Presentation on the topic "Russian- Turkish war(1768-1774)" (8th grade) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text is under the player. The presentation contains 7 slides.
Presentation slides
Slide 1
Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774)
The Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774 is one of the key wars between the Russian and Ottoman empires, as a result of which Russia included:
Novorossiya (now southern Ukraine),
northern Caucasus Crimean Khanate,
The war was preceded by an internal crisis in Poland, where discord reigned between the gentry and King Stanisław August Poniatowski, ex-lover Russian Empress Catherine II, dependent on Russian support.
King Stanisław August Poniatowski
Chuprov L.A. Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 3 s. Kamen-Rybolov, Khankaisky district, Primorsky Krai
Slide 2
The Cossacks who came to their aid were accused of massacring the city residents, which was rejected by the Russian side. Taking advantage of the incident, Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia on September 25, 1768.
The Polish rebels were defeated by Alexander Suvorov, after which he moved to the theater of operations against Turkey.
In 1773 and 1774, Suvorov won several important battles, building on the previous success of Pyotr Rumyantsev at Larga and Cahul.
The reason for the start of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. was the Balta Incident (named after the town of Balta, where the Turks carried out a pogrom of the Orthodox population, who turned to Russian troops for help).
Slide 3
As a result of heavy artillery fire and fireboat attacks, the entire Turkish fleet was destroyed.
At this time, the Russian squadron under the command of G.A. Spiridova for the first time in history made the transition from the Baltic Sea around Europe to eastern part Mediterranean, with complete absence their bases along the route and in the face of hostility from France.
As a result, she found herself behind the lines of the Turkish fleet.
Having successfully overcome the difficulties of a six-month voyage, Russian sailors defeated the Turkish fleet in the Mediterranean Sea.
The decisive one was the naval battle on the night of June 25-26, 1770 in the Chesme Bay of the Aegean Sea off the coast of Asia Minor.
The Russian fleet (4 battleships, 2 frigates, 1 bombardier ship and 4 fire ships), having met the Turkish fleet (15 battleships and 70 other ships) in the Chios Strait, forced it to retreat to Chesme Bay.
The losses of the Turks amounted to 10 thousand people, and the Russians - 11 people.
Aivazovsky I.K Chesme fight
G.A. Spiridov
Slide 4
In 1771, the Dardanelles were blockaded and Turkish trade in the Mediterranean was disrupted.
There was an urgent need to make peace. In 1772 Negotiations began, but Catherine was not satisfied with the conditions of the Turks
The condition of the Russian army was difficult. There was not enough ammunition and weapons.
Catherine II saw Austria's hostile attitude to the conflict; a new war with Sweden was brewing in the north.
Russia had every chance of further development of success, but Catherine II was in a hurry to end the war and send troops to suppress the peasant war,
In 1773, Russian troops resumed military operations.
Suvorov took the Turtukai fortress on the southern bank of the Danube; in 1774 he won a victory at Kozludzha.
Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky
Slide 5
The naval operations of the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Mediterranean under the command of Count Alexei Orlov brought many victories.
Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774 was a link in a series of mostly victorious wars for Russia in the southwestern direction (Russian-Turkish wars).
On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the Kuchuk-Kaynardzhi Treaty with Russia, as a result of which:
Novorossiya (now southern Ukraine), the northern Caucasus, the Crimean Khanate became part of Russia
Türkiye paid Russia military indemnities of 4.5 million rubles
Azov, Kerch, and Kinburn went to Russia. Freedom of navigation was established in the Black Sea for Russian ships with the right to enter the Mediterranean Sea.
During the war of 1768-1774, in the battle for the village of Shumy (near Alushta), he was seriously wounded in the head and lost an eye
Slide 6
The best of the monuments dedicated to the victories of Russia over Turkey in the war of 1768-1774. The Chesme Column, built in 1771-1778 according to the design of the architect Antonio Rinaldi, is considered. The column rises from the waters of the Big Pond, it embodies the idea of Russia's maritime power.
The Kagul obelisk was erected in the park of the Great Catherine Palace (Pushkin) in honor of the victory in the Battle of Kagul. The inscription on the obelisk reads: “In memory of the victory at the Cahul River in Moldavia, on July 21, 1770, under the leadership of General Count Peter Rumyantsev, the Russian army numbering seventeen thousand put the Turkish vizier Galil Bey to flight to the Danube River with a force of one and a half hundred thousand” (the spelling has been partially changed to the modern one) ).
Slide 7
Another monument in Catherine Park, dedicated to the heroic epic of the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, is the Ruin Tower. This unique decorative structure gives the impression of an ancient building, dilapidated by time. The tower was built in 1771 according to the design of the architect Felten. The design of the building is original. A huge stone pillar in the form of a column of an ancient building is topped with a gazebo. There is an inscription carved on the keystone: “In memory of the war declared by the Turks on Russia, this stone was erected in 1768.”
The Morea Column is dedicated to the victory won by Russian soldiers in 1770 on the Morea Peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. The base and capital of the column are carved from white marble, and its completion - in the form of an obelisk with rostra (ship bows) - made of pink marble. On the pedestal of the column there is a copper memorial plaque with the inscription: “On February 17, 1770, Count Fyodor Orlov with two Russian warships sailed to the Morea Peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea near the port of Vitulo, ground troops landed him on shore and went himself to Modana to unite with the Christians of that land. Captain Barkov with the Spartan eastern legion took Passava, Berdoni and Sparta; the captain, Prince Dolgoruky, with the Spartan western legion conquered Kalamata, Leontari, and Arcadia, the Navarino fortress surrendered to the brigadier Hannibal. The Russian troops numbered 600 people, who did not ask whether the enemy was numerous, but where he was. 6 thousand Turks were captured..." Apparently, the author of this column is also Antonio Rinaldi.
The Russian-Turkish War was one of a series of wars between Russia and Turkey for access to the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
The developing Russian merchant class sought the ports of the Black Sea and the free export of goods to the ports of Europe and Asia. The government of Catherine II sought to postpone the military conflict to resolve other issues. But the Turkish Sultan regarded this as a weakness of Russia. The reason for the start of the Russian-Turkish war. was the Balta Incident (named after the town of Balta, where the Turks carried out a pogrom of the Orthodox population, who turned to Russian troops for help).
Attempts by the Turks to break into the depths of Russia were thwarted by Russian troops under the command of P. A. Rumyantsev. Campaign ended unsuccessfully for the Turks, without, however, bringing much success to the Russian army.
The turning point came in 1770, when hostilities unfolded on the Lower Danube. Rumyantsev won a number of significant victories at Larga and Kagul. At this time, the Russian squadron under the command of G.A. Spiridova, for the first time in history, made the transition from the Baltic Sea around Europe to the eastern part of the Mediterranean, in the complete absence of her bases along the route and in conditions of hostility from France. As a result, she found herself behind the lines of the Turkish fleet.
Having successfully overcome the difficulties of a six-month voyage, Russian sailors defeated the Turkish fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. The decisive one was the naval battle on the night of June 25-26, 1770 in the Chesme Bay of the Aegean Sea off the coast of Asia Minor. The Russian fleet (4 battleships, 2 frigates, 1 bombardment ship and 4 fire ships), having met the Turkish fleet (15 battleships and 70 other ships) in the Chios Strait, forced it to retreat to Chesme Bay. As a result of heavy artillery fire and fireboat attacks, the entire Turkish fleet was destroyed. The Turkish losses amounted to 10 thousand people, and the Russians - 11 people.
In 1771, the Dardanelles were blockaded and Turkish trade in the Mediterranean was disrupted. The condition of the Russian army was difficult. There was not enough ammunition and weapons. Catherine II saw Austria's hostile attitude to the conflict; a new war with Sweden was brewing in the north. There was an urgent need to make peace. In 1772 Negotiations began, but Catherine was not satisfied with the conditions of the Turks.
In 1773, Russian troops resumed military operations. Suvorov took the Turtukai fortress on the southern bank of the Danube; in 1774 he won a victory at Kozludzha. Russia had every chance of further development of success, but Catherine II was in a hurry to end the war and send troops to suppress the peasant war, so on July 10, 1774, a peace treaty was signed near the village of Kuchuk-Kainardzhi. Crimea was declared independent from Turkey, Azov, Kerch, and Kinburn went to Russia. Freedom of navigation was established in the Black Sea for Russian ships with the right to enter the Mediterranean Sea.
Slide 1
Flag of the Tsar of Moscow (1693)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844)
Uleva O.V., teacher of history and social studies, secondary school No. 1353. Moscow. Zelenograd Autonomous Okrug.
RUSSIAN-TURKISH WARS 1768-1774, 1787-1791
THE GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS
Slide 2
TOPIC STUDY PLAN: Causes of the Russian-Turkish wars. Eastern question. Greek project of Catherine II. Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774: causes of the war; the course of military operations; Peace of Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi (1774). 1783 - Catherine II decree on the inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Activities of G.A. Potemkin. Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791: causes of the war; the course of military operations; Peace of Jassy (1791). Results and significance of the Russian-Turkish wars. The Golden Age of Russian Weapons.
Monument to Catherine II in St. Petersburg. Artist M.O. Mikeshin. 1873
Slide 3
RUSSIAN-TURKISH WARS - a series of military conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empires in the 17th-19th centuries. IN overall score, the Russian-Turkish wars cover a period of 241 years. On average, only 19 years separated one Russian-Turkish war from another.
CAUSES OF WARS: control over the Northern Black Sea region and the Caucasus; navigation rights in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits; the struggle of the Christian peoples of the Ottoman Empire for independence; the rivalry of the great powers (Russia, Austria, Great Britain, France, and later Italy and Germany) for the division of the territories of the weakening Ottoman Empire and control over the shrines in Palestine.
THE EASTERN QUESTION
Slide 4
Bye Ottoman Empire dominated the Black Sea, the question of the Straits was actually hers internal matter. But to end of XVII century, the situation changed significantly: Russia entered the coast of the Azov and Black Seas and the issue of control over the straits became an international problem.
- Bosphorus
- Dardanelles Strait
Ottoman Empire in 1683.
Slide 5
YEARS NAME MONARCH RESULT FOR RUSSIA
1568-1570 Russian-Turkish War Ivan IV the Terrible Victory
1676-1681 Russian-Turkish War Alexey Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich Victory
1686-1700 Azov War Sofya Alekseevna, Peter I Victory
1710-1711 Prut campaign Peter I Defeat
1735-1739 Russian-Turkish War Anna Ioannovna Defeat
1768-1774 Russian-Turkish War Catherine II Victory
1787-1791 Russian-Turkish War Catherine II Victory
1806-1812 Russian-Turkish War Alexander I Victory
1828-1829 Russian-Turkish War Nicholas I Victory
1853-1856 Crimean War Nicholas I, Alexander II Defeat
1877-1878 Russian-Turkish War Alexander II Victory
RUSSIAN-TURKISH WARS:
Slide 6
“GREEK PROJECT” is a geopolitical project of Catherine II, which envisaged the destruction of the Ottoman Empire and the division of its territory between Russia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Venetian Republic. In Constantinople, it was planned to revive the Byzantine power, led by the grandson of the Russian empress, who was given the name of the founder of the city - Constantine.
Portrait of the Grand Dukes Alexander and Constantine. Artist Johann Baptist Lampi the Elder. 1795
Reverse of the medal in honor of the birth of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich on April 27, 1779.
Slide 7
RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR 1768-1774
PROGRESS OF THE WAR: Crimea is occupied by Russian troops; 1770 - defeat of the Turkish fleet at Chesma (G.A. Spiridov, A.G. Orlov); 1770 - defeat of Turkish troops on the Larga and Cahul rivers (P.A. Rumyantsev); 1773 - capture of the Turkish fortress Turtukai (A.V. Suvorov); 1774 - defeat of the Turks at Kozludzha (A.V. Suvorov)
Slide 8
STRENGTHS OF THE PARTIES:
The Turkish fleet took refuge in Chesme Bay under the cover of coastal batteries.
Slide 9
1770 – CHESME NAVAL BATTLE
Chesme fight. Artist I. Aivazovsky.
A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky (1737-1808)
G.A. Spiridov (1713-1790)
RESULTS OF THE BATTLE: liquidation of the Turkish fleet; The Russian fleet took control of the Dardanelles.
Three stripes on the guy indicate three naval victories of the Russian fleet: Gangut (1714); Chesma (1770); Sinop (1853).
Slide 10
NEW COMBAT TACTICS: the use of mobile squares as opposed to the enemy's linear battle formations; laid the foundation for the formation of light (jaeger) battalions; actions in loose formation; skillful combination of frontal and flank attacks; attention to material support, training and education of troops. This gave the infantry the opportunity to conduct active offensive operations against the Turks.
Russian-Turkish War 1768 - 1774. often called “Rumyantsev”, since the main victories of the Russian troops in it are associated with his name.
DIVISIONAL CARE (the ability to fight while surrounded)
LINEAR CONSTRUCTION
Slide 11
80,000 soldiers
Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (1725-1796)
July 7, 1770 - Russian victory at the Larga River (Danube theater of military operations).
38,000 soldiers
July 21, 1770 - Russian victory at the Cahul River (Danube theater of military operations).
150,000 soldiers
38,000 soldiers
P.A. Rumyantsev is one of the founders of Russian military doctrine.
Slide 12
1774 – Peace of Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiy
Russia receives the right to have its own fleet in the Black Sea and the right of passage through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits; Türkiye pays 4.5 million rubles. indemnities; Crimean Khanate independent of Turkey; Russia receives the Black Sea lands between the Dnieper and the Bug.
Ratification document for the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace Treaty with the personal signature of Catherine II.
For signing the peace, Catherine II granted Count P.A. Rumyantsev the title of Transdanubia, a field marshal's baton, the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, a village in Belarus of 5 thousand souls, 100 thousand rubles.
Slide 13
1783 - Catherine II decree on the inclusion of Crimea into the Russian Empire
Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky (1739-1791)
TAVRICA VOYAGE (01/2/1787 – 07/11/1787) - a journey of Catherine II and her court, unprecedented in scale, number of participants (3,000 people), cost and travel time, which ultimately lasted more than six months. The origin of the legend about the Potemkin villages is associated with it.
G.A. Potemkin supervised the development and arrangement of new lands. The ancient name of Crimea is Tavrida.
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Tauride.
1783 – foundation of the Black Sea Fleet.
Slide 14
RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR 1787-1791
PROGRESS OF THE WAR: 1788 – capture of the Ochakov fortress (A.V. Suvorov); 1789 - defeat of Turkish troops on the Rymnik River (A.V. Suvorov); 1790 - defeat of the Turkish fleet at Cape Tendra (F.F. Ushakov); (A.V. Suvorov); 1791 - defeat of the Turkish fleet at Cape Kaliakria (F.F. Ushakov).
Slide 15
1790 - defeat of the Turkish fleet at Cape Tendra
F.F.Ushakov (1745-1817)
Battle of Tendra Island. Artist A.A. Blinkov.
Losses: 21 killed, 25 wounded
Losses: 3 battleships, 3 auxiliaries, 2,000 killed
Numerical superiority of the Turkish fleet.
An important strategic result of the battle was the conquest of the Russian fleet in the northern part of the Black Sea.
Slide 16
1790 – capture of the Izmail fortress
If the Russian-Turkish War of 1768 - 1774. often called "Rumyantsev", the war of 1787-1791. can be called "Suvorov's".
Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov-Rymniksky (1730-1800)
Izmail - the most powerful fortress on the left bank of the Danube, fortified according to the latest requirements of serfdom and was considered impregnable; take Izmail in 1789-1790. none of the Russian commanders could; after this, the assault was entrusted to A.V. Suvorov; for eight days, Suvorov prepared the troops for the assault, creating a training camp - a ditch and rampart similar to the Izmail one.
Suvorov’s ultimatum: “I arrived here with the troops. Twenty-four hours for reflection - and freedom. My first shot is already bondage. Assault is death." Mehmet Pasha’s answer was worthy: “The Danube would sooner flow backwards and the sky would fall to the ground than Ishmael would surrender.”
Slide 17
1790 – capture of the Izmail fortress
For two days, A.V. Suvorov conducted artillery preparation, and on December 11 (22), 1790, at 5:30 a.m., the assault on the fortress began. By 8 o'clock in the morning all the fortifications were occupied, but the battle on the streets of the city continued until 16 o'clock.
Losses: 4,000 killed, 6,000 wounded; The following were captured: all the guns, 400 banners, provisions and jewelry worth 10 million piastres.
Losses: 29,000 killed.
Slide 18
1791 – Peace of Jassy
the annexation of Crimea to Russia was confirmed; Russia's protectorate over Georgia was recognized; Bessarabia, Moldavia and Wallachia were returned to Turkey; the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester go to Russia; The border with Turkey runs along the Dniester.
Allegory of the conclusion of the Peace of Jassy. Engraving by I. Nabgolts. End of the 18th century
HISTORICAL ANECDOTE: Chancellor Bezborodko, Catherine’s head of the foreign policy department, when recruiting young nobles, used to say: “I don’t know how it will be with you, but with us, not a single cannon in Europe dared to fire without our permission.”
Slide 19
Find on the map the territories annexed to the Russian Empire as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the 18th century?
1783 – foundation of the Black Sea Fleet.
Slide 20
All victories of the Russian army and navy were won with the numerical superiority of the Turks; These wars made it possible to formulate and practice new principles of Russian military art (loose formation, rejection of drill, bayonet strike, initiative and patriotism).
THE GOLDEN AGE OF RUSSIAN WEAPONS
EAGLES OF CATHERINE
POTEMKIN
RUMYANTSEV
ORLOV
SPIRIDOV
SUVOROV
USHAKOV
FIGHT NOT BY NUMBERS, BUT BY SKILL. A.V. Suvorov.
Slide 21
MATERIALS USED IN PREPARATION OF THE PRESENTATION: Sakharov A.N., Bokhanov A.N. Russian history. XVII-XIX centuries. Part 2: Textbook for 10th grade general education institutions. M.: LLC "TID" Russian word- RS", 2006. Itskovich M., Kocherezhko S. Istria: Complete course. Multimedia tutor (=CD). – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013. Alekseev S.I., Mazurov B.F. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day in diagrams and tables: grades 10-11: M.: Ventana-Graf, 2013. Kirillov V.V. National history in diagrams and tables. M.: Eksmo, 2012. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia: the end of the XVI-XVIII centuries: textbook. for 7th grade. general education institutions. M. Enlightenment, 2009. http://ru.wikipedia.org http://historydoc.edu.ru
http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Iasi_peace_treaty - text of the Iasi peace treaty. http://lemur59.ru/node/8698 - A. Kersnovsky. History of the Russian army.
Theater of combat operations. Russian-Turkish wars 1768-1774, 1787-1791.
Campaign of 1769. Military operations began in winter with the attack of the 70,000-strong cavalry army of the Crimean Khan Crimea-Girey on Ukraine. This onslaught was repelled by Rumyantsev. The khan's troops, having captured up to 2 thousand prisoners, stolen livestock and destroyed over a thousand houses, returned to their possessions. This was the last Crimean invasion in Russian history. At the same time, Russian troops occupied Taganrog at the beginning of 1769 and cleared access to the Sea of Azov. The creation of the Azov flotilla began at the Voronezh shipyards.
Battle of the Ryabai Mogila (1770). On June 10, the vanguard sent forward by Rumyantsev, led by General Baur, broke through to the remnants of Repnin’s corps, which repelled the attacks of the Crimean-Turkish troops of Khan Kaplan-Girey (up to 70 thousand people) at Ryabaya Mogila. On June 16, Rumyantsev’s main forces approached Ryaboya Mogila. Having united, the Russians created a threat of encirclement of the Crimean-Turkish camp on June 17 with a roundabout maneuver. This forced Kaplan-Girey to leave his positions and retreat to a new line to the Larga River. Russian losses during the battle amounted to 46 people. The Crimean-Turkish army lost 400 people. This success marked the beginning of the famous Rumyantsev offensive of 1770.
Battle of Larga (1770). On July 7, 1770, in the Larga area, a battle took place between the Russian army under the command of General Rumyantsev (38 thousand people) and the Crimean-Turkish army under the command of Khan Kaplan-Girey (65 thousand people of the Crimean cavalry and 15 thousand people of the Turkish infantry). In this battle, Rumyantsev used a new combat formation of troops - a divisional square.
Battle of Cahul (1770). Meanwhile, the Turkish army under the command of the Grand Vizier Halil Pasha (up to 150 thousand people) crossed the Danube and moved towards the troops of Rumyantsev, who, according to some sources, had 17 thousand people under arms by that time.
Peace of Kuchuk-Kaynajir (1774). On July 10, 1774, peace was concluded at the headquarters of the Russian command, in the town of Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi. According to its terms, the Crimean Khanate became independent from Turkey. The steppe between the Bug and the Dnieper, as well as part of the Azov coast and the Yenikale fortress on the Kerch Peninsula went to Russia. For the first time, its merchant ships received the right of free navigation in the Black Sea and passage to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. The Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace draws a line under the era of Crimean-Turkish expansion in Eastern Europe. From now on, Turkey's withdrawal from the Northern Black Sea region becomes irreversible.
“Russian Army” - Chechen break. The army in our country has always been a source of special pride. Fire arc. The Battle of Poltava led to a turning point in the Northern War in favor of Russia. Battle of Borodino. Saved Europe. Ossetia. The modern Russian army is a reliable defender of its Motherland. During 10 years of hostilities, about 15,000 people died.
“Russian weapons” - Armor made of plates and scales. Ceremonial armor. 17th century Throwing weapons. Helmet with aventail. 10th century Warrior. XII century. Sheloms. XI-XIII centuries. Yushman. XVI century. Slashing weapon. Shields. Piercing weapon. Bell. XVI-XVII centuries. Kuyak. XVI century. Crossbow. XIV century. Archer. XVI century. Baidana. XV century. Swords and sabers. Mirror. 17th century
“Russian troops” - O loud age of military disputes, Witness to the glory of the Russians! What foreign policy challenges were faced? Russian Empire in the 18th century? Problem task. Since 1807 - retired. -?- Questions for discussion: 3. Russian military school XVIII century. Basic conditions: Suvorov commanded the troops that suppressed the Polish uprising of 1794.
“History of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” - Article 59. Problems of reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. On May 5, 1992, a Decree of the President of the Russian Federation was issued on the creation Russian army. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Strategic Missile Forces. Consists of motorized rifle, tank troops, missile troops and artillery, engineering troops. Stage 3.
“Martial traditions” - Lesson goal: Third stage. "Citizen": Choose a secretary to record ideas as they arise. First stage. Defense of the Fatherland is the honorable duty of a citizen. Consider all ideas critically - 3 min. The main rule is no criticism at the first stage! Problem: Why don’t young people today want to serve in the army?
“Russian commanders” - Participant in the Northern War and winner of the Battle of Poltava. Battle of Kulikovo. Participant of three Russian-Turkish and Patriotic Wars, commander-in-chief of all Russian armies (1812-1813). Great commanders of Russia. Battle on the Ice. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Swiss hike. Murat's cavalry was powerless against the Russian infantry.
There are 31 presentations in total