted historical and theological works, currently translated and published in several European languages. Being a maternal relative of A.S. Pushkin (contemporaries even considered her the poet’s granddaughter), she was a famous poetess, the author of six poetry collections. Many of her poems became songs. In Soviet times, the writer’s name was forgotten, but now, due to changes in religion, her name is being rediscovered. Many of her works have been republished in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Her Notes have gone through three editions over the past 10 years. Evenings and concerts dedicated to the memory of Taisiya are held in St. Petersburg.
Abbess Taisiya Lushinskaya became the founder of a special school of the Russian convent and the organizer of 10 new monasteries.
In Borovichi in 2002, in connection with the 160th anniversary of Abbess Taisia, the All-Russian Taisi Readings were held. The opening of the exhibition “Abbess of All Rus'” at the Borovichi Historical Museum, dedicated to her spiritual heritage, was timed to coincide with the Readings.
In 2002, they remembered the Church of Peter and Paul in the village of Piros. After all, the bodies of the Mother Superior’s parents rest near the temple. She attended services in this church as a child and right up until she left for St. Petersburg.
Now the graves have been put in order, the temple is being restored.
Estate "Yazykovo - Rozhdestvenskoye" .
Owners
Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha and
Dmitry Vasilievich Stasov.
From the Novgorod scribal books of the Derevskaya Pyatina it is known that at the end of the 15th century the village of Yazykovo on the Shegrinka River, formerly owned by Pavel Manuylov and his son Mikula, as a result of Ivan III’s campaign against the Novgorodians in the summer of 1471, came into the possession of the Moscow boyar Oleshka Kvashnin. Over the next three centuries, the village remained in the Kvashnin-Samarin family.
The materials of the General Land Survey, which took place in the Novgorod province in 1778 - 96, indicate that at the end of the 18th century Yazykovo with the surrounding villages belonged to the landowner Anna Alekseevna Kvashnina - Samarina.
By the time of the construction of the St. Petersburg – Moscow railway (1843 – 1851), i.e. in the middle of the 19th century, the village of Yazykovo with the Rozhdestvenskoye estate belonged to lieutenant Nikolai Petrovich Evstifeev, who rented out the rooms of the manor house for housing to the railway engineer, captain Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha, the head of the construction of the 6th section of the road, that is, the section between the Okulovka and Uglovka stations.
Shortly before this, Nikolai Ilyich got married to Ekaterina Semyonovna Becker. They got married on April 2, 1844 in the Moscow Church of the Resurrection, which is located at the Catherine Almshouse on Sretenka. He was 25 years old, she turned 17.
Ekaterina Semyonovna's father, Lieutenant Colonel Semyon Ivanovich Becker (1785 - 1854), was a military surgeon, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, and served in the Nizovsky regiment. He was the son of the life physician of the last King of Poland, and was married to a Polish woman, Louise Floriantovna Shatko.
In addition to Catherine, they had a daughter, Julia, and three sons, participants in the Polish uprising. Close friends of the military surgeon's family were the famous Moscow doctor F.P. Gaaz and the young handsome Prince Meshchersky, who was expected to be his son-in-law. But Ekaterina Semyonovna chose an ordinary engineer - Captain Miklukha.
Instead of a honeymoon, N.I. Miklukha took his young wife to the wilderness, to build a railway. Nikolai Ilyich’s service record indicates that he was on vacation only once, in 1844 for 28 days, on the occasion of his marriage. They lived together for less than thirteen years, moving from place to place due to their duties. But the first place where Captain Miklukha and his young wife settled was the Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate.
Here, on June 22, 1845, their first child was born - son Sergei, a future judge in the city of Malin in Ukraine. He was baptized on June 26 in the Shegrinsky church in Borovichi district. The sacrament of baptism was performed by the priest John Smirnov, and the recipients from the font were: Borovichi landowner Major General Nikolai Ivanovich Ridiger, a participant in the War of 1812, a participant in the battle of Borodino, a holder of the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree. N.I. Ridiger (1792 - 1850) - one of the ancestors of Patriarch Alexy II, who died recently - was married to Alexandra Petrovna Evstifeeva, the sister of the owner of the Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate. The Ridiger estate - the Kostushino estate - was located nearby, on the same Shegrinka River. The godmother of the newborn Sergei Nikolaevich Miklukha was Ekaterina Semyonovna’s sister, Yulia Semyonovna Bekker.
A year later, on July 5, 1846 (July 17 according to the new style), a second son, Nikolai, a future scientist and traveler, was born in Rozhdestvenskoye. Thanks to this event, the modest estate was included in all reference books and encyclopedias in the world. Nicholas was baptized on July 9 in the same Shegrin Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (founded in 1769). There was the same priest and the same godfather - N.I. Ridiger.
If you visit this abandoned church in the village of Shegrin today, then in the bushes near the altar you can find the gravestone of the widow of Major General Alexandra Petrovna Ridiger, née Evstifeeva (05/20/1804 – 05/11/1898). The general himself is buried at the Smolensk cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Soon after the birth of his second son, Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha received a new appointment, but the Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate was destined to become famous once again.
After the death of lieutenant Nikolai Petrovich Evstifeev, the Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate passed to his son, collegiate registrar Nikolai Nikolaevich Evstifeev, who around 1885 sold it to the famous lawyer and public figure Dmitry Vasilyevich Stasov.
In the history of Russian culture, the Stasov family left a bright mark, giving Russia a galaxy of outstanding figures of culture, social thought, art and the democratic movement. The remarkable architect Vasily Petrovich Stasov built many buildings that went down in the history of Russian architecture. His eldest son Vasily Vasilyevich is a great critic, his daughter Nadezhda Vasilievna is a fighter for higher education for women, founder of the Bestuzhev courses.
The youngest son, Dmitry Vasilyevich, who owned the Yazykovo estate for a quarter of a century, is one of the organizers of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, the founder of the Russian Musical Society, the permanent chairman of the capital's Council of Sworn Attorneys, who acted as a defender in political trials.
Dmitry Vasilyevich Stasov acquired the Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate in order to obtain the right (land qualification) to be elected as a councilor (deputy) to the Novgorod zemstvo.
In the biography of D.V. Stasov, written by his daughter Varvara Dmitrievna, the following is said about this event: “In 1885, my father acquired an estate of 1000-odd dessiatines on the Shegrinka River - Yazykovo - Rozhdestvenskoye - with a large forest in the Borovichi district of the Novgorod province , two lakes and a mill. In 1885 - 1886, he brought the old manor house of the Stifeev landowners, from whom they bought the estate, into a comfortable and more cultural appearance. It was rebuilt inside by Oscar Osipovich Thibault - Brinvol, our good friend, an architect, and from 1887 Dmitry Vasilyevich and his entire family began to spend the summer months no longer in Zamanilovka, but in Yazykovo. The house was large, built from hundred-year-old, like stone logs, with rooms for the whole family, but which allowed them to provide hospitality to friends who constantly came to visit Yazykovo. There was a large park adjacent to the house, and on the other side a courtyard with all kinds of services.”
The Stasovs, obviously, did not know about the fact of the birth of the famous traveler in this house, but it is important for us to note in the cited document that the house under the Stasovs did not undergo significant alterations and looked from the outside approximately the same as at the birth of N. N. Miklouho - Maclay .
Fortunately, the Stasov archival fund, stored in the Pushkin House in St. Petersburg, has preserved a large number of photographs from which one can get a complete picture of the Yazykovo estate of those years.
The old, spacious, planked house with a hipped roof was straightforward. The second floor was residential, and the first mezzanine was occupied by a kitchen and utility rooms. In the center of the southern façade, facing the park, a terrace was built on the second floor, from where a wide staircase descended into the park. The park had birch and linden alleys, flower beds, well-groomed paths, and intricate bridges across Shegrinka and Yazykovka.
The northern facade looked out onto the spacious lawn in front of it with ten windows on the second floor and nine smaller windows on the first floor. The entrance and staircase to the second floor were in the extension on the left.
A row of birch trees planted along the road separated the house and lawn from the farm yard with many buildings. The building plan of the estate of 1910, found in the historical archive of St. Petersburg, shows: a house for workers and a manager, a stable, a carriage house, a barn, a threshing floor, a barn, two baths, a water heater, a barnyard, a dairy, an icehouse, poultry houses and other buildings .
The Stasovs invited Mr. Franz Smaizhis, a hardworking and respectable Lithuanian, to become the manager of the estate. The former three-field farm was changed to a five-field one, agricultural machinery was installed, and ditches were built to drain the meadows. And soon, at exhibitions in Borovichi and Novgorod, the Yazykovo farm was awarded a medal for samples of bread, vegetables, horses and other things.
The extended Stasov family loved to come to Yazykovo for the summer. Young people here swam a lot, rode boats, went horseback riding, read, and played music. Dmitry Vasilyevich often traveled, but when he came to Yazykovo, walkers from the surrounding villages were drawn to him. Zemstvo councilor D.V. Stasov talked for a long time with everyone, helped with legal advice, and drafted various petitions. Stasov did not refuse economic and material assistance, and sought to introduce grass and clover crop rotation on peasant farms. His son Sergei helped him in business matters.
His wife, Polixena Stepanovna, has her own visitors. Having raised six children, she had certain medical knowledge and did not refuse to help the peasants. Her medical practice was extensive, as evidenced by her patient appointment log preserved in the archives.
Varvara Dmitrievna Stasova also had creative concerns when she was married to Komarova. She was a fairly famous writer who signed her books with a male pseudonym: Vladimir Karenin.
And Elena Dmitrievna Stasova already showed a desire for propaganda and revolutionary activities. In the evening, when the day's work was over, she, with two or three brochures under her arm, went to neighboring villages to read to the peasants there and talk with them on exciting topics. In 1891, having just graduated from a gymnasium with a special pedagogical class, she decided to open a school for peasant children in Yazykovo. The father did not object, he was ready to provide premises and financial assistance, but foreseeing the difficulties of implementing his plan, he wanted the school to be not private, but a zemstvo school. And for this it was necessary to obtain consent to open a school from local peasants. Elena went around all the villages, explaining the benefits of the school and inviting them to a village meeting. However, the verdict of the meeting was negative: a school should not be opened in Yazykovo. The peasants decided that the zemstvo school in the village of Inogoshchi and the parish school in Uglovka were quite sufficient.
Zemstvo activities brought Dmitry Vasilyevich Stasov great satisfaction. Appreciating the opportunity to provide assistance to the local population through this local government body, D. V. Stasov, even experiencing temporary difficulties, did not sell the estate, so as not to lose his property qualification. Having mortgaged the estate temporarily to the bank, he invariably bought it back. But over the years, children, burdened with their own affairs and worries, gathered less and less often in Yazykovo. Finally, in August 1913, the Yazykovo estate, land and mill in the village of Volkhov were sold to a new owner - Elena Filippovna Golovkina, the owner of a lime factory in Uglovka. And for his manager Franz Smaizhis, for his long and impeccable service, D.V. Stasov acquired the small estate Voronukha not far from Yazykov.
After the events of 1917, a school and a first-aid post were located in the Yazykovo estate, as Elena Dmitrievna Stasova dreamed. They existed until a fire in the early 50s, and at the end of the 70s, as a result of large-scale and ill-conceived reclamation work, the park and the last estate buildings were destroyed.
In 1986, on the 140th anniversary of the birth of N. N. Miklukho-Maclay, on the site of the former Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate, on the lawn in front of the foundation of the burnt house, a stone was erected by the public with the inscription: “The great traveler, scientist and humanist Nikolai was born here Nikolaevich Miklouho - Maclay."
Estate "Zaklyuchye"
Estate "Smentsovo".
Owner Alexander Sergeevich Khrenov.
The Zaklyuchye estate is located on the territory of the Valdai settlement. You can get there if you get off the train at the next stop from Lykoshino station.
I have been there several times: we, the students, together with the teachers, visit the mass grave in Zaklyuchye every year. Along the way, we examine the manor house, never tired of admiring how magnificently everything was arranged in the manor. I wander along the paths of the park and imagine what it might have looked like here at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century (the construction dates back to this period). A fountain, flower beds, a terrace with a “balcony” over a steep bank, a round-shaped lake, as if artificial... And the house itself is in the form of an old romantic castle! It was apparently built according to the design of the owner of the estate, because Alexander Sergeevich Khrenov was a St. Petersburg architect who built houses in the Art Nouveau and eclectic styles.
The most significant contribution to the appearance of St. Petersburg was the development of the odd side of Tavricheskaya Street.
Among other buildings of Khrenov, house 17\18 on Kovensky Lane stands out - in addition to stained glass windows, stucco molding and forged grilles, a marble memorial plaque has survived on it. In the text on it, without undue modesty, it is written: “Built according to the drawings and instructions of the Architect A. S. Khrenov.”
We were very lucky that Alexander Sergeevich chose our place for his estate. His estate, by the way, is the only one preserved on the territory of the Valdai settlement and one of the best preserved estates of the late eclecticism period in the spirit of romantic stylization in the Tver region. That’s why it’s so nice that the estate is being reborn and being carefully restored.
The main house on the estate is striking in the uniqueness of its architecture: it is multi-level - the main part of the house is two-story, the round tower is three floors, and the outbuildings adjacent to the main part are one-story. The round tower served as the main entrance to the house (the semicircular staircase retains traces of its former solemnity). The balcony above the entrance greatly decorated the building. The balcony itself has not survived, but it is forged metal frame still in good condition. The third floor of the tower is decorated with round windows similar to portholes. By the way, the steering wheels are very clearly visible on the balcony grille. One can only guess where architect Khrenov’s passion for marine themes came from, especially since his hobby is known – breeding trotting breeds of horses. In 1904, Khrenov founded a stud farm here. According to the recollections of the guards, there was also a large kennel in the estate.
The eastern facade of the house faces the lake, and opposite the main, western facade, there is a parterre on which old birch trees and flower beds have been preserved: a round one in the center and two triangular ones on the sides. Two more semicircular flower beds were arranged on the sides of the path in front of the southern facade of the house.
The house and other residential buildings are located on a high hilly ridge. To strengthen the house, its foundation is built with “wild stone” - a boulder, which gives it the appearance of a castle. To the north of the manor house, on a higher place, there is a residential outbuilding, and near the road running from the west along the ridge, there is a brick cellar and a “hunting lodge”. The residential outbuilding, compared to the manor house, is built in restrained eclectic forms and only in certain details echoes the main house. The “Hunting Lodge” - one-story with a semi-basement - apparently combined the functions of an estate pavilion and an outbuilding.
The outbuildings are rectangular in plan and built from boulders and bricks.
During the Soviet years, the estate was used as a holiday home and sanatorium. New service buildings appeared here, the veranda of the main house was glazed, and a large wooden extension was built to the outbuilding. Some openings were redone and partially blocked. In the park, sculptures of children with a bugle and girls with an oar were placed in the spirit of Soviet times. Mostly railway workers and their families rested and received treatment. During the school holidays there were many children.
During the Great Patriotic War, the buildings housed a hospital. It was at this time that soldiers’ graves appeared near the estate. There were especially many of them when the Nazis bombed a trainload of wounded at the Zaklyuchye station. After the war, there was a reburial in one mass grave.
In 1943, the hospital was moved to another location, and a rest home was opened again in Zaklyuchye. The boss was Shmakov Stepan Stepanovich. In June 1963, the rest home was reorganized into a tuberculosis sanatorium. Chief physician– Chernyshev Anatoly Alexandrovich. The sanatorium along with the medical staff was transferred here from Kozlovo, Spirovsky district. The sanatorium was closed in 1986 due to a lack of funds for its maintenance. The Bologovo reinforcement plant bought the buildings for a subsidiary farm for raising piglets. But due to the rise in feed prices, the farm was closed in 2000 as unprofitable. In 2003, the building was bought by a private entrepreneur, who is engaged in restoration work.
Alexander Sergeevich Khrenov owned another estate - Smentsovo. This estate is mentioned in the “List of populated places of Borovichi district” Novgorod, !885 and 1911. The estate was located on the shore of Lake Garusovo. The village of Garusovo still exists, but in 1885 and 1911 it was not on the list. Apparently, the village arose later on the site of the estate.
The “List of Populated Places...” indicates that there were 6 buildings in Smentsovo, but one man and one woman lived permanently. According to the list of 1885, in the village of Smentsovo there were 7 buildings, but only 2 residential, and three men and two women lived.
The Smentsovo estate is associated with the name of Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, who in 1916 wrote here the essay “The Undrinking Cup”, dedicated to the Mshensky springs, Russia and addressed to each of us. Here are the lines from the essay: “Rus stands like an unfinished cup. An unfinished cup is a full, healing spring. A fairy tale lurks among an ordinary meadow. The underground power burns with gems. Rus' believes and waits." I believe that these words also apply to the ancient estates that were on our territory, to us. Because this topic - estate culture - is like an unfinished cup that is full of treasures and is waiting for us to pay attention to it. The secrets that we have to uncover as a result of our research work “burn like gems.”
3. Conclusion.
In my work, I described only some of the estates, there is a lot of work ahead and I intend to continue it, since I believe that this is our direct responsibility: to preserve and pass on to our descendants the history of our region. It’s a pity that we didn’t get so much... These “monuments of the old world” were almost completely destroyed.
“Oh, memory, memory! How short are you for those
who now commands here, does everything and decides everything...
This paralysis of memory sooner or later turns into petrification of conscience, which becomes capable of anything... up to looting ».
These words, placed in the epigraph, were born to the writers Fyodor Abramov and Antonin Chistyakov in 1979 during their visit to the Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye estate, which is now located in the Okulovsky district of the Novgorod region. The desolation that reigns there now, and not only there, hurts the heart. And the petrification of conscience reaches such limits that a memorial plaque installed on a granite boulder in memory of the birth of an outstanding scientist and traveler here constantly disappears thanks to the efforts of hunters for non-ferrous metals. How memorial plaques disappear in Mšentsy, Bologoe... Just over and over again, someone unwraps the Křivicki crypt in the cemetery in Turny. How they covered the Panayevs’ graves in the tomb of the Iversky Church with garbage, and wiped their feet on Alexandra Egorovna’s tombstone for many years...
You can't list everything. This is a must see! And feel it! So that you can change and try to change the world!
The culture of the Russian estate, cut short in 1917, has not yet been studied with the completeness that this amazing phenomenon of an irretrievably bygone era deserves. In order to cover it in its entirety, the efforts of historians, art historians, architects, botanists, ecologists, agronomists, literary scholars and people of many other specialties are needed.
I believe that the information contained in the abstract will help people who consider it their duty to resurrect this layer of Russian culture.
Practical focus of my work:
*the accumulated material can be used when working on the local history small encyclopedia “Villages of the Bologovskaya Land”, which is currently being prepared for publication;
* the material can become a starting point for the publication of the book “Estates of the Bologovo region and their inhabitants”;
* this work will supplement the materials of the school local history museum, will be finalized, clarified by those students who are interested in search and research activities;
* materials are recommended for use at conferences; lessons of literature, history, local history, when studying a block of local material; when preparing excursions around historical places region and in the work of a summer tent camp.
References
- Administrative and territorial position of churches and chapels in the Bologovsky district. List of the State Inspectorate 1.01. 1993.
- Ivanov M. A. And there was sadness and crying / New Life newspaper dated March 13, 1991.
- Ivanov M.A. Majestic above - beggar below / New Life newspaper dated April 9, 1991
- Ivanov M.A. Ivan Bilibin on Valdayka” / New Life newspaper dated July 5, 2002.
- Ivanov M.A. Bologovskaya Land on the map of history. Publishing house "Istoki", Vyshny Volochyok, 2006.
- Ivanov M. A. Bologoe on Valdai. Risograph of the educational and methodological center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation, Novo-Sinkovo, Moscow region.
- Lastochkin N.A. My Bologoe. Publishing house Novklem Veliky Novgorod, 2005.
- Lastochkin N. A “Turensky Pogost” / New Life newspaper dated July 12, 2002.
- Lastochkin N. A “Springs of Pripirosye”. Magazine Russian Province. 1999.
- Materials of the local history museum of the Lykoshin school - boarding school No. 2
- Materials of Okulovsky local historian L. E. Brikker.
- Markova O. A. Through the crucible of suffering / New Life newspaper dated March 17, 2000.
- Markova O. A. Sopki. Social portrait of the village / New Life newspaper, August 18, 2000.
- Markova O. A. In Kuznetsovo - a village / New Life newspaper dated June 16, 2000.
- Novgorod scribe books. Volume I. Derevskaya Pyatina in 1495
- Panaev V. A. Memoirs / Russian Antiquity Magazine No. 9 for 1901
- Household books of the Lykoshinsky village council for 1935 - 1945.
- Sychev V.V. Between two capitals. Russian Province Magazine, 1998.
- Sychev V.V. Noble nests. / newspaper New Life dated July 16, 1991.
- “List of populated places in the Novgorod province for 1884”
- “List of populated places in the Novgorod province for 1885”
- “List of populated places in the Novgorod province for 1909”
- “List of populated places in the Novgorod province for 1911”
- Materials for the assessment of land in the Novgorod province. Valdai district. Novgorod, 1890
- Directory of districts of the Leningrad region for 1930.
- Sharaeva A. Near the village of Sopki / New Life newspaper, 2002.
Appendix 1
Estate "Klyuchi"
Owner Mikhail Pavlovich Chekhov.
Appendix 2
Estates:
"Magpie Mountains" Owner Nikolai Ivanovich Gruss.
"Lily of the Valley Mountain" Owner Mikhail Efimovich Groom – Grzhimailo.
"Green Dacha" Owner Mikhail Dmitrievich van – Putteren.
Appendix 3
Estate "Sukhoe"
Owner Olga Aleksandrovna Krshivitskaya
Estates in D. Sopki.
Appendix 4
Dacha Borisovo.
The owner is merchant Nikolai Efremovich Beltikhin.
Appendix 5
Estate "Mikhailovskoe".
Owners Kronid Aleksandrovich and Alexandra Egorovna Panaev.
Appendix 6
Estate "Bainevo"
Owner Valerian Aleksandrovich Panaev.
Estate "Boroventsi"
Owners Sergei and Yuri Diaghilev.
Appendix 7
Manor "Yazykovo - Rozhdestvenskoye".
Owners
Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha and Dmitry Vasilievich Stasov.
Appendix 8
"Conclusion".
Estate "Smentsovo".
Owner Alexander Sergeevich Khrenov .
Appendix 9
The roads of search.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary boarding school No. 2"
Educational project “GREAT VICTORY”
Research project
The history of the Great Patriotic War in the history of my family.
Completed by 5th grade student Stepan Vinogradov
Head: history teacher Vasilyeva T.G.
P. Lykoshino
2015
Even then we were not in the world,
When you came home with Victory.
Soldiers of May, glory to you forever
From all the earth, from all the earth!
Thank you, soldiers
For life, for childhood and spring,
For silence, for a peaceful home,
For the world we live in!
(M. Vladimov)
The calendar contains dates that are forever inscribed in the heroic chronicle of our country. One of them is Victory Day. The years of the Great Patriotic War are receding further into the past, but we peer into them more keenly with the memory of our hearts.
War...What a small word! And how much blood, pain, tears are associated with this word! I don't even want to think about it. But for 70 years now, our country has been illuminated by the light of VICTORY in the Great Patriotic War. Is it a lot or a little? How to calculate what to take as a starting point? She got it at a hard price. Since those times, humanity has not lived in peace!
Memory….Human memory protects and preserves what no longer exists.
“Believe me, people, the whole earth needs this memory
If we forget the war, war will come again."
The ominous flames rushing upward also touched my loved ones.
Terrible news broke into their homes.
Head: Vasilyeva Tatyana Grigorievna, teacher of history and social studies.
Title of the research work: “The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.” in the history of my family."
Educational institution: Municipal budgetary educational institution “Secondary boarding school No. 2” in the village of Lykoshino, Bologovsky district.
Type of work: Research project.
Media resources used: Word text editor, Internet resources, author's presentation created in Power Point.
The goal of the project: to perpetuate the memory of my ancestors who fought during the Great Patriotic War.
Strengthening connections between generations.
Tasks:
Revitalize creative and research activity through project activities;
Study the literature and find out what the Second World War is;
Talk to the veteran's family;
Find out interesting facts from his life;
Tell this to the children at school.
Hypothesis: having found out the life of a veteran, we will learn more about the years of the Great Patriotic War.
Research methods: interviewing, design.
Necessary equipment: personal computer, printer, paper, access to Internet resources.
Chapter I. We explore.
1.Relevance and importance
War...in this word there is pain and suffering, horror in the eyes of mothers and the cry of a child, the last groan of a soldier, grief in the eyes of old people. War is anger, fear, death and grief. The war hit our country with the full weight of pain, tears, and torment.
There is no village, no family in the Tomsk region that was not touched by the Great Patriotic War with the terrible news of the death of relatives, friends, and comrades.
The war passed through the destinies of all the peoples of the Soviet Union. The 1,418 fiery days and nights of the battle against fascism fell on the shoulders of the residents of the Bologovsky district of the Tver region as a difficult time.
Years go by, decades change, and much of what we extolled as glorious deeds that would live for centuries has faded, but this feat - the feat of the people in the Patriotic War - is destined to remain in history forever. Fewer and fewer veterans of the Great Patriotic War remain among us. Millions left without feeling even the slightest concern for themselves. At the beginning there was nowhere to take it from - half the country was destroyed, and then, behind our gigantic plans, they had no time for it; there is no time for them - gradually aging, losing health and strength, and still no time for them.
At the present historical stage, it lies in new views on the events of the Second World War, namely, clarification of many details of the military and labor exploits of the people. Every year Victory Day becomes an increasingly sad holiday. Veterans of the Great Patriotic War are leaving. And we have to sadly admit that the memory of that war goes with them.
They fought for their homeland! We remember and are proud!
70 years ago, one of the most terrible and bloody wars in human history ended. Our Russian people paid a huge price for the Victory - more than 27 million people died. The Great Patriotic War became a real test for all people, accompanied by the loss of loved ones. The war continued for four long years. Heavy, grueling battles, hunger, the Leningrad blockade, the Battle of Stalingrad did not break you. You walked forward towards inexorable danger. You, participants and home front workers of this terrible war, were able to resist this enemy force, show the courage and fortitude of the Russian spirit. Your feat does not fade over time. The farther those formidable war years are from us, the more we realize the greatness of the feat. The current generation must remember at what cost Victory in this terrible war was given to us, honor the memory of those who died, and show tireless care for veterans. After all, thanks to veterans, today we can live under a peaceful sky.
The victory was achieved thanks to the feat of millions of people, each of whom is worthy of the highest honor and gratitude, even the highest government awards.
Chapter 2. Research.
I want to tell you about my ancestors
Smirnova Evdokia Iosifovna, 1860-1932, mother of Stepanida Fedorovna Zueva (my great-great-great-grandmother)
1931 Zuev Fedor Andriyanovich, Zueva Stepanida Fedorovna, parents of Savicheva Vera Fedorovna (my great-great-grandmother and great-great-grandfather)
1933 Zueva Vera (great-grandmother), Zuev Fyodor Andriyanovich (great-great-grandfather of Styopa), Zueva Maria (sister of the great-grandmother), Zueva Stepanida Fedorovna (great-great-grandmother of Styopa), behind Zuev Pyotr (great-grandmother’s brother)
1934 Zuev Pyotr Fedorovich (brother of my great-grandmother). He served in the army before the start of World War II. He died at the very beginning of the war. We don't know anything about him.
photograph dated December 12, 1939. Zuev Pyotr Fedorovich. On the left is my great-grandmother's brother.
March 30, 1941 Przemysl, border with Germany. Pyotr Fedorovich Zuev (great-grandmother’s brother on the right)
This is an urgent service. In 1941, he was supposed to demobilize, but tragic days began for our people, he could not stand aside..
November 24, 1936 Andriyanov Alexander Fedorovich, military service. (The surname used to be given by the father’s patronymic) (my great-grandmother’s brother). He came from the army, but from the military registration and enlistment office, on the orders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was sent to Belarus, where he met his love and got married. He returned to the village of Lipskoye, Bologovsky district, in 1940 with his wife, and their daughter Irina was born. When the war began, he went to the military registration and enlistment office and voluntarily went to the front. Was sent to the Northwestern Front. He died in the Pskov lands. Great-grandmother does not know where he is buried. How precious are the lines written in illegible handwriting!
Turning over the page of the old album, I saw familiar eyes. MY GREAT GRANDMOTHER in an old photo! Young, beautiful, so loved!
Photo from 1944 ZUEVA VERA FYODOROVNA.
December 1944 City of Riga. Hospital staff (first row, second Zueva Vera Fedorovna)
1944 city of Riga Zueva Vera Fedorovna (top row first)
December 25, 1944 City of Riga. Zueva Vera Fedorovna
Zueva (Savicheva) Vera Fedorovna was born on August 17, 1923 into a large peasant family in the village of Lipskoye, Ryutinsky village council. There were 8 children in the family. Two died in infancy. Two brothers, Alexander and Peter, died at the very beginning of the war. Next in seniority: Anna, Vera, Maria, Polina. In the village of Lipskoye at that time there was a 4-year-old primary school, which Vera finished.
Worked from 1938 to 1941. at a knitting factory (handicraft) in the village of Martynovo, a branch of the Ryutinskaya knitting factory. We worked, didn’t count the time, the front needed white men’s socks.
At the beginning of the war in 1941 and 1942. compulsorily went to defense work. First they built an airfield outside the village. Ryutino (on 2 horses with axes and saws they sawed and removed the forest, cleared the area for the airfield). We went to Bologoye, dug trenches, harvested timber for steam locomotives. In January 1943 she went to work at the Zaklyuchye sanatorium and
was sent to the Baltic front-line hospital No. 1407,
this is an ambulance train that came to the front and picked up the wounded.
My great-grandmother worked as a wardrobe maid. The wounded were received through a pass (it’s like a bathhouse), where Zueva (Bukshta) Maria Fedorovna, Vera Fedorovna’s sister, also worked. Then, the seriously wounded were sent to the rear. They provided all possible assistance to doctors and nurses. The clothes of all the wounded were very dirty and had passed through the steam room. There were strict rules. My great-grandmother received clothes according to the list, sent them to the laundry and did the laundry herself, made the beds and put the wounded to bed. Upon recovery, Vera Feodorovna gave the soldiers new clothes, and they again went to the front to liberate the land from the fascist invaders. Some of the wounded died and were buried in a mass grave in the village of Zaklyuchye.
There were stubborn battles. The Soviet Army successfully moved forward, liberating burned villages, villages, and destroyed cities.
In August 1944, a sanitary train arrived in Sebezh (the border of Latvia). And in January 1945, after the liberation of Riga, the ambulance train remained in this city until the Victory. What a long-awaited word! How everyone was waiting for the end of the war. They joyfully kissed unknown fighters in the streets and shouted: “HURRAY!” But the workers of the medical train did not go home, but to the Far East, where the war with Japan began. The train pulled slowly, outside the windows lay the most beautiful Lake Baikal, then the city of Chita, then the city of Borzya (Buryatia, near the border with China). The war ended for my great-grandmother in 1946. War was war, but my great-grandmother found moments to communicate with her friends and take a photo as a souvenir.
In January 1946, the ambulance train was disbanded and everyone went home. We traveled for a long time in a freight car called a Pullman.
1945 city of Riga Zueva Vera Fedorovna (my great-grandmother).
January 22, 1945 city of Riga. Zueva Vera Fedorovna (castella) and Suchkova Anna (nurse) (great-grandmother's cousin). Hospital staff. It's not scary together.
Caption: “Dear Verochka from Nadezhda! Remember the happy day of the second victory over Japan and the anticipation of meeting your family. August 15, 1945 Talimonchik." Great-grandmother’s friend from the hospital, head nurse Nadezhda Ivanovna Talimonchik. Unfortunately, the connection was lost, and we don’t know what happened to her.
September 18, 1945 city of Riga Zuevs Vera Fedorovna and Maria Fedorovna (sisters)
In February 1946, she entered the Lykoshino Orphanage as a castellan, where she worked until 1954. The director of the Orphanage was Ivan Mikhailovich Zagorsky. Many children were brought from besieged Leningrad. My great-grandmother always found a kind, kind word for them.
Then she married worthy person Alexei Savicheva (my great-grandfather), gave birth to children Boris and Elena, and did not work for 10 years, raising her children.
In 1964 she entered the Raipo village of Lykoshino, where she worked until 1985 as a salesperson. Always friendly, polite, sociable, the great-grandmother enjoyed authority in the village. Now many people also remember her. She used to come to school on holidays, but now the kids meet at her house. The great-grandmother shares her memories, drinks tea and all the children consider her theirs. I'm a little jealous, but I understand, I'm proud!
1947 Lykoshino, Orphanage. First row: In the center is Vera Fedorovna Zueva (my great-grandmother).
May 1, 1947 Lykoshino Orphanage
October 19, 1957 Savichev family: Alexey Nikitovich, Vera Fedorovna (Zueva) and their children Boris and Elena. (My great-grandmother and great-grandfather, and in my great-grandmother’s arms is my grandmother Elena).
1979 Veterans of Raipo in Bologoye (bottom row third Savicheva Vera Fedorovn
My great-grandmother with her grandchildren with Alexey and Natalya (from her son).
1985 Savicheva Vera Fedorovna and son Savichev Boris Alekseevich near their home. 
1994 Savichev Boris Alekseevich
(brother of my grandmother Elena) with her son Alexei.
1994 in the center Savicheva Lyubov Sergeevna (Boris’s wife) and children: Natalya and Alexey.
1982 Bukshta (Zueva) Maria Fedorovna, Savicheva (Zueva) Vera Fedorovna, Mikhailova Valentina Petrovna, Kurchavina (Zueva) Polina Fedorovna. (sisters and niece)
I leaf through the album; yellowed photographs bring new information about my large family. I never thought about this!
Savichev Alexey Borisovich, son of Boris, grandson of Vera Fedorovna. Hereditary military man. I went on business trips to the Chechen Republic several times.
Savicheva Anastasia Alekseevna, daughter of Alexei, great-granddaughter of Vera Fedorovna.
Savicheva (Malikova) Natalya Borisovna, daughter of Boris, granddaughter of Vera Fedorovna.
Malikov Vladislav Dmitrievich, son of Natalya, great-grandson of Vera Fedorovna.
2008 Vinogradova (Savicheva) Elena Alekseevna (art teacher at the Lykoshin boarding school) and Savichev Boris Alekseevich, military pensioner.
photo 
1979 Alexey Nikitovich Savichev (my great-grandfather) with his grandchildren Anatoly (my dad) and Alexey.
photo 
1990 Savicheva Vera Fedorovna with her granddaughter Marina Vinogradova (my dad’s sister)
My great-grandmother's grandchildren:
1991 Vinogradov Marina and Anatoly (my dad).
2003 Vera Fedorovna with her great-grandson Vladislav.
2004 Vinogradova (Savicheva) Elena Alekseevna with her grandchildren. (on the left is Vladik Malikov, 1 year old, on the right, Styopa Vinogradov, 1 year 6 months old)
September 1, 2009 Anatoly Valerievich Vinogradov, Stepan Vinogradov and Maria Arkadyevna Vinogradova (Golikova) at a party at school. Dad, mom and me. 
my parents.
Vinogradova (Golikova) Maria Arkadyevna and Vinogradov Anatoly Valerievich, son of Elena, grandson of Vera Fedorovna.
February 2013 me and my grandmothers Tatyana and Elena.
Congratulations from the school on Victory Day 2005
guys visiting my great-grandmother 2014
Savicheva Vera Fedorovna against the backdrop of her favorite poppies. 2010
February 2006 Savicheva (Zueva) Vera Fedorovna and Bukshta (Zueva) Maria Fedorovna ( younger sister)
My great-grandmother Vera’s favorite songs: “Holy War,” she recalls how they sang it in the “quiet moments” of the war. Likes to listen to modern songs such as “Robin”.
Vinogradova Marina Valerievna, daughter of Elena, granddaughter of Vera Fedorovna, with her son Denis (great-grandson of Vera Fedorovna)
Awards of my great-grandmother Vera.
HOMELAND and family are the most precious things in the world!
photo 
September 22, 1931 Savichev Alexey Nikitovich .
Alexey Nikitovich Savichev was born on March 12, 1912, about which a corresponding entry was made in the civil registration book of births for 1912 on the 12th of March. Parents: Father Savichev Nikita Pavlovich, Mother Savicheva Irina Nikitovna. (We know nothing about them). Place of birth of the child: Starozhilovsky district of Bukrino, RSFSR, Russia. Place of registration: Bukrinsky s/s
1929 Moscow city, st. Skhodnya, ShKU 7th grade Alexey Nikitovich Savichev (top row, second from right, Styopa’s great-grandfather)
July 24, 1936 20th battery of the 4th bunker of the 169th artillery regiment. The village of Rybatskoye, Leningrad. View of the entrance to the barracks. Savichev Alexey Nikitovich (bottom row in the center on the fold). Military service (great-grandfather).
Before the war, Alexey Nikitovich worked at the Borovichi Woodworking Plant as a carpenter. “Executive, conscientious” - this is how his colleagues spoke of him.
The lines on the old paper are poorly legible, so decoding continues.
Page 1Excluded from military registration due to reaching the age limit (signature) January 5, 1963
Military ID series L No. 131895 Savichev Alexey Nikitich, year of birth 1912. (signature)
Issued by Bologovsky (Kalinin region) city military commissariat on February 17, 1948 (signature, seal)
Military registration information: year of birth 1912;
SV accounting group;
Composition: soldier;
No. of military specialty 1;
Name of military specialty: marksman, automatic and light machine gunners;
Job qualification: shooter;
Military rank: private.
Page 2 Specialty (civilian): Carpenter 4 categories;
Party affiliation: non-partisan;
Is he a member of the Komsomol: not a member;
Nationality: Russian;
Mother tongue: Russian;
Knowledge of foreign languages: none;
Worker, employee, peasant: worker.
Page 3. Literacy and education: Graduated from the 7th grade of the Artisanal Apprenticeship School. Skhodnya Oct. Railway in 1932
Place of birth: Ryazan region. Starozhilovsky district, Bukrinsky s/s, Bukrino village.
Page 4 Called up by the Moscow RVC of Leningrad October 1934
Recognized as fit for combat service
And enrolled in 166 zen. art. regiment
Height 164; circumference heads 58; gas mask size 3; shoe size 27.
Page 5 Brief information about serving in the Red Army:
166th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment - gun number from October 1934 - September 1936. Transferred to the reserve in September 1936. Mobilized by the Borovich GVK on June 23, 1941. 486th Rifle Regiment, shooter. June 23, 1941 – October 23, 1941 From October 23, 1941 – September 20, 1944 Was in German
Page 6. captivity. Specialist. tested in Rakverg. 487th Infantry Regiment - shooter. From October 25, 1944 – November 5, 1945 Demobilized on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from November 5, 1945
Page 11. Information on participation in the Second World War from July 1941 - October 23, 1941 and from October 25, 1944 -
consisting of 486 regiment - rifleman.
487 page regiment - rifleman.
Page 15. Does he have any wounds or concussions: No.
Does he have government awards: Medal for Victory over Germany - July 24, 1946
My great grandfather for a long time
worked at the Shirokoe sanatorium. He was engaged in construction work, then in forestry. At school No. 16 in Lykoshino he taught carpentry. He worked a little at the Zaklyuchye sanatorium before its liquidation, and was the chairman of the Lykoshin general store. From 1966 until his retirement in 1976, he worked at the Bologoe-Moskovskoye Okt station. and. d. weigher-distributor. He died on January 17, 1980 after a long illness, old wounds gave no rest. Burial at the local cemetery in Lykoshino. For good job My great-grandfather was awarded several times. The documents of the “Drummer of Communist Labor” have been preserved.
Awards of my great-grandfather Alexey.
It follows from this that he fought and defended our Motherland with dignity.
This is me in history class 2014. In all subjects I have grades “4” and “5”. Participation in the research project gave me the understanding that I know little about the Great Patriotic War, it is necessary to study it.
I have someone to look up to! Many thanks to my great-grandmother Vera and grandmother Elena Alekseevna for sharing information and helping to research the family archive. I AM PROUD OF MY ROOTS!
I'm closing the album. I learned so much! I really want other people to know about my wonderful family, so that there will never be a war on PLANET EARTH!
Institute for Teacher Improvement.
Regional pedagogical local history readings.
The system of work of the Lykoshin boarding school No. 2 in the area of local history.
“Homeland studies content of education”
Completed: ,
geography teacher
honorary worker of general education
Municipal comprehensive boarding school
Lykoshinskaya school - secondary boarding school
(full) education No. 2
171066 Tver region
Bologovsky district, Lykoshino village,
st. Pushkina, 50, phone 91-218
Lykoshino
Borderland of Tver land. North-west of Bologovsky district.
Winding along the hills of the Valdai ridge, rolling over rapids, somewhere spilling quite widely and freely, and in other places narrowing to the limit, the Valdaika River carries its waters through the Bologovo lands, originating on the Novgorod land in Lake Valdai and flowing into Lake Piros , which is located on the border of Tver and Novgorod lands. And along the restless whirling river, almost parallel, and in some places jumping over it on bridges built by caring hands, runs the ancient Novgorod-Valdai-Borovichi highway.
Perhaps this is the most picturesque region in terms of natural beauty. And one of the most important in its role was the unification of the lands of Novgorod with Central Russia. The Valdaika River, flowing from Lake Valdai, carries its waters to Piros, and there the Berezayka, Msta and then sail wherever you want, even to Persia, even to India, repeating the path of the famous fellow countryman.
On the banks of the Valdaika is the village of Lykoshino, which bore the name Valdaika until the 20th century. The village is ancient, mentioned in the scribe book of Derevskaya Pyatina in 1495.
Our village and surrounding villages have long been a favorite vacation spot for many metropolitan celebrities. And in the school museum there are sections dedicated to the stay of the Ulyanov family, G. Uspensky, M. Chekhov, and others in our area. Lykoshino is the birthplace of the famous graphic artist, ceramist, miniaturist, artistic director of the Lomonosov Porcelain Factory. Our region is also the homeland of the most talented theater figure, the greatest traveler, and humanist – Maclay. In the vicinity of Lykoshino there were many estates, the fate of which we have yet to reveal. The village has preserved the Church of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, built at the end of the 19th century according to the design of a famous architect.
The school has the oldest school local history museum in the Bologovsky district. 2007 marked the 40th anniversary of its creation. Over more than 40 years of history, the museum has accumulated a huge amount of factual material on the history of the village, school, orphanage, merchants, local enterprises, etc. The museum stores more than a hundred albums designed by school students, containing unique local history material. The museum's exhibits include antiques, letters, photographs, documents, and old books. There is a numismatics department. The school museum was awarded many diplomas and certificates. He has won school museum competitions more than once.
The Museum Council is working. There is a search group.
The school museum also has branches: the Hall of Military Glory and the office-museum “Objective World of Russian Culture” (“Svetelka”).
The Hall of Military Glory contains materials about the residents of Lykoshino, surrounding villages, and Bologoe - participants in the Great Patriotic War. Memories, letters, awards, photographs, correspondence with relatives of soldiers buried on the territory of the Valdai settlement in the mass graves of Lykoshino, Shirokoe, Zaklyuchye. Among the letters there are messages from the famous pilot, hero of the Great Patriotic War to Lykoshin schoolchildren. Students of our school take care of military graves and a monument to Lykoshin residents who died during the Great Patriotic War. They correspond with the relatives of the soldiers buried on the territory of the Valdai settlement.
Since 1999, the school has had an aesthetic and local history creative association “Rus”, which includes teachers of primary school, history, literature, fine art, technology, heads of clubs, studios, folklore groups, heads of kindergartens, artistic director of a recreation center, librarian of the village library , school students. The association has many tasks: this is the active restructuring of the educational system of the school, when education is carried out on the basis of knowledge of the historical, moral, aesthetic roots, ideals of their homeland, educating students in Russian traditions; This is also the search work of students. Members of the association maintain close ties with local history museums in nearby cities: Bologoe, Okulovka, Valdai, Borovichi.
A photo and video chronicle of the school is being compiled.
Research activities, studying the history, nature, economy, and culture of one’s people are impossible without hikes and excursions. In the practice of unification, there are hikes and trips to the Tver and Pskov regions, the Novgorod region, and to holy places. Encounters with the past awaken in us various feelings and thoughts, make us wiser with the experience of human culture, and elevate us. And the more we know about the past among which we live (for the past is among us), the more significant, richer, more colorful the surroundings will appear before us, the more we will love our country - Russia.
In 2000, members of the association opened a museum-room for classes with students on Russian culture, “The Object World of Russian Culture” (“Svetelka”). The exhibits of this museum are genuine antiques: spinning wheels, samovars, chests, cradle, sickles and wooden utensils. Icons and a lamp are placed in the red corner. In the stove there is a skillfully made stove on a “Craftswoman” mug with cast iron and grips. The chests and chest of drawers contain the products of local craftswomen: valances, towels, napkins, bedspreads and tablecloths.
“Svetyolka” hosts meetings between schoolchildren and interesting people from our region. Thus, the last meetings took place with the St. Petersburg poetess Irena Sergeeva, and with a resident of the village, Ofitserova Rufina Mikhailovna. lives and works in St. Petersburg, but her roots are Lykoshin, as she comes from the old merchant family of the Kapustins, she loves the homeland of her ancestors very much and glorifies it in her poems. During this meeting, a presentation of her new collection of poems “Blessed Paradise” took place (that was once the name of the place where Lykoshino is now located). And Rufina Mikhailovna, as a child in Lykoshino, met the children's writer Vitaly Valentinovich Bianki, who was vacationing in our area in 1946. We often invite you to traditional Biankovsky readings, which are held annually at our school in February. In April 2010, the children met with a local craftswoman who knew the secrets of the Krestetsky craftsmen. At this meeting, schoolchildren became acquainted with truly folk and very beautiful art - the cross stitch. Recently, the guys had a bell collector as their guest. This topic is very close to us, since bell foundry was developed in the city of Valdai and at our small Valdaiq station. And it was from us that the loud-voiced goods scattered throughout vast Russia.
Local history is an integral part of the life of our friendly school community. The local history focus is inherent in the educational program “Origins”, according to which the Lykoshin school has been working for the last ten years.
The main goals of the program are: care for physical and moral health, personal development through education, training and education in accordance with age characteristics, socialization.
The program is focused on universal (world and Russian) culture.
Why "Origins"? Because this program is aimed at reviving the social sphere of the village, at reviving folk traditions and culture. And we very much hope that the knowledge and skills of graduates will become keys and springs into the way of life of the region, village, and every family.
The “Origins” program is based on the concept of the development of a child from 6 to 17 years old in the process of active activity, learning and learning.
The number one problem in our society is alienation, including in the educational process. Parents do not know what their children are doing at school or in additional education institutions. Educators and teachers know little about the lives of their students' families. Schools, kindergartens, and additional education institutions are separated from each other and the problem of continuity in their work has not yet received proper coverage. We united the educational systems of schools and kindergartens, from where children come to us in first grade, and in 2004 we developed a joint educational program “Hello, World!” Kindergarten pupils are frequent guests at school, and students are frequent guests in kindergartens. School teachers conduct game lessons on Russian culture and club activities with children. Pupils of the “Bee” and “Cheburashka” kindergartens enjoy visiting our museums, participating in folklore festivals, Evenings of Good Taste, and Russian Culture Holidays.
We have a joint program with the local House of Culture, whose artistic director is a member of the school aesthetic and local history creative association “Rus”. Several years ago, under the creative association and the House of Culture, a club of folk song lovers “Friendship” was formed, which veterans and residents of our village enjoy visiting. During the school year, many joint events take place between the school, kindergartens, the House of Culture and the Friendship club. Parents are happy to participate in all events.
The educational process in our school deals with the soul and feelings of a child who is already basically formed. And in this formation, heredity and the conditions of family upbringing played a huge role. However, we have the right to expect fruitful results of the educational process within the walls of a boarding school, since we consider education and training as a never-ending process of constant self-improvement of the individual and enrichment of her life with the social experience that is generated by her.
The pedagogical ideas of centuries-old experience of raising children in Russian society and the work of a Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, professor at St. Petersburg University are taken as a starting point for the upbringing and training of a person.
Ivan Fedorovich is a strong supporter of the idea of a national school. Our team became acquainted with his project “Russian School” more than ten years ago. Then the idea was born to adapt the project to the conditions of a rural boarding school.
At the first stage (2000 - 2002), a school development program was drawn up, educational and training projects were developed, projects were defended, tested and implemented. Realizing that the ethnopedagogization of the educational process in a rural school is not only a pedagogical, but also a pressing social problem, subject teachers made changes to the curriculum taking into account the organization of training and education as an integral process of forming national self-awareness among students. Using integration methods in educational process gave education a more holistic character, and contacts between teachers at this stage contributed to closer cooperation in the implementation of the idea of educating a Russian person, a person in love with his land, a patriot. It was at this stage that the aesthetic and local history creative association “Rus” was formed.
The second stage (year) was devoted to the process of adjusting projects, creating a model of moral education for rural schoolchildren, and attracting scientific knowledge available in pedagogy and ethnography.
The third stage (g. g.) was the most important, practical, when knowledge passes into the internal plane: it becomes beliefs, the internal moral position of a person. The basis for constructing the educational process in our school was Russian traditional folk culture, humane at its core, containing high spirituality, concentrating folk ideas about the human ideal, reflecting the essence and specificity of the psychological make-up, character and behavior of the Russian person. In our work, we began to widely use the moral lessons of Orthodoxy. After all, the Russian Orthodox Church is a storehouse of innumerable spiritual treasures.
The fourth stage (year) is effective - self-control and expert assessment of the results of training, education and development, dissemination of experience.
The structure of the educational program “Origins”.
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Education is a necessary, if not the most important element of the socio-cultural and economic development of a country. In this regard, education as an integral state system that ensures the social development of the individual is charged, among others, with the task of preserving the physical, mental and moral health of the younger generation. To solve it, from this academic year we moved to a new qualitative stage in the development of the school’s educational system and developed for the next five years an educational and educational program for the development of the school “Boarding School - Territory of Health”, which is organically connected with the “Origins” program, since the program included the “Health” subprogram.
The main goals of the program are to develop a conscious attitude among schoolchildren towards their physical and mental health; formation of the most important social skills that contribute to successful social adaptation, as well as prevention bad habits, which is important in our time, especially among boarding school students who study at our school and almost all belong to the category of difficult teenagers. The task of teachers is to direct the activities of students in such a way that their actions are socially approved and socially recognized. The vast majority of boarding school students have difficulty mastering the curriculum. And at the same time, children from prosperous families study in the same classroom with them, with a high degree of activity, capable of thinking logically, mastering knowledge, skills and abilities. Therefore, teachers are faced with the task of activating the cognitive interest of students.
And the main way to this is the organization of students’ search and research activities, since their own research is the most effective way of knowledge. Local history contains the most favorable conditions for conducting search and research work with schoolchildren.
Local history is the first step on the path of scientific research . It teaches you to conduct independent research, penetrate with your thoughts into the innermost secrets of nature, understand the cultural and economic activities of man, and participate in the protection of natural resources. Local history sharpens observation skills. Communication with nature makes a person spiritually richer.
Meetings with interesting, enthusiastic people, masters of their craft, patriots of their native land helps to develop a sense of respect for working people, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, and their fellow countrymen.
Children learn to apply their knowledge in practice. This benefits the native land.
The existing system of school work made it possible to move on to restructuring the educational process: in addition to traditional programs in syllabus included the courses “Ethnic Studies”, “Lessons of the Philokalia”, “The Bright World of Folk Culture”. Folklore groups, the theater studio “Ivan da Marya”, circles “Russian Embroidery”, “Craftswoman”, “Wooden Patterns”, “Russian Field” and others were created. The result was an update of the content of the educational process with the help of folk traditions and customs. A school education system has been created, based on a deep understanding of the rich cultural heritage of Russia. In organizing the educational process, local and regional material is used as much as possible.
But there are still a lot of problems: this is the reluctance of many parents to participate in the life of the school, a drop in interest in knowledge among children, health problems among schoolchildren, mass anti-patriotism and much more. And these are problems not only of our school, but of the vast majority of schools in our country. What to do? There is only one answer: Russia needs a good school for all children - a school for the joy of learning, mental pleasure, a school for a humane, spiritual and business person. How can we make our school like this? Let's listen to the voice of thinkers, our national luminaries. “The task of the school is to nurture original personalities, that is, people of high morality, education, and spiritual richness. Capable of striving for a good-minded existence, possessing a sense of civic duty and love for the Motherland. Such a person can only be a person with a sense of national dignity, based on national ideals, capable of at least touching the idea of the highest meaning of life. This can only be achieved by knowing and loving your country, its history and its language” (professor). “It is necessary to make Russian schools Russian”().
Theoretical basis
References:
1. Neo-humanistic ideas in pedagogy. Pedagogy. 1993. No. 6.
2. “School technologies” No. 1 1998
3. Publications in scientific and methodological journals “Class teacher”, “Education of schoolchildren”.
4. Publications in the psychological and pedagogical journal “Department”. TOIUU.
The village of Lykoshino is located on the border of two regions: 35 km northwest of the city of Bologoe, Tver Region, and 38 versts from the city of Valdai, Novgorod Region. In the past it was called the village of the "Valdayka" station and belonged to the Novgorod province. "Valdayka" was one of the large stations of the Nikolaev railway. It was under her that the village grew up, preserving to this day the buildings of the mid-19th - early 20th centuries. In addition to ancient stone and wooden houses, railway buildings, the village has its own main attraction - a huge abandoned church in the Russian-Byzantine style. And next to it there are also manor buildings: a wooden main house, a brick outbuilding and a utility yard with a beautiful corner turret. These are the interesting things I will tell you about in this report.
Let's start with the main attraction of this village - the church, located on a low hill and dominating the area. Iverskaya Church is an original work of Russian-Byzantine style. Different complex construction volumes and spectacular decor. 
Built according to an exemplary design at the end of the 19th century. It is possible that in 1870 according to the design of Konstantin Ton. 
The eastern façade is decorated with a huge decorative eight-pointed cross spanning the entire height of the apse. 
The upper part of the cross is designed in the form of a window opening - an extremely interesting and rare technique for Orthodox churches. 
A few fragments of façade decor. 
Large arched windows are paired - a typical technique for Russian-Byzantine architecture. 
The main entrance was located in the narthex, above which there was a belfry (not preserved).
The entrance was also through a low semicircular ledge (side apse) adjacent to the altar. 
Let's go inside. A large, pillarless space opens up before us. 
View to the east. As you can see, the interior of the church has been completely lost. 
The altar part has an interesting window in the shape of a cross. 
Under a pile of crumbling bricks you can still see the floor covered with mosaic tiles. 
How much painstaking work it took to lay out such a floor. 
What is interesting: among the ordinary bricks in this church we found a foreign specimen - a fireproof brick with a mark.
The "Patent" mark may have belonged to the Garnkirk Fireclay plant, which began operations in 1832 in the Scottish county of Lanarkshire. The plant was considered one of the largest in Great Britain and, in addition to refractory bricks, produced ornamental vases, urns, tiles, etc. Products were supplied throughout the world to France, Germany, Russia, the British colonies in India, the USA and New Zealand. 
Well, we leave this temple and go to see the estate, which is located not far from this place. 
The estate buildings are located on the banks of the Valdaika River in a wooded and hilly area. They are an example of an architectural complex of the eclectic period, which combines stone and wooden buildings. 
A complex of buildings was formed mainly in 1875-1900
years. There is a version that the estate belonged to a certain Panaev.
According to other sources, the courtyard of the Valdai Iversky Monastery was located here. 
The existing wooden main house was built in the 1910s on the foundation of the previous one that burned down. The main house is a wooden one-story building with a mezzanine, covered with planks and with a granite base. 
On the phalanges there are triple windows with arched lintels and framed frames. 
The corners of the main volume are secured by narrow wrap-around blades with carvings in the spirit of folk ornament.
On top there is a large dormer window with a triangular pediment. 
An entrance frame vestibule protrudes in the center of the façade.
Above the vestibule rises a mezzanine with three windows with a triangular pediment. 
Next to the main house there is a residential outbuilding - a two-story brick building with plastering on the facades.
The corners and middle axis of the façade are decorated with pilasters in two tiers. 
On the other side the house is adjacent to the southern utility building. It is a one-story brick building. 
A faceted tower adjoins the southeast corner. The tower is topped with a low tent.
Decorative keel-shaped kokoshniks are placed at the base of the tent. 
There are many more simple buildings for household needs nearby. 
But they are no longer so interesting to us. That's why we leave this small estate surrounded by greenery... 
So, the village of Lykoshino. Residential buildings that make up the development of the central part of the village. 
The current appearance of the building developed mainly in the 2nd half of the 19th century. 
And in the masonry of this building (early 20th century) boulders were widely used. 
For the most part, all buildings are made of brick and plastered or whitewashed.
The houses are very close in architecture, characteristic of classicizing eclecticism. 
Another attraction has been preserved in Lykoshino - railway buildings built in the mid-19th - early 20th centuries.
One of the large stations of the Nikolaev railway, classified as 3rd class, is located in the north-eastern part of the village. Initially, the station was named after the river - Valdaika, and by the beginning of the 20th century it received its current name - Lykoshino.
In the middle of the 19th century, two identical reservoir buildings, two similar passenger buildings, a residential building for workers and a water-lifting building were built according to standard designs. Now we will look at them. 
The reservoir building is the most significant structure of the complex, serving as its dominant feature.
The side facades of the two-story volume are highlighted by porticoes of a large order with Tuscan columns. 
The corners are secured with massive wrap-around pilasters that have retained their rustication. 
Closer to the river bank, a water-lifting building (vodokachka) has been preserved - a building in the forms of classicizing eclecticism. 
A residential building for workers is a log building covered with planks. On the longitudinal facades there are large projections with exits. 
At this point we finish our inspection of local architectural monuments and return along the cobblestone streets. 
We came across such a village, rich in antiquity, in the Tver region. :)
Material from the second volume on the Tver region of the “Code of Architectural Monuments and Monumental Art of Russia” was used.
70 km; 2 hours journey
General timing:
- 8:00 - 8:30 - breakfast
- 8:45 - 9:00 - Valdai - Iversky Monastery
- 9:00 - 12:00 - Iversky Monastery
- 12:00 - 13:45 - Iversky Monastery - Mshentsy - Lykoshino
I decided to slightly change the algorithm for searching for attractions along the way. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that, turning off Leningradka, I find myself in places where I have never passed. On the other hand, in previous posts I missed Tver and I understand that there is a lot of interesting things there, and the route schedule is already out of whack.
Now I'm simultaneously following the Yandex map and Wikimapia. In Europe, accordingly, I will switch from Yandex to Google. Then I make a second pass and look for all the settlements I come across on blogs for comments and photographs.
At the same time, I clearly feel that the volume of work has grown radically and I need to push myself into some reasonable framework so that it does not turn into an immovable colossus.
Another impression from this project of mine is that I really regret that I don’t know how to read maps, as geographers do with aerial photography and satellite photography. All sorts of terrain features, relief and all that stuff. Well, okay - if I had delved into this too, I would definitely never have advanced along the route =)
Morning, after breakfast we go to the Iversky Monastery. It is located in the middle of Lake Valdai, and although it is only 2.5 kilometers directly from Valdai (which can be crossed by water transport of various kinds), it takes about 20 minutes by car - there is about 10 km of road.
3. View towards Valdai across the lake 
Yes, by the way, hotel prices in Valdai are not very different from standard prices in Russia, but you can find an option from 1,200 rubles per person. However, for example, I didn’t know about the House of Officers hotel in Nizhny Novgorod, but you can spend the night there for 300 rubles per bed! In the very center! So maybe something similar can be found in Valdai.
So, we arrived at the Iversky Monastery. The place is extremely picturesque and you can and should take photographs here. Just remember to leave a special donation for this occasion. Well, the standard rule when photographing in religious places - do not forget about privacy and other people's opinions - not everyone and it is not always worth photographing, at least just so as not to upset people. However, even just the species themselves are enough here.
6. Gate Church in the name of St. Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' 
7.
8. Assumption Cathedral (1656) 
9.
10. Gate Church in the name of St. Archangel Michael 
11.
The decision to build the monastery was made after Nikon became patriarch. Just 12 months later, in the summer of 1653, construction began. The monastery existed successfully for about 50 years, but at the beginning of the 18th century it fell into decay. In Soviet times there was no monastery, but there were: a labor artel, a historical and archival museum, a local history museum, workshops, a home for the disabled for participants in the Great Patriotic War, and a forest school for children with tuberculosis, and a recreation center. True, I still don’t understand when the monastery was actually closed - in 1919, when the artel was created, in 1927, or in 1930, when Bishop Joseph died.
In 1991, the monastery was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church and large-scale restoration began, which was, for the most part, completed in 2007. However, work is still in full swing.
Assuming that we arrived at the Iversky Monastery at 9 am and spent three hours there, we will assume that we left Valdai around noon.
14. Lake Valdai 
After the Iversky Monastery, our path lies along the P-8 road, which stretches from Valdai through Borovichi to Ustyuzhna (Vologda region). We only need to drive to Borovichi (on the way we will again enter the Tver region), where we will turn onto the P-53 road, along which we will get to Lyubytino. Then, along local roads, we drive to the border of the Leningrad region, we get to N-3 (Bochevo - Bositorogsk - Dymi), and then onto route A-114, along which we will get almost to Volkhov itself.
15. Such roads await us on the way to Borovichi 
16.
17. The village of Shuya ends where it begins 
Almost immediately along the way we come across the village of Yedno, where a farm is located - it is also, part-time, an agrotourism complex. In addition to the farm itself, there is an apiary, a stable, as well as a carpentry shop and a sawmill. The farm's products are environmentally friendly. And in general, it’s probably worth paying attention to the “Hunter’s Shelter” base: http://hunterhut.ru/
Tver region
- Turni - ruins of a 19th-20th century stone church and ruins of a wooden church
- Lykoshino - ruins of a church of the second half of the 19th century, built according to the design of Konstantin Ton
- Here we will turn off the road for a short time (to the right towards Korykhnovo) to stop at Mshentsy and walk there for half an hour
19.
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21.
22. In memory of Roerich 
By the way, for those who want to find out whether it’s possible to drive here in winter, I recommend looking at the photo in this blog: http://evgenymironenko.livejournal.com/116514.html - it’s quite possible, apparently =)
There is another attraction nearby - in the neighboring village of Zaklyuchye there is the estate of the St. Petersburg architect A.S. Khrenova. Just recently, the complex of buildings was still in complete disrepair, but now the new private owners, apparently, have decided to restore the buildings.
24.
25.
26.
Returning to Lykoshino we turn right, cross railway and pretty soon we find ourselves in the Novgorod region. Not far from Lykoshino, by the way, there is a memorial (or its semblance) of the Nevsky Express train disaster.
27. We are already in Lykoshino 
28. Here comes the station 
I’ll write a little about the memorial in the next post.
Here, on the starboard side, Lake Piros will be nearby. You can count on picturesque views, which, at one time, were appreciated by N.K. Roerich. Among other things, he discovered Neolithic sites here. On the shore there is the village of Piruss, with a church from the mid-19th century, which was going to be restored in the early 2000s. By the way, the Valdaika River flows into the same lake, which we met more than once along the way.
It’s already a stone’s throw from Borovichi!