XX. PUNCTION MARKS AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND WHEN SPEECH BREAKS § 75. Period 1. The period is placed at the end of a complete narrative sentence, for example: The shadow was thinning. The East is red. The Cossack fire burned (Pushkin). Note. A period is not placed at the end of a sentence after a period,

PUNCIPATION MARKS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF SENTENCES Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional overtones of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence

Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of an emotional coloring of the statement, a period (narration, encouragement to action), or a question mark (search for information) is placed at the end of the sentence. With an exclamation

Punctuation marks at the beginning of a sentence § 4. At the beginning of a sentence, to indicate a logical or meaningful break in the text, a sharp transition from one thought to another (at the beginning of a paragraph), an ellipsis is placed: But only the wheels knocked in the black void: Ka-ten-ka,

PUNCTION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS SENTENCE TERMS

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with and without conjunctions § 25. Homogeneous members of a sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas: In the office there were brown velvet chairs, a bookcase (Nab.); After lunch he sat

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words § 33. If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word: An ice fisherman can be different: a retired fisherman, a worker and an employee fisherman,

Punctuation marks for repeating members of a sentence § 44. A busy word is placed between repeating members of a sentence. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of the action: I'm going, I'm going to open field; bell ding-ding-ding... (P.); We swam, we swam in the dark blue depths

PUNCTION MARKS FOR SEPARATE MEMBERS

for clarifying members of the sentence, commas for clarifying circumstances § 79 for clarifying definitions § 79, § 59 for clarifying applications § 79, § 61 for clarifying members of sentences with the words more accurately, more precisely, otherwise § 81 dash for clarifying members for special emphasis

for explanatory members of a sentence, commas; for members of a sentence with conjunctions that is, namely, or (in the meaning “that is”) § 82; for members of a sentence with words that require disclosure (explanation) of the meaning of § 82, a comma is not placed after agreed upon definitions;

for connecting members of a sentence, commas for members of a sentence with the words even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore; yes and, yes and only, and in general, too, and also, etc. § 84 a comma is not placed before the combination

Sections: Russian language

Class: 11

Lesson objectives:

1. Repetition and generalization of knowledge about clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence.
2. Formation of skills of competent punctuation in writing.
3. Preparation for the Unified State Exam.

Range of issues considered: the concept of clarifying members of a sentence; conditions for isolating clarifying members of a sentence; the concept of explanatory members of a sentence, the conditions for isolating explanatory members of a sentence; the concept of connecting members of a sentence, conditions for isolating the connecting members of a sentence.

Lesson progress

I. Survey on previously studied topics.

1. There is a cluster on the board.

From the word “Separated” there are arrows to the words “definition”, “application”, “circumstance”, “addition”. Under every word - possible options schemes This is followed by an arrow asking where? where exactly? When? when exactly?

Students must write a coherent story about the cluster, giving relevant examples.

2. Unified State Exam training task (A21). (Slides 2-5 Presentation)

II. Explanation of new material.

1. Turn to the last arrow of the cluster:

– What kind of isolation is this? (Clarifying members of the sentence)

2. Write down the topic of the lesson. (Slide 7)

3. Working with the textbook (P.89, p.303) (Slide 8)

– What parts of the sentence are called clarifying?

Specifying members are members of a sentence that clarify or specify the preceding member of a sentence.

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, in writing - by commas.

4. Let’s find out which members of the sentence act as clarifying ones? (Slide 9)

• The thunderstorm began in the evening, at about ten o'clock. (circumstance of time)
• Here, in the capital of Mongolia, we had to spend a month. (circumstance of place)
• She looked up at him mischievously, like a girl. (circumstance of the course of action)
• He saw a red-yellow fox with a fiery tint on the white cap of the mound. (definition)

5. Consolidation.

Exercise 434 (7, 8, 10) – with subsequent verification. (Slide 10)

6. Which parts of the sentence are called explanatory? (Slide 11)

What is the difference between clarifying and explanatory parts of a sentence?

Explanatory members of a sentence are words that explain the meaning of the preceding word or give it another name.

They are separated by commas and joined using words: namely, exactly, that is, or (= that is), otherwise.

Clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one.

An explanation is a designation of the same concept, but in different words.

7. Consolidation. (Slide 12)

• Anna spent this entire day at home, that is, with the Oblonskys.
• Botany, that is, the science of plants, is of interest to many.
• Octopuses, or octopuses, are marine mollusks.
• On Sunday we will go out of town or go to a museum.

8. Physical exercise.

9. Which parts of the sentence are called connecting parts? (Slide 13)

The connecting members of a sentence are words or constructions containing additional messages to the main statement.

They are separated by commas and appended using words: even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, mainly, etc.

He spoke Russian quite well, even with some special pronunciation.

10. Consolidation. Work on cards. (Slide 14)

Distribute sentences into groups, identifying the conditions for isolation.

1. A person who loves and knows how to read is a happy person.
2. The nightingale, bursting into jubilant trills, sang a spring song.
3. The predominant rock was volcanic rock, especially basalt.
4. Barefoot, she quickly went downstairs.
5. Today at eight o'clock in the evening we will go to visit.
6. Stopping, he looked at the trail for a long time.

1, 4 2, 6 3, 5

11. Preparation for the Unified State Exam. Task B5 (based on CMM) (Slide 15)

Option 11 – p.108

Option 25 – p.234

III. Reflection.

Homework:(Slide 17)

P.89, learn the theory

(talk about cases where a dash is placed at “5”), ex. 434 (1-3), exercise 435 (1,3), exercise 436 (3)

Term clarifying isolated parts of the sentence, as a rule, is used in a broad sense to mean clarifying , explanatory And affiliate members offers . Such members of the sentence can be both main and secondary.

Clarifying a member of a sentence is called, answering the same question as the other member after which it stands, and serving for clarification (usually it narrows the scope of the concept expressed by the member being clarified). Qualifying terms can be common. Any members of the sentence can be clarifying:

For example: His intelligence or rather the speed of reaction, amazed me ( subject ). Below, in the shadows, the river roared ( circumstance ).

Most often, clarification is required circumstances of the place And time , since they can be indicated in a sentence very generally and vaguely by such words as there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now etc.

Exactly like this general instructions to space and time usually require specification and a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one.

For example: Now, after the flood, it was a river of six fathoms.(A. Chekhov) There, below, there is skinny moss and gray bushes.(A. Pushkin)

Explanatory is a member of a sentence that names the same concept as the member being explained, but in different words. Explanatory terms are or may be preceded by conjunctions exactly, namely, that is, or (= that is ) .

In this case, quite often the explanatory members of the sentence (main and secondary) are added using words that is, exactly, namely, or (= that is), including, for example, in particular, mainly, by name, by nickname, especially. Sometimes connecting words are missing, but they can be mentally substituted.

For example: At that time, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines.(F. Dostoevsky) From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves.(S. Aksakov) Even the tsar's favorites, the Preobrazhentsy, felt as if abandoned by their sovereign leader.(D. Mordovtsev)

Connection is a member of a sentence containing additional explanations or comments, communicated incidentally, as an addition to the content of the main statement. Accessory members are usually added with words even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, and moreover, and, and, yes, yes and, and in general, and only.

For example: They often laughed at him, and rightly so. At night especially in a thunderstorm, the faces of the images constantly lit up in the hall, the trembling pink-golden sky opened and swung open over the garden.(I. Bunin)

Punctuation marks for clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence

Clarifying members of the sentence

1. Clarifying members of a sentence, referring to a particular word in a sentence, narrow the concept it expresses or limit it in some way. Clarifying members of a sentence are separated by commas . Most often, the significance of clarification is acquired by the circumstances of place, time, degree, measure, and manner of action.

For example: Downstairs, in the hall, they began to put out the lights(Ch.); Rahim lies with his chest on the sand, his head to the sea, and thoughtfully looks into the muddy distance(M.G.) ; In the grove, behind the dam, a bittern was hooting(M.G.) ; There, on the horizon, from where the cloud floated into the sky, a pale pink strip of light shone(M.G.) ; The vast space was flooded by the river in flood, and now far away, all the way to the horizon, silver spots were scattered across the meadows(M.G.) ; On the eighth of July, Friday, Elizarov, nicknamed Kostyl, and Lesha were returning from the village of Kazanskoye(Ch.) ; The voices under the linden trees now sounded softer, more evening-like.(Bulg.) ; Everywhere, both above and below, the larks sang(Ch.); Now, after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(H .); Try to make out the Aksai tract there, in the west, on the steppe slope of the foothills(Aitm.); We just stood on the sidelines at a closed barn (Nile.) ; Finally, one day, in the middle of the day, across the river, in the darkness, in the distance, as always, lights flashed on and off(Nile.) ; A crow sat sadly, like an orphan, on a crooked haystack.(Fad.) .

Specifying members of a sentence can also be definitions and subjects. Typically, clarifications relate to age, color, size, etc.

For example: A minute later they passed the sleepy office, came out onto the deep sand, up to the nave, and silently sat down in a dusty cab (Bun.); Long, several miles away, the shadow fell from the mountains on the steppe (L. T.); He liked this fragrant, honey-tasting drink (Sol.); It was on that eve, before the storm, that some significant incidents happened for Ivan Matveich (Leon.); Both mother and daughter were wearing straw hats (Ch.); The biggest shield five meters wide, occupied the middle of the left row(Chuk.) .

1. Clarifying terms that are emphasized to a greater extent are highlighted with a dash.

For example: Sergei Sergeich came up to Andrei and patted him painfully on the cheek.(Shuksh.) - the circumstance is specified; The mines are all in the snow, which is very shallow here - up to the ankle(Bull.) - the predicate is specified; There were, however, few monuments - only five or six (Paust.) - a member of a sentence with the meaning of an indefinite quantity is specified.

2. Clarifying definitions can specify the meaning of pronouns this one, that one, that one.

For example: Chichikov was a little puzzled with such a somewhat harsh definition (G.); ...Light blue eyes and ash-blond hair somehow brightened this one is not particularly noticeable, flaw(M.G.).

3. The clarifying nature of the members of a sentence can be enhanced by special words more accurately, more precisely, otherwise(they have the meaning of introductory words). Since the introductory word is highlighted, a comma is not placed after the qualifying member.

For example: Any annual session of the Academy is, of course, first and foremost a conscientious report by scientists. A report on what heights, or rather, depths, were achieved in the knowledge of nature...(gas.).

4. The clarifying meaning of a sentence member can be emphasized as a situational coincidence , although the direct meanings of adverbial words do not indicate such a relationship.

For example: And suddenly, at the very turn to Sukhodol, we saw in the tall wet rusty a tall and terrifying figure in a robe and shlyk, the figure of either an old man or an old woman(Boon.) - under the influence of the meaning of the circumstance suddenly next circumstance - at the very turn to Sukhodol- temporary meaning comes to the fore (at the moment when they arrived); This time, next to a sick mother, Sultanmurat especially acutely felt the desolation of life without a father(Aitm.) - the temporary meaning of the combination this time removes the spatial connotation in the meaning of the circumstance next to a sick mother. Similar members of a sentence while maintaining their own meaning do not require selection;

Compare: This time, next to his sick mother, Sultanmurat felt especially acutely...

Explanatory members of the sentence

1. Explanatory parts of a sentence are separated by commas.

They can be either the main members of the sentence or the secondary ones. Explanatory terms are second names in relation to the first, explained ones, which express a particular concept not sufficiently defined or for some reason not clear enough. These members of the sentence, as a rule, may have an indication of their explanatory nature, i.e. have special conjunctions that is, namely, or (meaning "that is")

For example: Someone came out of the house and stopped on the porch; this is Alexander Timofeich, or simply Sasha, a guest who came from Moscow(Ch.) ; For Konstantin Levin, the village was a place of life, that is joys, sufferings, labor (L.T.) ; In this regard, even one very important event happened for both of them, namely Kitty’s meeting with Vronsky (L.T.) ; From Nevsky Prospect it leads to the former Mikhailovsky Palace, that is, to the Russian Museum, short and wide street(Sol. ); To the left of the road there is a mirror in the reeds, and everything here is in the steppe. Not so big as to appear bulging, that is, not a sea, not a lake, but precisely a pond (Sol.) ; She will go into the garden and tidy up the raspberries, that is, he will break off old dry ones and tie young shoots to pegs (Sol .); In the infinity of new and new discoveries, in the roar of incredible incidents, for the first time I felt not like Chekhov’s Chechevitsyn, not a high school student dreaming of escaping to the pampas, but a true reader, that is, a person who at the long-awaited hour is left alone with a book(Kav.).

2. If there are words warning about explanation, a dash is placed.

For example: He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good ( L.T. ); One thing has interested him lately - painting; The goal set for the detachment was one - reach the forest before dawn. In such sentences, a dash replaces the missing explanatory conjunction: Baikal is glorious and holy to others - with its wonderful, life-giving power (Spread). The omission of a conjunction can also be indicated by a dash in sentences without special warning words for explanation: The task assigned to the detachment was difficult - reach the forest before dawn; The weather is just right - a blizzard(Nile.).

However, in print, with such explanations, a colon is also used, which can be perceived as a variant design of the construction with a more emphasized explanation.

For example: ...I set myself a state task: secure trade routes to Bukhara, Khiva (Grand .); One mood: work better(gas.).

3. Among the explanatory members of a sentence, agreed definitions with explanatory meaning stand out.

They are not distinguished by signs, but are only separated from the explained definition by a comma. Explanation arises with definitions that are special in meaning - they carry a general, unspecified, indefinite meaning. The second, explanatory definition removes uncertainty.

For example: There were snowdrops special, irresistible passion of Glory(Baruzd.); At all others, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the block(Cat.).

An explanation can also arise in another, opposite situation, when the first definition is absolutely concrete, it is expressed by an ordinal number, and the second definition explains it in other words.

For example: Terrible path! On thirtieth, last a mile away doesn't bode well(A. Inter.) – i.e. " the thirtieth, which turned out to be the last" (combination the thirtieth last mile absurd, since it presupposes another twenty-nine of the latter).

Connecting members of the proposal

1. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas.

They have the nature of additional information, reported incidentally, in addition to the content of the main statement. The connecting members included in sentences contain words and combinations even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, yes and, and only, and in general, and too, etc.

For example: All, including a funny bouncing guy, reached for the window (H.); At night especially in a thunderstorm when the garden was raging in the rain, the faces of images in the hall were constantly illuminated, the trembling pink-golden sky was revealed and swung open over the garden (Bun.); I believe that it is precisely this - the mystery or the premonition of it - that is missing not only from your story, but also from all the works of your peers, especially modern lyrics ( Ast .); A large, also square, window looked out onto the garden ( Hall .); I studied well at school especially in French ( gas .); In several places old car cylinders,including one huge toothed tire from a wheeled tractor ( Sol .); It was very warm, even hot(Chuck.).

It is also possible to highlight using a dash.

For example: Suddenly, interrupting her memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared in front of her - and also with a river(Spread).

2. Connecting members of a sentence that do not have special connecting words(non-union accession), separated by a dash, more sharply delimiting it from the main statement.

For example: The old woman accepted the death of the old man as fate - no more and no less (Spread) ; Stairs too will disappear - until next time (Spread) ; The old woman looks at him and smiles patiently. Then he says - all with the same patient smile (Spread); Knyazev crossed the street with everyone else and walked slowly along the other side of the street - just like that, with nothing to do (Shuksh.) ; He didn’t even wash himself, but went straight into the yard to chop wood (Shuksh.); Why did he drag himself along? dawn - from insomnia, or something (Spread); All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city - to the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop (Gaych.).

Such members of a sentence are easily parceled (divided into separate, incomplete sentences) and, when their distinctive role is strengthened, are separated by a dot.

For example: A brush and a trowel are the whole scientific and technological progress in this industry. And not only in this(gas.); And he [ Lermontov ] wrote. At night, with a lit candle, while walking through the park, hiding in its corners( Chiv .); It's more of a parable. I would even call it a dramatic novella. About love. About hatred ( gas .); Maintaining consistency, we would then have to talk about the years, circumstances, people and destinies covered by the frame of the revolution. About a world of previously unknown goals and aspirations, tasks and feats, new restraint, new rigor and new challenges(P ast .).

A sentence can be complicated by special syntactic relations - explanatory ones. They are established between members of a series, one of which acts as the one being explained, and the other as the one explaining. The explanation may be in the nature of either re-designation or clarification; A typical case of an explanatory construction is a series with a generalizing word.

For example: a) Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, with the Oblonskys, and did not receive anyone (L.T.); The youngest of Aunt Marya’s sons, namely Dmitry, left for the side later than everyone else (Sol.); b) A crowd of buildings: human buildings, barns, cellars, apparently dilapidated, filled the courtyard (G.); Once upon a time, in '41, Serpilin unexpectedly spoke to him about his childhood (Sim.); Some – conscientious ones – put their forks aside and looked at Yegor with bewilderment (Shuksh.).

The place of explanation in the syntactic system of the Russian language remains insufficiently defined from a theoretical point of view. On the one hand, explanation is closely related to the homogeneity of the members of the sentence, and on the other hand, to their isolation. Therefore, in descriptive grammars and in textbooks on the syntax of the Russian language, constructions containing explanatory relations are described in different sections: some - in the section on generalizing words with homogeneous members, others - in the section on isolating circumstances; still others are included in the application descriptions.

The syntactic nature of explanatory relations is so unique that it does not fit neatly into either of the two basic concepts - composition or subordination. But the separation of explanation into a special type of syntactic connection, standing outside of composition and subordination, does not have a sufficient theoretical basis.

What is unique about explanatory relationships? From the functional-semantic side, explanatory relations are opposed to all other semantic types of intra-row relations, such as connection, opposition, comparison, division, etc. The logical basis of explanatory relations is the thought of identity. Two members of a sentence have a common denotative reference, and it is established only by the speaker himself. In our examples: houses are what the Oblonskys have (from the speaker’s point of view!); Dmitry and Aunt Marya’s youngest son are one and the same person. Two different nominations refer to the same object of reality, but each represents this object in its own aspect. This is the function of double designation. Wed, for example, meaning different designations of the same fact in the following sentence: In Perm, Sonnenberg zealously set to work, that is, buying unnecessary things, all kinds of dishes, pots, cups, crystal, supplies... (Hertz.). “The ability to name the same object differently stems from the ability to designate it differently, which is a consequence of the multiplicity of judgments that can be made about one object (person or thing).”

The double designation is not redundant. It is always functionally justified. As a rule, an explanation significantly enriches the proposal in terms of content; often carries new information, and sometimes is the main semantic part of the message. For example: There was one thing he didn’t know how to do: train dogs (T.).

In explanatory relations, the meaning of identity is purely syntactic: it follows from the construction, and not from the lexical meaning of the words. Regardless of what we know about the essence of objects (signs or actions) named by certain words, we recognize these words as related to one object of reality due to a certain way of their syntactic connection.

Explanatory relations, being purely syntactic, cannot be confused with lexical synonymy. Naturally, members of a sentence that are in such relationships can also be represented by synonymous words (or synonymous descriptive expressions), for example, in the conjunction or: Red deer, or sika deer, lives in the forests of Transbaikalia and Far East, but in principle, explained and explained are not synonyms; on the contrary, they are intended to characterize the same object of reality in different ways.

Let's compare the words simple and elegant, taken separately (in their lexical meaning) and in design: Kitty crouched low and gracefully in her very simple, that is, very elegant summer dress, ordered from Paris (L.T.).

Explanation as a syntactic relation must be distinguished from explanation in the broad, non-special meaning of the word. An explanation in its syntactic meaning presupposes a certain construction. The fact is that other figures of speech – insertions, adverbial phrases, and many definitions – can also have an explanatory, specific meaning.

An explanation as a construction is a special type of series consisting of two parallel terms. Members connected by explanatory relations are, in parallel, independently of each other, assigned to a common third member. For example: I found my friend in the same position, that is, with his long legs on the iron headboard of the bed, and his hands thrown back behind his head (Sol.). External connections do not distinguish explanations from other types of series, but internal ones are of a special nature, allowing us to contrast the explanatory construction with all types of constructions with homogeneous members: it is distinguished by a specific conjunction and intonation design, which shows that the associated members relate to each other as a definable and defining one.

From the functional side, the explanatory construction differs from other types of series primarily in the nature of the intra-series relations: the first member (explained) occupies the initial position, and the second (explanation) is introduced into the sentence in addition to the first; thus, occupying the position of one and the same member of the sentence, the first and second members differ in function. The difference itself is formalized grammatically, which allows us to talk about a special explanatory construction.

An explanatory construction can be in the position of any member of a sentence - main and secondary, since relations of identity can be established between the names of objects, their characteristics, actions and circumstances; in the next sentence the definitions are connected by explanatory relationships: So, there is talent, the first gardener has been found, the time has come to transplant the tree to another, namely, to the capital’s soil (Sol.).

The explained and the explanation can be represented by separate word forms (for example: think about the main thing - about the service), but the complex syntactic composition of one or both members of the construction is more typical. Typical example: Restraint was also noticed in the face, that is, the ability to control oneself, not to allow the face to be a mirror of the soul (Gonch.) - the grammatical basis of the construction is the connection of word forms: restraint, that is, skill; but the semantics of the explanation is created by the entire part introduced by the conjunction. The explained and the explanation may include a predicative unit, for example a subordinate clause: He also had something tied around his neck that could not be made out: a stocking, a garter or a belly, but not a tie (G.).

The means of forming an explanatory structure depend on the nature of the explanatory relationships. As part of the statement redesignation pursues different goals: specification, list of special cases, varieties, giving an example; clarification, interpretation, more precise designation, indication of the possibility of a double name; determining the significance of something, revealing the essence of a phenomenon, subjective assessment of a fact. This is expressed, first of all, in the choice of function words - indicators of explanatory connections and in the type of intonation, as well as in the lexical composition of what is being explained.

Functional words of explanatory construction are divided into two types: 1) special explanatory conjunctions: that is (arch. variants: that is, that is), namely (namely), like that, or (in an explanatory meaning); adjacent to them is the conjunction be it, which is used not only in explanatory construction; 2) other function words that combine their own function with a union one: a) more accurately, more precisely, in other words, simply put, it is better to say, rather, simply; b) including, such as, for example; c) for example, let's say, let's say, in particular, in particular (especially), first of all, first of all, at least, mainly; d) even, at least; d) already, in fact, exactly (in the meaning of ‘already’).

Functional words of the second group appear both independently and in combination with conjunctions, including coordinating ones (for example: and including; or, more precisely).

The intonation design of an explanatory structure also comes in two main types: 1) one intonation is perceived by the speaker as “warning” (strong emphasis on what is being explained, somewhat weaker emphasis on the explanation and a significant pause between them), according to the model: Now you need to think about the main thing - about the service ( Sim.); Everywhere: in the bushes, in the grass, birds began to sing and chirp (A.K.T.); another intonation is isolating, sometimes close to the intonation of introduction (syntagmatic emphasis of an explanatory member), according to the model: Everyone, and especially the officials, remained stunned for some time (G.); That same day, in the evening, I arrived in Peski (Bel.). The lexical composition of the explanation is generally free, but with some types of explanatory relations, the explained is characterized by special features corresponding to its function - signs of pronominalization. The words are one, another, main, different, everything, there; late, long ago, far, rarely; event, thing, matter, etc. Like function words, they participate in the expression of explanatory relations. Combined with characteristic intonation, they compensate for the lack of an explanatory conjunction.

Let us consider the types of explanatory relations and types of explanatory constructions.

Explanatory relations are a broad syntactic concept that unites different types based on semantic and constructive commonality. The central place belongs to the explanation itself as the most clearly grammatically formulated; clarification differs significantly from it; inclusion occupies a special place.

The distinction between types of explanatory relations has a logical basis. In some cases, the denotative content of the explained and the explanation completely coincides, for example: We, keeping our grandfather’s custom, are carrying home the prey from the mountains - a deer shot down by an arrow (Bruce); Soon all of us, i.e. the prince, Ivan Ivanovich and I, parted one fine day (Bun.); Here, at the crossroads of the rivers, the wind always frolicked with special force (Leon.). The explained and the explanation have one referent. In other cases, the designated objects do not completely coincide, one nomination covers reality more widely, the other narrower, for example: Let's meet in the library, in the periodicals department, or the objects of the nominations are partially combined, for example: In the west, behind the station, behind the black wooded fields, still The long Moscow summer dawn shone deathly (Bun.). This difference can be visually represented as follows:

complete identity of objects

incomplete identity of objects or

However, indicating a logical difference is not enough, since it does not fully correspond to the syntactic one. From the syntactic side, it is important to distinguish between two types of constructions that reflect different meanings of explanatory relations: 1) relations in which the identity of objects is specifically asserted and 2) relations in which this assertion is not. The first ones are formalized with special function words or intonation equivalent to them in function. The latter do not have any special means of design, but are expressed only by separating the second member. The first are conventionally called clarification, the second are clarification. Wed: A new enterprise was put into operation - a porcelain factory. “Behind the house, near the ravine, there were thickets of burdocks. From a logical point of view, in both the first and second cases one can see the same reference of two different designations (one referent). However, from a syntactic point of view, it is significantly different. It is important that when explaining, the second member, naming what has already been named, is, as it were, substituted in place of the first, syntactically duplicating it: with any of the two members, the sentence remains a nomination of the same event. Wed: A new enterprise has been put into operation. – A porcelain factory was put into operation. When clarifying, there is no duplication function: clarifying is always different, new, additional; members of a series are not interchangeable. Wed: Behind the house there were thickets of burdocks. – There were thickets of burdocks near the ravine. Therefore, the clarification does not allow the substitution of an explanatory conjunction - that is, namely, etc.

In a simple sentence, members of the sentence with meaning are distinguished by intonation and meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Clarifying members of the sentence

When clarifying, they differentiate clarifying And to be specified members of the proposal. Those members of a sentence that clarify other, clarifying members are called clarifying.

Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence).

In relation to the specified members, clarifying members serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the members being specified and specifying are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will take place. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be designated very generally and vaguely ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives specificity:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, a pale pink strip of light glowed(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the relationship between broader and narrower concepts can be dictated only by a given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, clarifying circumstances of a place form a chain, line up in a row:

Ahead,(where exactly?) far away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the foggy sea, prominent wooded hills were visible(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was careful(how exactly? / to what extent exactly?) until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Pay attention!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances may be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the house (Bykov).

If you put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically highlighted, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the moment being described.

Wed: Several people are walking in the snow, across the street, into the house.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far in the forest the blows of an ax were heard(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , in the forest, blows of an ax were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

The children settled down in a clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). - The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, April 12, man flew into space for the first time. - On April 12, 1961, man flew into space for the first time.

3. May be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

One more thing,(which one exactly?) last, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(Pushkin); Here and there women peeked out,(which ones exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify general meaning pronouns this, this, each, one(not in the meaning of a numeral, but in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this,(which one exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single trace, neither of the sled, nor of the human, nor of the animal, was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (how exactly?) dear to me, human (M. Gorky).

Pay attention!

1) The isolation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Typically, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one side - between the definitions.

With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw completely different, strangers there's room for me(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions.

Irresistible, albeit quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill yourself like that over something simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Savelyev).

But if the definition attached by a subordinating conjunction is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often, in comparison with agreed upon definitions, clarifying ones are isolated inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, all the time moving in black,(which one exactly?) almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in a simple,(which one exactly?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman came in(which one exactly?) seventeen years old, girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one exactly?) to toe, overcoat(Kataev).

5. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the specified words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, rather are equivalent in meaning to the phrases “more precisely,” “in other words,” etc.), themselves separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, an article of similar content was published in the last issue of the magazine; The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.

The words moreover can act as clarifying words. They are separated by commas, while the definition that follows them is not:

It would be stupidity, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, he admired him.

Pay attention!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in the following meanings:

A)“better”, “more willing”:

b)"it's better to say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly walked back and forth in the dining room..., uttering some remark or rather an exclamation, like “ah! hey! hm!”(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Clarifying parts of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) in clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and grass- the birds sang and chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example: He got a job in a mine, part-time- after classes(Baruzdin). Here is the circumstance to the mine is explained by the entire following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its own clarification after school, separated by a dash. Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since a comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf.: to the mine, part-time, after school). And the dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally related to each other;

c) when specifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf.: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

Explanatory members of a sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explanatory and explanatory terms in principle denote identical concepts.

The difference between clarifying And explanatory members of the sentence is that clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and clarification is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, explanatory terms are second names in relation to the first ones, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:

Especially for us, Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his home - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is:

She was brought up in the antique way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our horses in leather, that is, in a mat-covered runner (Aksakov); At that time, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); The third day that is, that week, I tell the headman...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in a sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Pay attention!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and if there is an explanation, emphasis is usually placed using a dash rather than a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a colon in the explanatory part of the sentence. Usually a colon is added to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: use of some types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):

Pay attention!

The conjunction or can have a disjunctive meaning (“either this or that”). In this case, he connects homogeneous terms, and a comma is not placed between them. If the conjunction or can be replaced by the conjunction that is, then it has explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or mezzanine. - Around the entire building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are explanatory in nature (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but a comma is usually not placed after them, for example: Thick firebrands stuck out, the remains of the former, burnt-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will arrive in the store in a few days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and final part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

B) Connecting members of the sentence

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, explanations or comments that arose along the way in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas, less often - by a dash:

The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of a sentence may have special connecting words: even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, yes and only etc.:

In an imperceptible way I became attached to a kind family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); There will be a bath for you now, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat,... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks and Lukashka as well, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical details(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in Zarechye, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searches for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All items especially tree branches and building corners, stood out in amazing relief against the dark pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers have possessed this ability to create an excellent oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Pay attention!

1) If the connecting member of a sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then a comma is not placed after the introductory word.

The fastest ripening mushrooms for example, birch and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) You should not mix punctuation with connecting conjunctions and connecting conjunctions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the conjunction, in the second, no sign is required before the non-repeating conjunction.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction). - The author presented the article in a revised form and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction); The work could have been done a long time ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not placed before the conjunction and in the following cases:

A) if it is used in a connecting meaning.

So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to indicate unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

V) in combination no-no yes and:

...No, no, yes, he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes connectors can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the connector):

Quite late another guest appeared, in a tailcoat...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, the orderly(Kataev).

Often a dash is used instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before - calm, hardworking, modest.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting clauses:

No, I him[brownie] haven't seen yeah you can't even see him (Turgenev); I walked in some kind of intoxication, yes and there was a reason (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions are accompanied by isolated phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Such phrases consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, over, along with, except for, including, excluding etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except three people; along with obvious successes.

Revolutions denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects that replace others.

In writing, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys, and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectations, my grandmother gave me several books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that highlighting such turns is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to highlight such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of an answer, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Pay attention!

1) In this kind of turn of phrase excluding, including are prepositions, not gerunds.

2) If an isolated member of a sentence is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated on both sides.

3) The preposition except can have the meaning of inclusion and exclusion.

Wed: Besides the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of the night battle(Leonov) is an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurova, on the plain there is a small village of Voevodino(M. Gorky) - inclusion (on the plain there were both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino).

Typically, turns are isolated regardless of the shades of meaning. However, uncommon phrases with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(turn on). - There was nothing on the table except books(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight revolutions with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't discern anything except for the muddy twisting of the blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation except:

We are evil to no one, except for bears, we don't(Markov).

Please note that the phrase “besides” in the meaning of “besides” is introductory words, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Phrases with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually added.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees near me(Pushkin).

If instead is used to mean “instead”, “for”, then a comma is usually not placed.

He got into the car instead of the driver.