(England). His parents, Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods, were both mathematicians and worked on the Manchester Mark I, one of the first computers. Tim attended Emanuel School in Wandsworth and then King's College, Oxford. There he built his first computer based on the M6800 processor with a TV instead of a monitor. Once Tim and his friend were caught carrying out a hacker attack, for which they were deprived of the right to use university computers.
After graduating from Oxford University in 1976, Berners-Lee joined Plessey Telecommunications Ltd in Dorset, where he worked for two years, mainly working on distributed transaction systems.
In 1978, Berners-Lee moved to D.G Nash Ltd, where he worked on programs for printers and created a kind of multitasking operating system.
He then worked for a year and a half at the European Laboratory for Nuclear Research CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) as a consultant on software. It was there that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs, which used random associations and laid the conceptual basis for the World Wide Web.
From 1981 to 1984, Tim Berners-Lee worked at Image Computer Systems Ltd as a systems architect.
In 1984, he received a fellowship at CERN and began developing distributed systems for collecting scientific data. At this time, he worked on the FASTBUS system and developed his RPC system (English: Remote Procedure Call).
In 1989, while working at CERN on the internal document exchange system ENQUIRE, Berners-Lee proposed the global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project was approved and implemented.
From 1991 to 1993, Tim Berners-Lee continued to work on the World Wide Web. He collected feedback from users and coordinated the work of the Web. Then he first proposed for wide discussion his first specifications of URI, HTTP and HTML.
In 1994, Berners-Lee became the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science Laboratory. He is still the leading researcher there. The merger of the Computer Science Laboratory with the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT created the well-known Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).
In 1994, he founded the World Wide Web Consortium at the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS). Since then and to this day, Tim Berners-Lee has headed this consortium. The consortium develops and implements standards for the Internet. The consortium aims to unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web, combining the stability of standards with their rapid evolution.
In December 2004, Tim Berners-Lee became a professor at the University of Southampton. With strong support from the university, he hopes to implement the Semantic Web project.
Sir Tim now lives in the suburbs of Boston with his wife and two children, and often travels around the world.
Inventions
In 1989, while working at CERN, Berners-Lee proposed a project known as the World Wide Web. The project implied the publication of hypertext documents interconnected by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information. The Web Project was intended for CERN scientists and was initially used on the CERN intranet. To implement the project, Tim Berners-Lee (together with his assistants) invented URIs (and, as a special case, URLs), the HTTP protocol and the HTML language. These technologies formed the basis of the modern World Wide Web. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee refined the technical specifications of the standards and published them.
FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION
State budgetary professional
educational institution Nizhny Novgorod region
"KRASNOBAKOVSKY FORESTRY COLLEGE"
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH WORK
"BRITISH INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD"
(According to the discipline " English language»)
Completed:
Muravyov Matvey Alexandrovich
2nd year student of 23 TEM groups
GBPOU NO "KBLK"
Supervisor:
Voronina Marina Vladimirovna
English teacher
highest qualification category
r.p. Red Buckies
2016
Content
1. Introduction
2. British inventions that changed the world
2.1. The most famous British inventions
2.2. Classification of inventions
2.3. The results of a survey of our college students about
inventions
3. Conclusion
4. List of references and online sources
5. Applications
1. Introduction
For centuries and millennia, since it appearedHomo sapiens were createdtools for hunting and labor were builthome and at the same time accumulatedexperience, knowledge and skills thatpassed down from generation to generation.
UK inventors created many useful devices for humanity, making life more comfortable and diverse. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries agolacked technical capabilitiesto realize all your ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.Society has learned to “fly” and drive; telecommunication systems have appeared that make it possible to see and talk at a distance.From cosmology to cloning, from water chlorination to the World Wide Web, British inventions in recent centuries have completely changed our lives and our world.We cannot imagine our life today without electricity and household electrical appliances, such as vacuum cleaners, coffee makers and many others. Our world is impossible without modern modes of transport: trains or planes.Many brilliant discoveries in science, such as penicillin, an asthma inhaler, and a defibrillator, have saved many lives.
Learning English,we were interested in the question of objects and inventions around us, the creators of which could be the British.I wanted to know what British inventions are used in modern lifeand what our college students know about it.
Purpose of the work: Study the history of British inventions and discoveries.
To reveal the purpose of the study, it is necessary to solve the followingtasks :
1. Get acquainted with the history of British inventions.
2. Find out the appearance of inventions– where and when they were invented.
3. Classify the most famous inventionsby method of application
4. Conduct a survey among college students
5. Do in conclusions about the acquired knowledge
Object of study are scientific discoveries and objects everyday life.
Subject of research are the inventions and discoveries of the British.
The following were used in writing this work:methods :
1. Studying sources to find information on a given topic.
2. Generalization and synthesis of material.
3. Analysis of the information received.
Hypothesis Our research is based on the assumption that many of the objects named by students are the creation of British inventors.
Significance of this work: results work may berecommended for use in educational activities both students and teachers.
2. British inventions that changed the world.
2.1. The most famous British inventions.
Many important inventions and discoveries were made in Great Britain. More than 70 British scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes. And with such people come great ideas, theories and inventions that have changed our modern world. These include a steam locomotive, a modern bicycle, a propeller, a multi-stage jet steam turbine, an electromagnet, stereo sound, an internal combustion engine, photography, antibiotics, in vitro fertilization, HTML, HTTP and many others. Let's look at the most famous inventions in more detail.
Telephone. British scientist Alexander Bell was the first to patent a telephone in 1876, which was capable of transmitting sound over long distances. The most amazing thing is that this invention was constructed completely by accident. Beginning in 1873, Bell tried to build a harmonic telegraph with which 7 telegrams could be transmitted simultaneously. For this purpose, he used seven pairs of plates. Each such pair was tuned to its own specific frequency. During the next experiment, the wire of one plate was randomly welded to one contact. Bel's assistant, having failed to eliminate the small accident, began to make an indignant speech. At this time, Alexander Bell, working on the receiving mechanism, heard barely noticeable sounds of disturbance coming from the transmitter.
Thus, the first telephone was invented, which Bell called the “talking telegraph.” The Bell tube served in turn to transmit and receive human speech. Bell's telephone did not have a ringer, but it was later invented by Bell's colleague T. Watson (1878). The call to the subscriber was made through the handset using a whistle, and the range of this line did not exceed 500 meters.
TV.
IN1926Scottish inventorJohn Logie Bairddemonstrated a mechanical TV. The picture had 30 vertical lines. The image changed due to the revolutions of a special disk. The speed is 5 frames per second instead of the 24 frames per second that are common these days. Today, Baird's TV may cause some irony. But then it was a real breakthrough. Scientists have been trying to create something similar since the advent of radio. However, no one had succeeded in this before Baird.
Computer.
The first "computing machine" was created by Charles Babbage in 1822. His idea was not to create a prototype of a modern computer, he simply wanted to build a machine that would calculate mathematical problems. Babbage was tired of human errors in solving mathematical problems, so he sought to create an error-free machine. This is why Charles Babbage is considered the inventor of the first computer. His “Babbage machine” was the first programmable analytical engine and, moreover, completely automatic. Computers today essentially do the same thing: read programs and execute them.
Antibiotics. Bacteriologist Alexander Fleming invented penicillin completely by accident. His laboratory was so dirty that, having gone to his family and returning a month later, he discovered mold fungi on one of the plates with staphylococci. And all colonies of staphylococci present on the plate were destroyed. Thus, Fleming isolated a substance that helped save many people from scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria.
Nuclear physics. Ernest Rutherford is called the father of nuclear physics. He formulated the planetary model of the atom, discovered alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon, and many isotopes. It was also he who explained the radioactivity of thorium on the basis of the properties of radon, discovered and explained the radioactive transformation chemical elements, created the theory of radioactive decay, split the nitrogen atom, discovered the proton. Proved that the alpha particle is a helium nucleus.
Law of Universal Gravitation. Surely, even before Isaac Newton, people wondered why all objects fall to the ground. Kepler and Descartes even tried to formulate their own laws. Actually, Newton in the book “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy" in 1687 referred to Kepler's empirical laws. But Newton's theory, unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, had a number of significant differences. The mathematician published not just the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a holistic mathematical model.
2.2. Classification of inventions.
The classification is based on the functional-industrial principle. Methods and devices that perform the same functions, produce the same products, or achieve the same effect are combined.
The main division in the classification is class. Classes are in turn divided into subclasses.
The purpose of classification of inventions is to distribute inventions into thematic headings to provide orientation in finding materials that meet the request.
The existing classifications of inventions use the following principles for subdividing concepts:
– subject-thematic, involves the classification of objects depending on their application in a particular branch of technology;
– the functional principle involves the classification of objects taking into account the identity of the main functions or the effect they produce, regardless of their industrial application;
– mixed principle.
All British inventions can be divided into 3 classes: objects of everyday life, discoveries in science and inventions in sports. Everyday objects have made our lives easier and more comfortable and varied. Discoveries in science have allowed us to better understand medicine, physics, biology and mechanics. While inventions in sports give us the desire to develop and test our physical strength, gain confidence and show our achievements to others.
Everyday life items can also be divided into subclasses: household items, food, children's games, clothing and transportation. We will look at some inventions in more detail.
Electric vacuum cleaner
Patented by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth (1871−1955). Having noticed a device used on trains to blow dust off seats, he reasoned that it would be much more practical to suck up the dust. The viability of the idea was tested using a handkerchief. Booth placed it on the seat of the chair and tried to suck as much dust as possible into his mouth. When he discovered that dust had collected on the bottom of the scarf, he knew the idea was working. The equipment was so bulky that it was transported by horses and placed outside the building, which had to be vacuumed. The hose was stretched out the window, its length reached 30 meters. A vacuum cleaner - first of all, it made the work of housewives easier.
Carton for sale was first made in England in 1817 by Sir Malcolm Thornhill. Paper and cardboard are the most important packaging materials (more than 40% of commercial packaging). When paper ceased to be expensive to produce, wrapping paper began to be made - rough and dark for general use, and bright for gifts.
Vacuum coffee maker was invented in 1840 by Scottish naval engineer Napier. In it, hot water passed through a layer of ground coffee and returned back to the water tank due to the resulting vacuum. Nowadays, such coffee makers are no longer used.
The first inventor to receive a patent forlawnmower
, was the Englishman Edwin Beard Bading (1795-1846) in 1830. The basis of Bading's design was a device for cutting carpet pile, which he installed on wheels. A model of Bading's first lawnmower is on display at the Science Museum in London. Lawn mowers had two cylinders one behind the other, and the rear cylinder transmitted power to the front one with the blades. 
Food
Robert Henry Winborne Welsh inventedlollipop
in 1919. Welsh began producing fudge based on a recipe borrowed from a candy store owner. In addition to fudge, the company produced caramel. One day, Welsh stuck a stick into unhardened caramel, and a new product emerged. It soon became popular among children and adults.
Invention of the sandwich, better known assandwich
belongs to John Montague, Earl of Sandwich (1718-1792), who served as Foreign Secretary and Secretary of the Navy of the British Empire. Once, in 1762, he was playing cards, the game lasted the whole day, and since it was difficult to simultaneously play cards and eat at the table with a knife and fork, the count asked the cook to serve him two pieces of fried bread with a slice of roast beef between them. This way he could hold cards with one hand and eat with the other. It was very convenient solution and since then the sandwich began its victorious march throughout the world. 
Games for children
Puzzles
were invented in England in 1761 by John Spilsbury. London map dealer came up with a new idea training manual- “cut geographical map”. He began to paste black and white engravings geographical maps onto a luxurious, thin panel of Lebanese cedar and mahogany and cut the resulting sandwich into small, intricately shaped pieces. Each such piece contained a little geographical information, and by collecting the necessary sections element by element, the student studied geography. Despite high price(more than a month wages industrial worker), the new product was a huge success. 
It is believed thatkaleidoscope
invented by English physicist David Brewster. In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern varied depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as on how many mirrors were used. Brewster originally created the kaleidoscope as a scientific instrument.
Cloth
Mac
– a raincoat made of waterproof rubberized fabric. This raincoat owes its name to the Scottish chemist Charles Macintosh, who invented waterproof fabric in 1823. Mackintosh, spending another chemical experiment, accidentally smeared the sleeve of his jacket in rubber, and only after some time he noticed that it did not get wet. Of course, in this form the clothes would be unwearable, since the rubber was very sticky. However, the chemist improved the method of making waterproof fabric by combining two layers of fabric using a solution of rubber in kerosene, after which he patented his invention.
The fabric, which is known throughout the world under the name "tweed ", was widely used in Scotland and Ireland for centuries and was called "tweel". They say that in 1826, a London clerk, while accepting an order, made a typo and wrote down the name of this fabric as tweed, which was assigned to the fabric. In the 19th century, tweed became a popular fabric for clothing for walking in the countryside, hunting, fishing, and golf.
Jacket Norfolk
appeared in the 1860s as clothing for sports, riding and hunting. They say that it began to be worn on the estate of the Duke of Norfolk, hence the name of this jacket. The Norfolk jacket is usually single-breasted, with three or four buttons and a belt at the waist. There are two folds on the back. And the front of the jacket is decorated with patch pockets, large enough to fit everything you need for a country walk or hunt. Typically the Norfolk jacket is made from tweed.
Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington inventedboots called Wellis for walks in the countryside and hunting. He personally instructed his shoemaker. True, at that time boots were made of leather. But already in 1852, after the invention of a method for vulcanizing natural rubber, these boots began to be produced from rubber. Boots found a rebirth after the Second World War. The most popular color remains green. It was introduced by Hunter back in 1955.
Transport
Locomotive.
The world's first steam locomotive was designed by English mining engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804. In one of the earliest public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 men over a distance of 15 kilometers in 4 hours 5 minutes at a speed of about 8 km/h. Trevithick proved that a car with smooth wheels could successfully move on smooth metal rails. He continued to work on steam locomotives until his death in April 1833.
In the 20s of the 19th century, George Stephenson made significant changes to the design of the steam locomotive. He also convinced the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton. In 1823, under the leadership of Stephenson, the world's first locomotive-building plant was founded, and just 2 years later a steam locomotive, named “Active,” left its gates. This unit could transport 80 tons of cargo, while George provided for the possibility of transporting people. At an average speed of 7.5 km/h, “Ektive” carried the world’s first passenger carriage with members of the commission that accepted the new steam unit. Maximum speed the locomotive reached 39 km/h in some sections, an unheard-of mark for mechanisms moving with such a load at that time.
Firstmetro line was built inLondon(United Kingdom). It was only 3.6 km long and was launched10 January1863 year. In 1843, under the leadership of Isambard Brunel, it was openedThames tunnel . This discovery proved the convenience and reliability of underground railway. Then Charles Pearson in 1846 proposed to lay underground lines connecting the main railway stations of the city. There were 7 stations on the first metro line and the trip lasted 33 minutes. The carriages had gas lighting, which, according to the Daily Telegraph, was so bright that one could easily read a newspaper. On the opening day, 6 locomotives pulling 4 cars each departed every 15 minutes and made a total of 120 trips in both directions and transported 30 thousand passengers during this time. The convenience of this type of transportation exceeded all expectations, and in the same 1863 it was decided to build a 30 km long ring line in London. It opened on 1 October 1868, joining the first line at South Kensington station. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to transfer from one underground route to another.
The first who thought to installtraffic light
at the intersection to regulate traffic, there was John Peake Knight, a Londoner and specialist in railway semaphores. The first traffic light he designed was installed in the British capital on December 10, 1868 near the Houses of Parliament. Switching of signals was carried out manually using two semaphore arrows. IN horizontal position they signaled “stop”, and when lowered at an angle of 45°, they signaled movement with caution. So that at night the signal given by the arrows could be identified, a rotating gas lamp was used, which shone red or green.
Discoveries in science
England and Scotland have been leading centers of the scientific revolution since the 17th century and have since produced famous scientists and engineers. Among the main scientists of the 17th-18th centuries, one can single out Isaac Newton, whoselaws of motion are one of the foundations of modern science, in the 19th century it is worth remembering Charles Darwin, whosetheory of evolution natural selection is the basis of all modern biological science, and James Clerk Maxwell, who formulated the classicalelectromagnetic theory , as well as Stephen Hawking from more modern ones, who developed the basictheories in cosmology, quantum gravity and the study of black holes . Large opening XVIII centuries includehydrogen , discovered by Henry Cavendish, 20th century -penicillin , discovered by Alexander Fleming AndDNA structure , discovered by Francis Crick,cloning experiment , conducted by Keith Campbell. Major British engineering projects and inventions include those invented in the 19th centuryelectric motor Michael Faradayincandescent lamp Joseph Swan, as well as those invented in the 20th centuryjet engine Frank Whittleage. Don't forget about the Royal Society of London, one of the oldest scientific societies in the world, founded in 1660.
Inventions in sports
Modern badminton
Indian origin, but the English officers became interested in this game. In 1860, Isaac Spratt published Badminton Battledore - new game", where its first rules were described, and in 1875 the officers' club "Folkstone" was formed. In the 19th century in England, the game of badminton gained particular popularity in the family of the Duke of Beaufort. The Duke was the patron of the badminton association, the owner of the Front Hall, where it is now There is a wonderful collection of antique rackets and shuttlecocks.
Variant known todaygolf appeared in Scotland. Modern version The game of golf originated in Scotland. The first golf clubs were also created there. It was the Scots who became the authors of the first written rules of the game of golf, and also forever fixed the system and the number of holes - from now on and forever there are 18 of them.
Darts
originated several centuries ago in the British Isles. Darts is still traditional game in the UK. There is an assumption that the game originated among soldiers. The soldiers threw short arrows at bottom part barrels or the bottom of tree trunks. In dry wood, cracks usually spread apart, creating “Sectors.” The standard marking with sector 20 at the top was created in 1896 by Lancashire carpenter Brian Gamlin.
2.3. Results of student survey
our college about inventions
We conducted a survey among 1st and 2nd year students of our college. 35 were interviewedstudents. Analysis of the data obtained showed:
3. Conclusion
Inventions have already become firmly established in people's lives, and every year there are more and more of them. For many they have already become an integral part of life. Inventions are almost always created solely so that a person can feel better, so that his work is simplified as much as possible, and his life improves. Development modern technologies, significantly making human life easier is not as simple as it might seem, because a huge number of specialists are working on inventions, who daily develop, test or improve all sorts of interesting things, many of these specialist inventors are British.
Studying the history of British inventions, you will notice that some inventions are outdated (the flywheel or the spinning machine) and have become history, others, such as television, a vacuum cleaner or a computer, have been modernized and are still in use today. Countless discoveries were lost in the whirlpool of time, others, not appreciated by their contemporaries, waited for recognition and implementation for tens and hundreds of years.
The inventions created by the British are a shining example of the inexhaustible creative potential that this nation possesses. Over the entire history of mankind, they have made a huge number of inventions, many of which are now perceived by us as something ordinary, but without which we cannot imagine our lives.
4. References
1. Biographies - the life history of great people [Electronic resource] //Alexander Graham Bell. - Access mode: www.tonnel.ru/
2. The most ridiculous inventions of the 19-20th century [Electronic resource] // Access mode: izobreteniya.com/index.php/comments/n_13/
3. Room Adrian R.U. Great Britain: Linguistic and Regional Dictionary./ Adrian R.U. Room. – M.: Russian language, 2002. – 558 p.
4. Encyclopedia for children / Chapter. ed. M. D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta+, 2000. - T. 14. Technology. - 688 s
Internet sources:
Appendix 1
List of British inventions
What has been invented
Who invented
Year, place
inventions
mechanical television
John Bayard
1924, Scotland
telephone
Graham Bell
1876, Scotland
computer
Charles Babbage
1822, England
worldwide
web
Tim Bernes-Lee
1991, England
locomotive
Richard Trevithick
1804, England
triplane
John Stringfellow
1841, England
quad glider
Hiram Stevens Maxim
1894, England
glider
George Cayley
Percy Sinclair Pilcher
1804, England
1895, England
flyer
George Cayley
1853, England
metro
Marc Isambard Brunel
1863, London
magnifying glass
Roger Bacon
1250, England
chronometer
John Harrison
1760, England
telescope
James Gregory
1663, Scotland
Alexander Bain
1840, Scotland
safe
Joseph Bramah
1784, England
negative-positive process
WilliamHenryFoxTalbot
1841, England
2-lens lens
John Herschel
19th century, England
Beaufort scale
Francis Beaufort
1806, England
law of the world
gravity
Isaac Newton
1666, England
thermal (steam)
engine
ThomasNewcomen,
John Colley
1705, England
steam engine
James Watt
1782, Scotland
theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
1859, England
water chlorination
William Cumberland
Kruikmenk
18th century, England
penicillin
Alexander Fleming
1928, Scotland
asthma inhaler
Hiram Maxim
1901, England
elastic bandage
Stephen Perry
1845, England
defibrillator
Frank Pantridge
1965, Ireland
puzzles
John Spilsbury
1761, England
kaleidoscope
David Brewster
1816, England
Michael Forada
1824, England
lollipop
Robert Henry Winborne Welsh
1919, England
soda
Joseph Priestley
1767, England
sandwich
John Montague Sandwich
1762, England
cricket
Anglo-Saxons
16th century, England
football
English
19th century, England
rugby
William Webb Ellis
1823, England
tennis
Walton Clopton Wingfield
1860, Wales
badminton
English military
19th century, England
squash
English
19th century, England
golf
Scottish shepherds
1457, Scotland
darts
British hunters
1314, England
snooker
Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain
1938, England
hydraulic crane
William George Armstrong
1845, England
electromagnetic relay
Joseph Henry
1835, Scotland
steam pump
Thomas Severn
1698, England
mirror telescope
James Gregory
1663, Scotland
cell concept
Robert Hooke
1665, England
pneumatic tire
Robert William Thomson
1846, Scotland
diving suit
1819, England
50
raincoat
Charles Mackintosh
1823, Scotland
51
color photography
James Clerk Maxwell
1861, Scotland
52
turning-screw-cutting
machine
Henry Maudsley
1800, England
53
logarithms
John Napier
1614, Scotland
54
slide rule
William Oughtred
1622, England
55
kickford cord
William Bickford
1831, England
56
Robert Barron
1778, England
57
incandescent lamp
Joseph Wilson Swan
1850, England
58
microphone
Charles Wheatstone
1827, England
59
turbojet
engine
Frank Whittle
1930, England
60
transformer
1832, England
61
safety razor
William Henson
1847, England
62
coffee maker
Robert Napier
1840, Scotland
63
Peter Durand
1810, England
64
can opener
Robert Yates
1855, England
65
sulfur matches
John Walker
1827, England
66
mousetrap
Hiram Maxim
1854, England
67
laces
Englishman
1790, England
68
eraser
Joseph Priestley
1770, England
69
glasses
Edward Scarlet
1727, England
70
machine gun
Hiram Maxim
1883, England
71
spinning machine
Richard Arkwright
1769, England
72
traffic light
John Peake Knight
1868, England
73
printing house
William Caxton
1470, England
74
smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
1803, England
75
Wallace Barnes
1942, England
76
home video camera
Acres Birt
1896, England
77
idea of contraception
Mary Stopes
1915, England
78
electric motor
1821, England
79
DNA
Rosalind Franklin
1953, England
80
cloning (Dolly the sheep)
Ian Wilmut
1996, Scotland
81
pyramidal kite
Alexander Bell
1901, Scotland
8 2
locomotive
George Stephenson
1814, England
83
vacuum cleaner
Hubert Cecil Booth
1901, England
Appendix 2
Eccentric inventions
Alarm clock from robbers
The anti-burglar alarm clock, invented in 1870, worked on the principle of a clock mechanism: it had to be wound all the way, cocked the lever and placed directly under the door. When an intruder tried to enter, the opening door would press down on the lever, causing it to drop down, after which a very loud and annoying bell would ring.
Gun in my wallet
There is no need to remind you that street robbers became the scourge of the second half of the 19th century, however, in extreme cases, even such a tiny pistol could protect your property, honor and life. You just need to place the elegant weapon in the secret compartment of an ordinary woman's wallet. The main disadvantage of such protection was that only one bullet fit into the mini-drum.
Massager
In the 30s of the 19th century, body massage was considered not a luxury, but a mandatory medical procedure necessary for healthy skin and good blood circulation. However, as it turned out, massage with this dynamo was neither particularly useful nor safe: the massager constantly shocked the user.
Toe-toe
In all likelihood, these socks were invented to protect the toes from the cold while saving on knitwear. .Finger. socks were produced in Britain during World War II and were expected to reduce the cost of hosiery by 80%.
Flashlight glasses
Invented in 1930, these glasses were equipped with two small battery-powered light bulbs and a long connecting wire. However, walking in these glasses in the rain was reminiscent of electrocution.
Eye massager
In all likelihood, in the last century of one gadget. was not enough for body massage, so in the 1920s there was a need to develop a special device for massaging the eyeballs. This sophisticated mechanism had to be placed against the face, then a small lever had to be pressed to set in motion the rubber bellows, which released jets of cool air directly towards the eyeballs.
Mustache guard
The lucky owners of a luxurious mustache often had to experience some difficulties during lunch, and especially while absorbing some spicy soup. The only solution was to use special mustache guards. A spoon or mug with special recesses helped mustachioed men consume their contents in small sips without tarnishing their reputation.
Finger stretches for pianists
This mysterious device was developed in the 1910s to help musicians reproduce virtuoso passages by Stravinsky and Debussy. However, such a simulator had to be handled extremely carefully. Rumor has it that composer Schubert injured his hand while stretching on one of the early versions of the device.
Page turner
The page turner was also designed for musicians, around 1905. After fixing the metal bookmarks on the pages of interest, the sheets of the music book began to turn over automatically.
Appendix 3
Questionnaire for students of State Budgetary Educational Institution "KBLK"
1) Do you know British scientists?
Not really
2) Name famous British scientists.
3) Name the three most important items in your daily life.
a) b) c)
4) What did the British invent?
answer options_______________________________________________
5) What discoveries did the British make?
answer options_______________________________________________
British scientists have made significant contributions to the development of all areas of science. It is difficult to imagine that if only a few people had not presented their inventions to the world, today we could know nothing about the force of gravity, live without television and antibiotics. The portal "ZagraNitsa" remembered the most significant discoveries that we owe to the British
TV
In 1925, British engineer John Baird presented a mechanical television at the Royal Institution, which became the first functional model of its type. Later, mechanical television was replaced by developments in the field of electronic, but Baird's invention was the first step towards the creation of what we today call a television.
Photo: mediasat.info 2 Newton's laws
One of the most significant scientists in the history of mankind, the British Isaac Newton proved the law of universal gravitation and the laws of mechanics in the mid-17th century. Of course, even before these discoveries, people wondered why objects fall to the ground, but it was Newton who was the first to prove his theories.
Photo: enkivillage.com 3 Evolution
In the mid-19th century, the English naturalist Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution, which completely changed the world and mankind’s understanding of its own origins. Darwin's discovery dealt a powerful blow to religion, although the scientist himself was not yet an atheist at the time of its publication.
Photo: reference.com World Wide Web
In 1989, Briton Tim Burns-Lee came up with the idea of a distribution system providing access to interconnected documents, known today as the World Wide Web. It was Burns-Lee who created such protocols as URL, HTTP, HTM, without which the Internet space cannot function today.
Photo: worldwebforum.ch 5 Programmable computer
In the 1830s, British mathematician Charles Babbage designed the first analytical computer. The invention not only was his life’s work and brought posthumous fame, but also became the prototype of the modern computer. Unfortunately, Babbage was never able to see his project in finished form - the project was closed due to lack of funds, and the computer itself was created only in 1989.
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Electric motor
In 1821, English physicist Michael Farraday discovered how electricity could be used to create motion and then began developing an electric motor. Without a doubt, this became one of the most significant inventions made by the British, without which it is impossible to imagine the modern world.
Photo: enkivillage.com 7 Locomotive
The first person to come up with a steam carriage moving on rails was the English inventor Richard Trevithick. The first model of the locomotive was able to transport ore, and subsequent, improved ones could transport up to 70 passengers and 10 tons of iron. And although the creators of the Raketa steam locomotive received more fame than Trevithick, it was his invention that inspired them to create prototypes of modern steam locomotives.
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Bulb
And although the American inventor Thomas Edison was the first to create a functioning incandescent lamp, the very idea of the light bulb was developed by the English chemist Joseph Swan. He twice received a patent for his invention, but at first his light bulb did not work long and was ineffective. At the same time, Edison worked on improving Swan's model and was the first to make it practical.
Photo: mediacomservices.com.au
Antibiotics
In the middle of the 20th century, the British scientist Alexander Fleming accidentally made a discovery that changed the medicine of that time. Having left for a long time, Fleming, amidst all the chaos, left a vessel with the bacteria he was studying in the laboratory. When he returned, he discovered that mold had grown in the vessel, and the bacteria had become transparent due to cell destruction. So the scientist isolated an active substance, which was called penicillin and became an effective anti-infective agent.
Photo: biography.com 10 Stroller
In the 18th century, the Duke of Devonshire asked the artist and architect William Kent to come up with handheld device for riding your children. And he created a smaller, beautifully decorated copy of an adult carriage, in which the child could only sit. A few years later, more and more parents began to purchase strollers for their children, including Queen Victoria, who bought three strollers for her babies.
Photo: shutterstock Read about the funny discoveries of British scientists.
Great Britain is home to many of the greatest scientists and inventors of our time. And, as you know, where there are great personalities, there are great ideas. In this article we will talk about ten British inventions that changed the modern world.
10. United States of America
One of the most powerful countries in the world was formed when the British colonies North America declared their independence after lengthy disputes with the United Kingdom. The colonists were British subjects until their victory in 1783, at which point they became independent Americans. Based on this, the US was a British "invention" from the very beginning.
9. Sports
Many modern views sports originate in Britain, because it was here that the rules of many games that we know and love today were invented. The most striking example is, of course, football. Although the British were not the first to come up with the idea of kicking the ball into the goal, however, the standard rules were invented by them.
8. Newton's laws
Everyone probably remembers from school the existence of Newton’s three laws, but not everyone knows that the famous physicist and mathematician was British. He was also the first person to document the mechanics of gravity. Newton is considered one of the most important scientists in human history.
7. The first programmable computer
Back in 1820, British mathematician and scientist Charles Babbage invented a mechanical computer, after which he worked on improving it for ten years. Unfortunately, the project had to be abandoned after losing funding due to the British government losing faith in the project. Despite this, the machine, based on Babbage's original drawings, was still built more than 150 years later in 1989.
6. World Wide Web
Namely, the well-known three letters W, which can be found in front of any Internet address. The World Wide Web, invented by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, is a system of interconnected hypertext documents accessible via the Internet. The concept was first proposed in 1989. The scientist himself, despite the enormous potential benefits, decided to simply give the project to the world.
5. Television
The first public demonstration of television was given by British inventor John Lowey Baird to members of the Royal Institution on January 26, 1926. And on July 3, 1928, the inventor showed the world the first color television. It was his inventions that laid the foundation for the development of television technology.
4. Steam locomotive
The first steam locomotive was built in 1804 at Pen-y-Darren in South Wales, and was used to transport goods by British inventor and mining engineer Richard Trevithick. In one of the first public demonstrations, the locomotive successfully transported an impressive load of 10 tons of iron, 5 carriages and 70 people 9.75 miles in just 4 hours and 5 minutes.
3. Theory of evolution
British naturalist Charles Darwin was the first to propose the theories of evolution and natural selection. For his achievements, Darwin was elected to the council of the British Geological Society, after which the scientist moved to London, where he continued his work.
2. Phone
Alexander Graham Bell, British inventor who created the acoustic telegraph in 1875. He patented the invention in March 1876, having done so before the American inventor Elisha Gray, who accused Bell of stealing his invention. The patent office ultimately ruled in Bell's favor and he was granted a patent for the world's first telephone.
1. English
It is the official language of many countries and is also the second most popular language worldwide. It is the language used at most international events. The English language is undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions of the British.
Ten British inventions that changed the world updated: July 30, 2017 by: Yulia Emelianenko