Marxist historians began to actively develop problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century.
After October 1917, the Marxist approach was used as the basis for Russian historiography.
After October 1917, the creation of a Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917 ᴦ. Marxism was the basis of Russian historiography
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictates of Marxism-Leninism
The approach that viewed Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of Slavophile historians
The approach that viewed Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians
Discussions between Westerners and Slavophiles had a great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the 19th century.
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created the Norman theory
At the origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the 18th century
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
Herodotus is called the father of history
Topic 4
N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler played a major role in the development of civilizational methodology
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
The Marxist approach was dominant in the knowledge of the historical past during the Soviet period.
The Marxist approach to the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
Linear development of society is a characteristic idea of Marxism
Marxist approach - transition from one formation to another through social revolution
7) Civilization approach - reveals the specificity and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations that have common cultural and historical features
8) Synthetic approach – combines different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographical determinism - the course of history is determined by the geographical environment
Mandatory component of historical science - categories
Historiography of history:
Historiography – History of historical science, its formation and development
The “Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks”, which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party’s monopoly on historical truth. Bayer, Miller - the creators of the “Norman theory”
Gumilyov - “From Rus' to Russia”
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
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From the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783 to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the territory of the United States increased several times. During the "Indian Wars" the lands of the indigenous population - the Indians - were seized. In 1803, T. Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon for 15 million dollars -... [read more]
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The military defeat of Germany in the First World War, internal, social and class contradictions, the influence of events in Russia led to a revolutionary explosion in November 1918. As a result, the imperial power of the Hohenzollern dynasty and order was eliminated in Germany...
Synchronous - the study of historical events occurring at the same time
Nomothetic – establishes the general, having the form of law
Methodology of History
A science that does not belong to auxiliary historical disciplines is... Numismatics
A major role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ... N. Danilevsky and O. Spengler, Toynbee
The approach according to which the course of history is determined by the geographical environment is called...
Geographical determinism
The dominant approach to understanding the historical past during the Soviet period was the _______________ approach.
Marxist
theological approach
The approach, according to which the historical process was presented as a consistent change in socio-economic formations in the history of mankind, was called...
Marxism
An approach that viewed history as a process of humanity’s ascent to ever greater high level development, was named...
Evolutionism
A major role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by...
O. Spengler and A. Toynbee
The methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in socio-economic formations in the history of mankind, was called...
Marxism
An approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development is...
Rationalism
The founders of the formational approach to history were... K. Marx, F. Engels
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through... social revolution
A major role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by...
N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
Marxist theory arose in the ______ century. 19
Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of... theological approach
The creators of formation theory were...
K. Marx and F. Engels
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the ____________ approach.
Synthetic
The Marxist approach in the history of human society determines _________ socio-economic formation(s).
Five
The approach in which the course of history is determined by outstanding people is called...
Subjectivism
Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of...
Theological approach
The civilizational approach to history corresponds to the thesis about
Diversity of local human societies
Historiography of History
After October 1917, the creation of the _______________ concept of national history began.
Marxist
Russian writer, publicist and statesman N.M. Karamzin in 1816-1817 published the first eight volumes of his work...
"History of the Russian State"
In modern historical science widespread received an anthropological approach, which gives priority to
To a person, his inner world
After October 1917, the basis of Russian historiography was...
Marxism
The founder of the Marxist concept of national history is considered...
M.N. Pokrovsky
In the 18th century was created by German historians I. Bayer, G. Miller...
Norman theory
The two founders of the theological approach to the study of history were...
Aurelius Augustine (Blessed), Thomas Aquinas
The history of historical science, its formation and development is called...
Historiography
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictatorship...
Marxism-Leninism
Appeared in 1938, "A Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"...
Secured the party's monopoly on historical truth
IN. Klyuchevsky
The founder of Russian historical science is a participant in Peter's reforms, the author of the work "Russian History"
V.N. Tatishchev
The approach that viewed Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of historians...
Slavophiles
To a new type of historical sources, which has become widespread in Russia since the second half of the 1990s. relate...
Periodical materials
In modern historical science, the anthropological approach has become widespread, which gives a priority role...
Geographical factor
After October 1917, the creation of a ____________ concept of national history began in Russia.
Marxist
A monument of moralizing literature of the 16th century is
"Russian Truth"
All-Russian chronicle collection, compiled in the 12th century. in Kyiv, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, is called...
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the _______ century.
The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist and encyclopedist...
M.V. Lomonosov
The approach that viewed Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of historians...
Westerners
The first critic of the Norman theory of the origin of the Old Russian state was the Russian scientist
M.V. Lomonosov
At the origins of historical science in Russia stood...
Historiography of history
1. The founder of the “noble” historical science, who attempted to create the first generalizing work on the history of Russia, is considered ...
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) S. M. Soloviev
c) L.N. Gumilev
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
2. The founder of the Marxist concept of national history is considered to be...
a) M.V. Lomonov
b) V.N. Tatishchev
c) V.O. Klyuchevsky
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
4. In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created ...
a) anti-Norman theory
b) “the theory of official nationality”
c) the theory of “Russian socialism”
d) Norman theory
5. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered...
a) M.V. Lomonosov
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) V.N. Tatishchev
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
6. After October 1917, the basis of Russian historiography was ...
a) voluntarism
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
d) subjectivity
7. In the 18th century. German historians I. Bayer, G. Miller created...
a) “the theory of official nationality”
b) anti-Norman theory
c) Norman theory
d) the theory of “Russian socialism”
8. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist and encyclopedist...
a) L.N. Gumilev
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) M.V. Lomonosov
d) S.M. Soloviev
9. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist and encyclopedist...
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) B.A. Rybakov
c) M.V. Lomonosov
d) N.M. Karamzin
10. After October 1917, the creation of a ____________ concept of national history began in Russia.
a) bourgeois
b) Marxist
c) philosophical
d) populist
11. The history of historical science, its formation and development is called...
a) source
b) historiography
c) methodology
d) ethnography
12. After October 1917, the ____________ approach was used as the basis for Russian historiography.
a) civilizational
b) evolutionary
c) theological
d) Marxist
13. After October 1917, the creation of the _______________ concept of national history began.
a) civilizational
b) Marxist
c) theological
d) evolutionary
14. “A Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)”, which appeared in 1938...
a) introduced a pluralistic approach to the study of the historical past
b) secured the party's monopoly on historical truth
c) opened the era of glasnost in the study of history
d) opened the “thaw” period
15. In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the _______ century.
a)XV
b) XX
c) XVIII
d) XVII
16. At the origins of historical science in Russia were...
a) S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky
b) V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
c) V.I. Lenin, G.V. Plekhanov
d) N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee
17. Discussions between...
a) Westerners and Slavophiles
b) revolutionary and liberal populists
c) Marxists and Socialist Revolutionaries
d) cadets and Octobrists
18. The approach that viewed Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of historians...
a) populists
b) monarchists
c) Slavophiles
d) Westerners
19. The approach that viewed Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of historians...
a) anarchists
b) Westerners
c) Slavophiles
d) Decembrists
20. Soviet historical science was influenced by dictatorship...
a) autocracy
b) Marxism-Leninism
c) theology
d) civilizational approach
21. An outstanding Russian historian was...
a) N.M. Karamzin
b) I.M.Sechenov
c) N.I. Lobachevsky
d) I.I. Mechnikov
22. A Bolshevik historian was...
a) S.M. Soloviev
b) P.N. Milyukov
c) M.N.Pokrovsky
d) V.O. Klyuchevsky
23. An outstanding Russian historian was...
a) G.R.Derzhavin
b) S.M. Solovyov
c) F. Prokopovich
d) I.I.Polzunov
24. “The Course of Russian History” became the pinnacle of creativity...
a) V.O. Klyuchevsky
b) S.M. Solovyova
c) N.I. Kostomarova
d) N.M. Karamzina
25. The largest noble historian of the second quarter of the 18th century. was…
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) N.M. Karamzin
c) A.N. Radishchev
d) A.I. Herzen
Historiography of Russian history
1. Match historians and their works.
1) N. Karamzin
2) V. Klyuchevsky
3) M. Pokrovsky
a) “Historical science and class struggle”
b) “Course of Russian history”
c) “History of the Russian State”
2. Match the name of the historical school and the period of its formation.
1) noble historiography
2) revolutionary historiography
3) public school
a) second half of the 18th century.
b) end of the 18th century.
c) mid-19th century
3. Match historians and schools of thought.
1) N. Karamzin
2) N. Novikov
3) K. Aksakov
a) enlightenment
b) sentimentalism
c) Slavophilism
4. Match the names and works of historians of the 20th century.
1) M. Tikhomirov
2) B. Rybakov
3) L. Gumilyov
a) "Paganism" Ancient Rus'»
b) “Ancient Moscow XII-XV centuries.”
c) “From Rus' to Russia”
Methodology of history
1. Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of...
a) theological approach
b) geographical determinism
c) subjectivity
d) Marxism
2. Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of...
a) theological approach
b) Marxism
c) evolutionism
d) rationalism
3. The approach according to which the course of history is determined by the geographical environment is called ...
a) geographical determinism
b) geography
c) rationalism
d) geology
4. The approach according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people is called ...
a) subjectivity
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
d) theological
5. The approach according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people is called ...
a) determinism
b) evolutionism
c) synthetic
d) subjectivity
6. The approach that viewed history as a process of humanity’s ascent to an ever higher level of development was called...
a) theological
b) evolutionism
c) subjectivity
d) voluntarism
7. The approach that viewed history as a process of humanity’s ascent to an ever higher level of development was called...
a) evolutionism
b) theological
c) geographical determinism
d) subjectivity
8. The approach, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in socio-economic formations in the history of mankind, was called ...
a) civilizational
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
9. The methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a consistent change in socio-economic formations in the history of mankind, was called ...
a) subjectivity
b) objectivism
c) Marxism
d) voluntarism
10. The creators of formation theory were...
a) G. Plekhanov and V. Zasulich
b) V. Lenin and Y. Martov
c) N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
d) K. Marx and F. Engels
11. The approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development is...
a) subjectivity
b) rationalism
c) evolutionism
d) Marxism
12. The approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development is...
a) class
b) rationalism
c) formational
d) geographical determinism
13. A major role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by...
a) S. Soloviev and V. Klyuchevsky
b) V. Lenin and G. Plekhanov
c) K. Marx and F. Engels
d) N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
14. The dominant approach to understanding the historical past during the Soviet period was the _______________ approach.
a) synthetic
b) Marxist
c) theological
d) civilizational
15. In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through...
a) cultural revolution
b) economic reforms
c) educational policy
d) social revolution
16. The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the ____________ approach.
a) Marxist
b) theological
c) synthetic
d) civilizational
17. The Marxist approach in the history of human society determines _________ socio-economic formation(s).
a) two
b) five
c) four
d) three
18. Marxist theory arose in the ______ century.
a) XXI
b) XIX
c) XX
d) XVII
19. A major role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by...
a) S. Soloviev and V. Tatishchev
b) N. Karamzin and M. Lomonosov
c) O. Spengler and A. Toynbee
d) V. Lenin and G. Plekhanov
20. A major role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by...
a) N. Karamzin and V. Soloviev
b) M. Lomonosov and V. Tatishchev
c) N. Danilevsky and O. Spengler
d) P. Pestel and N. Muravyov
21. Name the approach that viewed history as a process of ascent to an ever higher level of development.
a) subjectivity
b) evolutionism
c) synthetic
d) theological
22. Methodology is...
a) theory of scientific research
b) theory of scientific-cognitive activity, aimed at the study and development of methods of scientific knowledge
c) scientific discipline about the patterns of historical development
d) scientific discipline that studies the laws of the historical process
23. One of the main tasks in the knowledge of social processes is the disclosure...
a) biological conditioning of human society
b) social functions and their role in the development of the social whole
c) the influence of natural and climatic conditions on humans
d) subject and object of historical knowledge
24. The emergence of Marxism dates back to...
a) the end of the 18th century.
b) mid-19th century.
c) the beginning of the 18th century.
d) the beginning of the 20th century.
25. One of the main methodological approaches of modern historical science is ...
a) subjective
b) class
c) civilizational
d) formational
26. Methodology is...
a) a set of statistical research methods
b) the ability to arrange events in chronological sequence
c) descriptive research
d) a set of basic approaches and research methods
27. Formational approach to the study and presentation of history does not correspond position -...
a) human history is one
b) progressiveness of historical development
c) all countries go through the same stages of development
d) the historical process is discontinuous
28. Civilizational approach to history does not correspond position -...
a) the historical process is discontinuous
b) each community of people goes through certain stages of development, in many ways similar to the ages of a person
c) each community of people has a unique appearance and bright characteristic features
d) human history is one
29. The founder of the theory of formations was...
a) V.I.Lenin
b) A. Toynbee
c) K. Marx
d) I.V. Stalin
30. One of the prominent representatives of the civilizational approach to history is...
a) F. Engels
b) V.O.Klyuchevsky
c) A. Toynbee
d) K. Marx
Methods for studying history
1. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition...
1) typological
2) retrospective
3) synchronous
a) the study of historical events occurring at the same time
c) consistent penetration into the past in order to identify the cause of an event
2. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition...
1) comparative
2) typological
3) problem-chronological
c) study of the sequence of historical events over time
3. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition...
1) comparative
2) retrospective
3) ideographic
4. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition...
1) system
2) typological
3) comparative
a) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
b) comparison of historical objects in space and time
5. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition...
1) system
2) retrospective
3) synchronous
a) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development
b) consistent penetration into the past in order to identify the cause of an event
c) study of various historical events occurring at the same time
6. Indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition...
1) comparative
2) system
3) problem-chronological
b) comparison of historical objects in space and time
c) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development of historical phenomena and objects
7. Indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition...
1) ideographic
2) typological
3) problematic - chronological
a) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
b) study of the sequence of historical events over time
c) description of historical events and phenomena
8. Indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition...
1) ideographic
2) comparative
3) typological
a) description of historical events and phenomena
b) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
c) comparison of historical objects in space and time
9. Indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition...
1) system
2) ideographic
3) synchronous
a) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development of historical phenomena and objects
c) study of various historical objects occurring at the same time
10. Indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition...
1) ideographic
2) system
3) problem-chronological
a) study of the sequence of historical events over time
b) description of historical events and phenomena
c) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development
After October 1917, the Marxist approach was used as the basis for Russian historiography.
After October 1917, the creation of a Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917, Marxism was used as the basis for Russian historiography
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictates of Marxism-Leninism
The approach that viewed Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of Slavophile historians
The approach that viewed Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians
Discussions between Westerners and Slavophiles had a great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the 19th century.
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created the Norman theory
At the origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the 18th century
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
Herodotus is called the father of history
Topic 4
N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler played a major role in the development of civilizational methodology
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
The Marxist approach was dominant in the knowledge of the historical past during the Soviet period.
The Marxist approach to the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
Linear development of society is a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - transition from one formation to another through social revolution
7) Civilization approach - reveals the specificity and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations that have common cultural and historical features
8) Synthetic approach – combines different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographical determinism - the course of history is determined by the geographical environment
Mandatory component of historical science - categories
Historiography of history:
Historiography – History of historical science, its formation and development
The “Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks”, which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party’s monopoly on historical truth.
Bayer, Miller - creators of the “Norman theory”
Gumilyov - “From Rus' to Russia”
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
Department of Russian History and Political Science
Dvoretsky E.V.
NATIONAL HISTORY
IN summary
A manual for updating knowledge
Belgorod 2009
Introduction
This manual is intended for students who have mastered the discipline “domestic history” to update residual knowledge of the course.
The structure and content of the manual correspond to the content of existing requirements: the program of the Federal Internet Exam, and the nature of the test questions.
The manual consists of sections corresponding to the main didactic units of the control program. Each section contains material grouped according to the topics of the control program.
Separately, the manual presents:
Chronological table
Glossary of terms
List of historical personalities
List of historical concepts
Didactic unit 1
Theory and methodology of historical science:
Functions of historical knowledge:
The function of history from the point of view of society (society) is cultural
1. Cognitive function – identifying patterns of historical development.
2. The function of social memory is a way of identifying and orienting society and the individual.
During the Soviet period, the official ideology was Marxism, therefore the practical-political function of historical knowledge came to the fore
4. Educational function - the formation of civic, moral values and qualities
Cicero’s saying “History is the teacher of life” reflects the educational function of history
5. Prognostic function – makes it easier to predict the future.
The function of historical knowledge, formulated in a statement by the German mathematician and philosopher G.W. Leibniz “The present, born of the past, gives birth to the future”, is a predictive function
In the logical series of functions of historical knowledge, the extra element is the adaptive function
The highest level of historical knowledge is scientific-theoretical
Methods for studying history
1. Comparative - comparison of historical objects in space, time and identification of similarities and differences between them.
It consists in identifying a set of one-order phenomena of similarity and difference between them
2. Retrospective - consistent penetration into the past in order to identify the causes of an event or phenomenon.
3. Ideographic – description of historical events and phenomena. Retrieves unique single information about an object
4. Typological – classification of historical phenomena, events, objects.
5. Genetic – describes the properties and functions of an event or phenomenon in the process of their reconstruction
6. Systemic – reveals the internal mechanism of functioning and development
7. Problem-chronological - the study of the sequence of historical events in time
8. Synchronous - the study of historical events occurring at the same time
9. Nomothetic - establishes the general, having the form of a law
History methodology:
1) Methodology is the doctrine of methods (approaches) of research, illumination of historical facts, and scientific knowledge.
2) Theological approach - considers the historical process as the result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit
3) Rationalism - An approach that considers reason as the only source of knowledge and historical development
4) Subjectivism - the course of history is determined by outstanding people
5) Evolutionism:
- a doctrine that states that everything that exists is in the process of progressive development
An approach that viewed history as a process of humanity’s ascent to an ever higher level of development
6) Marxism:
An approach according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in socio-economic formations in the history of mankind
Methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a consistent change in socio-economic formations in the history of mankind
Marxist theory originated in the 19th century.
The creators of formation theory were: K. Marx and F. Engels
Marxist understanding of the reasons for the emergence of the state:
Formation of classes and intensification of the struggle between them
Changes in socio-economic relations
Marxism is characterized by the absolutization of class struggle
Formation is a fundamental concept of Marxism
The Marxist approach to the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
Linear development of society is a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - transition from one formation to another through social revolution
The Marxist approach was dominant in the knowledge of the historical past during the Soviet period.
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
7) Civilization approach - reveals the specificity and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations that have common cultural and historical features
N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler played a major role in the development of civilizational methodology
8) Synthetic approach – combines different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographical determinism- the course of history is determined by the geographical environment
Mandatory component of historical science - categories
Historiography of history:
Historiography – History of historical science, its formation and development
Herodotus is called the father of history
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical understanding of sources in the 18th century
At the origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created the Norman theory
Discussions between Westerners and Slavophiles had a great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the 19th century.
The approach that viewed Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians
The approach that viewed Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of Slavophile historians
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictates of Marxism-Leninism
After October 1917, Marxism was used as the basis for Russian historiography
After October 1917, the creation of a Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917, the Marxist approach was used as the basis for Russian historiography.
Marxist historians began to actively develop problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century.
The “Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks”, which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party’s monopoly on historical truth.
Bayer, Miller - creators of the “Norman theory”
Gumilyov - “From Rus' to Russia”
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
P.N. Miliukov - Historian and politician, leader of the Cadet Party. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government
M.N. Pokrovsky – one of the founders of Soviet historical science. Bolshevik historian. He stood at the origins of Soviet historical science. Considered the founder of the Marxist concept of national history
B.A. Rybakov - Soviet Slavic-Russian archaeologist and historian. Author of the book “Paganism of Ancient Rus'”
CM. Soloviev – founder of the state school of Russian historical science in the mid-19th century. attached an exceptional role to the geographical factor in the life of society and its history.
V.N. Tatishchev – contemporary of Peter I, participant in the Battle of Poltava. Together with Miller, he wrote the first general work on the history of Russia. He became the founder of the “noble” historical science.
Didactic unit 2
Ancient Rus' and socio-political changes in Russian lands in the XIII – XV centuries:
Education and development of the Moscow (Russian) centralized state.
Formation of the Moscow State: second half of the 15th – first third of the 16th century.
Activities of Ivan III (1462 – 1505):
1) Annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478. Took out the veche bell
2) Annexed Tver in 1485.
3) Accepted the title “Sovereign of All Rus'”
4) Introduced the “rules of St. George’s Day” - restricting the secession of peasants from the feudal lord according to the Code of Laws of 1497 - the first serfdom measure in Russian legislation.
5) The elderly were introduced - a monetary fee from peasants when leaving for another landowner (Code of Law 1497)
6) 1480 – “Standing on the Ugra” - overthrow of the Horde yoke
7) Adoption of the first all-Russian Code of Law - 1497.
8) Formation of the Moscow State
The political unification of Russian lands under Ivan III ended with the annexation of the Novgorod Republic and the Tver Principality
Vasily III - annexed Pskov and Ryazan
Troubles in Russia
The reason for the outbreak of the Troubles was the suppression of the Rurik dynasty
The beginning of the Time of Troubles - Boris Godunov
Reign of False Dmitry I – 1605 – 1606
1606 – murder of False Dmitry I
1606 – 1610 – reign of Vasily Shuisky
Creation of the Tushino camp - 1608– False Dmitry II
1610 – 1613 – “Seven Boyars”
1611 – formation of the militia of P. Lyapunov, D. Trubetskoy and I. Zarutsky
Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders - 1612
Bolotnikov's Rebellion: 1606 – 1607
Didactic unit 5
USSR in 1922 – 1953
Education of the USSR. Forced construction of socialism: industrialization, collectivization, cultural revolution. Political regime.
The “Declaration on the Formation of the USSR” and the “Union Treaty” were adopted in December 1922 by the First All-Union Congress of Soviets
The USSR was created as a voluntary union of republics on equal terms - Lenin’s principle
I.V. Stalin proposed an “autonomization” plan as a project for the unification of the Soviet republics - the entry of the Soviet republics into the RSFSR with the rights of autonomy
The Soviet model of national government was based on:
the right of republics to freely secede from the USSR
division of powers between the authorities of the union and union republics
Lenin's federal plan
equality of union republics
the principle of broad self-government of the Union republics
"New political thinking" -
A national referendum was held on the preservation of the USSR
The dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS took place in accordance with the Belovezhskaya Accords on December 8, 1991.
TERMS
1. “Arakcheevshchina” – the policy of militarization of the population through the creation of military settlements
2. Baskak - a representative of the khan who exercised control over local authorities
3. Peasantry is the hired work of a peasant
4. “Bironovschina” - The reign of Anna Ioannovna (1730 – 1740)
5. Boyar - senior warrior
6. “Brusilovsky breakthrough” of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front - May 1916 (the most significant success)
7. “Rebellious Age” - XVII century.
8. Veche - people's assembly in Rus'
9. Vira – fine
10. Military settlements - a form of organization of troops that appeared during the reign of Alexander I, during which military service was combined with housekeeping
11. Votchina – hereditary land ownership
12. The temporary obligation of peasants is the obligation to work corvée and pay dues before the land is redeemed
13. Temporarily obliged peasants - former serfs who were not transferred to ransom after the reform of 1861 and bore duties in favor of the landowners
14. Exit – annual payment of Russians to the Horde, tribute in favor of the Golden Horde
15. Purchase - peasant who took out a loan
16. “Reserved years” - a ban on peasants leaving their owner even on St. George’s Day, introduced by decrees in late XVI V. (1581 and 1592)
17. Zemsky Sobor - the body of class representation in the 16th - 17th centuries.
18. Zemstvos - all-class self-government bodies - 1864
20. “The Golden Age of the Russian Nobility” - the reign of Catherine II
21. “Zubatovshchina” - the policy of disintegrating the labor movement through the creation of labor organizations controlled by the police
22. Yoke – system of Horde domination over Russian lands
23. “Chosen Rada” - unofficial government under Ivan IV
24. Sharecropping - renting land by a peasant from a landowner for a share of the harvest
25. Historiography – History of historical science, its formation and development
26. State-owned peasants - worked in factories instead of paying taxes to the state
27. Collectivization - transformation agriculture in the 20's - 30's.
29. “Counter-reforms” - the internal policy of Alexander III, aimed at revising the reforms of the 1860-1870s.
30. Confiscation - gratuitous seizure of property of private individuals, including landownership after the October Revolution
31. “Kornilovshchina”, Kornilov rebellion: an attempt by General Kornilov to carry out, relying on units loyal to him, a counter-revolutionary coup – August 25
32. “Kissing record” - agreement between Vasily Shuisky and the boyars
34. Magistrate – city government body
35. “Localism” - the procedure for appointment to public positions in accordance with the nobility of the family
36. Methodology – the doctrine of methods (approaches) of research, coverage of historical facts, scientific knowledge.
37. “Ministerial leapfrog” - fleeting changes of ministers
38. Metropolitan – head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus
39. Modernization is the process of transforming all spheres of society and accelerating the pace of development
40. Monopolies - associations of enterprises that arose at the end of the 19th century, exercising control over markets by concentrating material and financial resources
41. “Neo-Stalinism” - political rehabilitation of Stalin
42. “Novo-Ogarevo process” - an attempt to develop a new Union Treaty
43. “New political thinking” - foreign policy course of M.S. Gorbachev
44. Oprichnina - territories allocated in the 1550-1570s. to a special inheritance with a special army and state administration
45. Polyudye - a method of collecting tribute, a detour by the prince with a retinue of subject lands to collect tribute
46. Posad - trade and craft settlement outside the walls of the Kremlin
47. Posadnik - administrator who governs the city on behalf of the prince (in Novgorod - an elected position)
48. Cemeteries - places for collecting tribute
49. “Elderly” - cash collection from peasants when leaving for another landowner
50. Estate - land ownership provided on the terms of service
51. Privatization - transfer of state property into the hands of private individuals, joint-stock companies
52. “Progressive bloc” - an inter-party coalition formed in the IV State Duma in 1915.
53. Prodrazverstka - a system of procurement in the Soviet state during the period civil war
54. Industrial Revolution - Transition from manual labor to machine, from manufactory to factory
55. “Enlightened absolutism” - liberal reformism in the name of preserving the feudal system
56. Protectionism - promotion policy domestic production by protecting it from external competition and imposing high duties on imported goods
57. Rasputinism - abuses associated with the activities of Grigory Rasputin, who enjoyed the unlimited trust of the royal family
58. “Russian Truth” - the first written set of laws of Ancient Rus'
59. Ryadovich – contract farmer
60. Secularization - transformation of church property into state property
61. Tysyatsky - headed the city militia in Ancient Rus' (in Novgorod - an elected position)
62. Ulus - province in the Golden Horde
63. Lessons – fixed tribute amount introduced by Princess Olga
64. “Lesson years” - the period of search for fugitive peasants, initially – 5 years, then increased to 15 years.
65. The Constituent Assembly is a body called upon to finally and legally resolve the issue of state and power in Russia
66. Khan - ruler of the Golden Horde
67. Evolutionism is a doctrine that asserts that everything that exists is in the process of progressive development
68. St. George’s Day - a time limit on the right of peasants to leave the landowner, introduced by the Code of Law of 1497.
69. Shortcut – khan's charter, which gave the right to reign
Chronology of Russian history:
862 – Rurik’s calling
907 – Prince Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople (Constantinople)
945 – assassination of Igor by the Drevlyans
988 – Baptism of Rus'
1097 – Lyubech Congress
1113 – 1125 – Reign of Vladimir Monomakh
1147 – the first chronicle mention of Moscow (Yuri Dolgoruky)
1223 – first meeting of Russian troops with the Mongols, battle on the river. Kalke
1240 – Battle of the Neva (Alexander Nevsky against the Swedes and Germans); fall of Kyiv to the Mongols
1237 – invasion of Batu Khan (into North-Eastern Rus')
1242 – Battle of the Ice (on Lake Peipsi) (Alexander Nevsky against the Swedes and Germans)
1243 - Formation of the Mongol state of the Golden Horde by Batu Khan on the lower Volga
1252-1263 - Reign of Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky
1276 - 1303 - Reign of Daniil Alexandrovich. The beginning of the rise of Moscow. Formation of the Moscow Principality
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir
1326 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow
1327 - Uprising in Tver. Cholhan was killed. Suppressed by Kalita. Label in the hands of Moscow
1382 - Tokhtamysh burned Moscow
1439 - Union of Florence
1462-1505 - Reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich
1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod
1478 - The fall of the independence of Veliky Novgorod, its annexation to Moscow
1480 – “Great Stand” on the Ugra River of Russians and Tatars, overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke
1485 - annexation of Tver to Moscow
1497 – The first all-Russian Code of Law of Ivan III. Decree on St. George's Day
1505 - 1533 - Reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich
1510 - Pskov joins Moscow
1521 - Annexation of the Ryazan Principality to Moscow
1533 - 1584 - Reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible
1547 – crowning of Ivan IV
1549 - First Zemsky Sobor
1550 - Code of Law of Ivan IV (confirmed the decree on St. George’s Day, increased the elderly)
1550 - Introduction of the Streltsy army. (3 thousand people)
1551 - Stoglavy Cathedral under Ivan IV the Terrible
1558-1584 – Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea
1565 – 1572 Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible
1581 - Ermak’s campaign in Siberia
1581 - Introduction of the “Reserved Years” (temporary ban on peasant crossings)
1584 – 1598 reign of the last Rurikovich - Fyodor Ioannovich (actual ruler - Boris Godunov)
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate under Fyodor (first patriarch - Job)
1597 - Tsar Fedor’s decree on “prescribed years” (the period for searching for fugitives is 5 years)
1598 – end of the Rurik dynasty
1598-1605 reign of Boris Godunov, beginning of the Time of Troubles
1603-1604 Revolt of serfs in the Moscow region under the leadership of Khlopko Kosolap
1605-1606 reign of False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepiev). Overthrown by Muscovites and Shuisky
1606-1610 reign of Vasily Shuisky
1607 defeat of the Bolotnikov uprising
1608 – creation of the Tushinsky camp 1607-1610 Rebellion of False Dmitry II (Tushinsky thief)
1610-1612 reign of the Seven Boyars (Polish prince Vladislav was invited to the throne)
1612 Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders
1613-1645 reign of the first Romanov - Tsar Mikhail Romanov
1645-1676 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
1648-1649 - Salt riot
1649 "Cathedral Code" by Alexei Mikhailovich
1654 the annexation of Left Bank Ukraine to Russia was completed
1654 Nikon's reforms begin. Schism of the Russian Church
1662 - Copper Riot
1670-1671 Revolt of Stepan Razin (from the Don to the Volga, further up the Volga)
1676-1682 Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
1682-1725 – Tsar, then Emperor Peter I (first under the regency of Sophia)
1700-1721 – Northern War (annexation of part of the Baltic coast to Russia)
1711 Senate instead of the Boyar Duma
1717-1721 12 boards established by Peter I instead of outdated orders
1721 - introduction of the Synod, liquidation of the patriarchate
1722 - introduction of the "Table of Ranks"
1725-1762 – the era of “palace coups”
1762 – 1796 – reign of Catherine II, “enlightened absolutism”
1764 - Secularization of church land ownership was carried out
1773-1775 – uprising under the leadership. Pugacheva
1785 "Charter of Grant" of Catherine II: to the nobility and cities
1796 – 1801 – reign of Paul I
1801 – 1825 – reign of Alexander I
1802 - collegiums were replaced by new central government bodies - ministries
1803 – adoption of a decree on “free cultivators”
1807 – Peace of Tilsit
1810.1 Jan. - Establishment of the State Council (existed until 1906). First State Secretary of the State Council - M.M. Speransky
1812 – Patriotic War against Napoleonic Army
1818 - project by A.A. Arakcheev on the abolition of serfdom
1825 – 1855 – Nicholas I (Palkin)
1837-1841 "Kiselevskaya reform" - reform of management of state peasants
1853-1856 – Crimean War (defeat)
1842 Decree "On Obligated Peasants" of Nicholas I
1855-1881 – Alexander II the Liberator, carrying out the “great reforms”
1874-1876 - “going to the people” of the revolutionary populists in order to rouse the peasants to revolution
1876 – the organization of revolutionary populists “Land and Freedom” was created in St. Petersburg
1881.1 Mar. Assassination of Alexander II
1881-1894 - Alexander III the Peacemaker, carrying out counter-reforms
1881 - transfer of former serfs to compulsory land purchase
1883 – in Geneva, Plekhanov created the first Russian Marxist group, called “Emancipation of Labor”
1897 - introduction of the gold ruble during the forced industrialization of S.Yu. Witte
1898 – emergence of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)
1903 - split of the RSDLP into two wings - Bolsheviks and Mensheviks - at the Second Party Congress
1904-1905 – Russian-Japanese War
1905 – 1907 – first Russian revolution
1905 - Issuance of a decree abolishing peasant redemption payments
1905 January 9 - “Bloody Sunday” (shooting of a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace on January 9) - the beginning of the first Russian revolution
1905.17Oct "Manifesto of October 17" on the introduction of democratic freedoms and elections of the State Duma
1906 - Decree on the secession of peasants from the community and the right to secure allotment land as personal property (the beginning of the Stolypin reform)
1906-1916 Stolypin agrarian reform
1907-1912 III Duma
1915 – creation of the Progressive Bloc, transformation IV State Duma to the opposition center
1917-1921 "War Communism"
November 1918 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was terminated after the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Germany, the end of World War I
1922 – Treaty of Rapallo with Germany on the restoration of diplomatic relations in full
1922 – Genoa Conference
1924-1925 – the beginning of the “stripe of diplomatic recognition” of the USSR
1921-1928 – NEP
1928 – beginning of forced industrialization
1929 – transition to complete collectivization
1933 - The USSR set a course for creating a collective security system in Europe after the Nazis came to power in Germany
1934 – USSR joins the League of Nations
1939 - The USSR was expelled from the League of Nations as an aggressor
1939-1940 - Soviet-Finnish war
1940 – entry of Soviet troops into the Baltic states and Moldova
1941 – within the USSR – 16 republics
1945 – creation of the UN
1949 – creation of NATO
1949 - liquidation of the US monopoly on nuclear weapons, testing of the first atomic bomb of the USSR
1950-1953 - Korean War within cold war
1953 – death of Stalin
1953 – 1964 – “thaw”, Khrushchev’s reign
1954 - beginning of development of virgin and fallow lands
1955 – creation of the Department of Internal Affairs
1956 – XX Congress of the CPSU, debunking the personality cult of Stalin
1957 - launch of the first artificial Earth satellite
1957 – creation of economic councils
1961 – adoption of the III program – building communism
1961 - first manned space flight
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis during the Cold War
1962 - suppression of workers' protest in Novocherkassk
1964 – 1982 - Brezhnev's reign, Stagnation
1970s, first half - détente of international tension
1977 – adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR, which stipulates that the CPSU is the “core political system»
1980 - boycott of the Moscow Olympics by Western countries as part of the Cold War
1988 - XIX All-Union Party Conference - the beginning of the reform of the political system
1990 – introduction of the post of President of the USSR
1990 – abolition of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution, which secured the monopoly position of the CPSU in society
1991, Dec 8 - dissolution of the USSR and creation of the CIS (Belovezhskaya Accords) - 12 states at the turn of the century
1991 - first presidential elections in Russia
1992-1993 – political crisis, confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of government
1992, 31 Mar. – signing of the Federal Treaty, which contributed to the strengthening of the Russian state
1993 - declaration of a state of emergency, shelling and storming of the White House
1993 - dissolution of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
1994 – completion of withdrawal Russian troops from Central and Eastern European countries
1998 – default under Kiriyenko
2000 - election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation
2005 – monetization of benefits
2006 – national projects
2006 – creation of the Public Chamber
Personalities:
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Andrei Bogolyubsky – Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal
Andrei Kurbsky - voivode, member of the Elected Rada under Ivan IV
Arakcheev - actually ruled the country in 1815-1825. temporary worker of Alexander I (introduced military settlements, author of one of the projects for the abolition of serfdom)
Beria L.P. - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
Brusilov A.A. - leader of the largest offensive on the Russian-German front (1st world war)
Witte - carried out accelerated industrialization, introduced a wine monopoly
Voroshilov K.E. - People's Commissar of Defense
Wrangel P.N. – commanded the troops of southern Russia in Crimea (white movement)
Vsevolod the Big Nest - Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal
Gaidar - in the early 90s of the XX century. liberalizes prices, begins privatization, conducts “shock therapy”
Godunov Boris - the beginning of the Time of Troubles is associated with his reign
Gorbachev - the first president of the USSR
Davydov – participant Patriotic War 1812, one of the founders of the partisan movement
Daniil Alexandrovich - first Moscow prince (1276-1303), son of Alexander Nevsky
Denikin A.I. - from January 1920 “Supreme Ruler of the Russian State”
Donskoy Dmitry– Moscow Prince (1359-1389), victory in the Battle of Kulikovo over Mamai
Catherine I - wife of Peter I, reign during the era of palace coups (1725-27)
Catherine II – “enlightened absolutism”
Ivan I Kalita – Moscow Prince (1325-1340)
Ivan III (1462 – 1505) – introduced the “rule of St. George’s Day”, adopted the title of “Sovereign of All Rus'”
Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 - 1584) - conquered the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, convened the Hundred-Glavy Council, introduced the oprichnina
Kaganovich L.M. – People's Commissar of Railways (1935 – 42)
Kiriyenko – the prime minister who led to the default in 1998
Kirov S.M. - first secretary of the Leningrad regional committee and city party committee and secretary of the CPSU (b) from 1934
Kiselev - under Nicholas I, carried out a reform of the management of state peasants (1837-41)
Kolchak A.V. – was the supreme ruler of Russia from November 1918 (white movement)
Lunacharsky A.V. - First People's Commissar of Education
Merkulov V.N. - People's Commissar of State Security (1941)
Molotov V.M. - People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
Otrepiev Grigory - the alleged name of False Dmitry I ( Time of Troubles)
Peter I - the first Russian emperor (from 1721), reign - 1682-1725; introduced a poll tax, conscription
Plekhanov - created the first Russian Marxist group “Emancipation of Labor” in exile (1883)
Pokrovsky - historian of the 20th century, the era of revolutionary upheavals
Potemkin - favorite of Catherine II, conquered Crimea from Turkey
Razin - leader of the uprising of 1670-71.
Soloviev - historian of the 19th century, the era of bourgeois reforms
Speransky - reformer of the era of Alexander I (proposes a project for public administration reform, the establishment of the State Council), under Nicholas I he codifies laws
Stalin I.V. - General Secretary of the CPSU(b)
Stolypin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers, who carried out agrarian reform in 1906-1911
Tarakanova E. - adventurer who pretended to be the daughter of Elizaveta Petrovna and A.G. Razumovsky
Tatishchev is the first Russian historian of the era of Peter I, the founder of historical science, who attempted to create the first generalizing work on history
Fradkov, Prime Minister under Putin, monetized benefits
Furtseva E.A. - Minister of Culture of the USSR
Chernomyrdin - Prime Minister under Yeltsin, carries out the redenomination of the ruble,
supports the fuel and energy complex
Yudenich N.N. – commander of the White Guard Northwestern Army, led the attacks on Petrograd
Yuri Danilovich - Moscow prince (1303-1325), fought with Tver (Mikhail Tverskoy)
Concepts:
"Autonomization" - Stalin's project for the unification of Soviet republics
Barbarossa - plan for a lightning war against the USSR
“Brusilovsky breakthrough” - a heroic page in the history of World War I
"Rebellious Age" - XVII century.
"Great Reforms" - reforms carried out by Alexander II
"Great Turning Point" - a concept related to the collectivization of agriculture
Votchina - hereditary land ownership (Kievan Rus)
Military settlements are a form of troop organization that appeared during the reign of Alexander I, during which military service was combined with housekeeping
"War communism" - economic policy of the civil war period
Temporarily obliged peasants - former serfs who were not transferred to ransom after the reform of 1861 and bore duties in favor of the landowners
All-Russian Emergency (VChK) - a commission to combat counter-revolution, sabotage and profiteering, created in December 1917. chaired by F.E. Dzerzhinsky
“Democratic impulse of war” - hopes for broad democratic changes after the Great Patriotic War
Deportation - the forced resettlement of a number of peoples in the 1930-1940s.
Twenty-five thousand meters is a concept that characterizes the policy of complete collectivization of agriculture
“Charter granted to the nobility” - a document of 1785 that established the rights and privileges of the nobility
Zakup - a peasant who took out a loan
Zemsky Sobor - estate representative body
Zemstvos are all-class local government bodies created under the reform of 1864.
Industrialization is the process of creating large-scale machine production in industry and other sectors of the economy
Elected Rada - unofficial government under Ivan IV
Collegiums are central government bodies that replaced orders
Collectivization - the transformation of agriculture in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Conversion - transfer of the economy from military production to peaceful ones after the Second World War
“Conditions” - conditions for limiting royal power, proposed to Anna Ioannovna
Confiscation is the gratuitous seizure of property of private individuals, incl. landownership after the October Revolution
Cosmopolitanism is a struggle in post-war period(after the Great Patriotic War) with “kowtowing to the West”
“Kissing record” - during the reign of V. Shuisky this is the first agreement between the king and his subjects
“Bloody Sunday” - the shooting in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 of a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace with