The globe and the map are the main symbols of geographical science, reminding us of tempting journeys to distant lands. Despite the fact that both of these objects depict the earth's surface, there are a number of fundamental differences between them.
Map– this is a generalized image of the earth’s surface, made on a plane, to scale, using conventional signs.
Comparison
The globe is the most accurate model of the Earth. It appeared in 1942 thanks to the German Martin Beheim, who worked at the Geographical Institute. The first model was missing half of the continents and islands that exist on Earth, but it was this model that became the forerunner of the Age of Discovery. The modern globe depicts all the continents and oceans on the planet. Traditionally, globes are produced in two types – general geographical and political.
Globe
The map appeared in the 3rd century BC. A certain Eratosthenes, later called the “father of geography,” depicted the parts of Europe, Asia and Africa known at that time, and also drew the rudiments of a degree grid on his map.
It is the smooth surface of the globe that emphasizes: relative heights on Earth are much inferior to its horizontal distances. The peculiarity of this item is that the degree grid, the shape of parallel meridians, the configuration of geographical objects, their linear and territorial dimensions correspond to the actual ones, that is, they are depicted without distortion. Naturally, scale is also taken into account.
Due to the fact that the globe complies with the principles of equal area, equidistance and equiangularity, it is an indispensable device in astronautics, sea and air navigation.
Since the map represents the earth's surface depicted on a plane, all objects, their configuration, areas and distances on it are subject to distortion. Therefore, depending on the purpose of the map, a projection is selected - cylindrical, conical or azimuthal, which minimizes distortion.
Map of Russia All objects on the map are depicted using conventional symbols: icons, linear, movement lines, isolines, the method of areas and layer-by-layer coloring, which facilitates mapping and improves the degree of information perception by the consumer.
Maps are divided according to the level of reduction of the earth's surface - large-, medium- and small-scale, by purpose, by content and by the area of the illuminated territory.
Maps are easier to use than globes.
Conclusions website
- The map appeared earlier, the globe eighteen centuries later.
- The globe depicts the entire Earth, and the map can show viewers both the entire planet and individual continents, countries, parts of the world, regions, cities, streets.
- Geographical objects, their areas and distances between them are transmitted on the globe without distortion, unlike the image on the map.
- A globe is less convenient to use than a map.
We will answer the following questions.
1. How are geographical maps different from a globe?
A globe is a three-dimensional model of the Earth. A map is a generalized image of the earth's surface, made on a plane, to scale, using conventional symbols.
The undeniable advantages of the globe include the following:
A globe is more visual compared to a map. It shows the spherical shape of the Earth.
Saved relative position relative to each other's poles, as well as meridians and parallels.
The scale is the same in all parts of the globe.
The shapes of objects and their proportions are not distorted.
The map can show viewers both the entire planet and individual continents, countries, parts of the world, regions, cities, and streets. Geographical objects, their areas and distances between them are transmitted on the globe without distortion, unlike the image on the map.
2. Why are geographical maps more widely used by people of various professions than the globe?
Cards have found wide use among people. Thanks to them, you can get acquainted with the terrain without direct contact with it. Maps are actively used as navigation aids in guidebooks for tourists, in ship navigation and even in astronautics! They are also needed in the development of mineral resources, in military affairs and construction. In other words, geographic maps are used in almost all areas.
3. How are directions to the sides of the horizon determined on a small-scale geographic map?
Small-scale maps include maps built on a scale smaller than 1:1,000,000. When creating a map, a strict selection is made of what will be depicted and written on it. On the map, directions are determined using a degree network.
The Earth's degree network is a system of meridians and parallels.
All points of one meridian have the same longitude, and all points of parallel have the same latitude. The smaller the scale of the map, the less often the lines of the degree network are drawn.
To determine the direction to a given object, you must use azimuth. Azimuth is the angle between the direction to the north and the direction to a given terrain object, the value of which is expressed in degrees and counted from north to the right, clockwise.
4. What needs to be done to determine the distance between objects on a geographical map?
To determine on a map the distance between terrain points (objects, objects), using a numerical scale, you need to measure on the map the distance between these points in centimeters and multiply the resulting number by the scale value.
For example, on a map of scale 1:50000 (scale size 500 m), the distance between two landmarks is 4.2 cm. Therefore, the required distance between these landmarks on the ground will be equal to 4.2 * 500 = 2100 m.
A small distance between two points in a straight line is easier to determine using a linear scale. To do this, it is enough to apply a measuring compass, the opening of which is equal to the distance between given points on the map, to a linear scale and take a reading in meters or kilometers.
We will learn the rules of working with contour maps, complete tasks on a contour map, and begin to draw up our own map of the world.
1. From the globe to geographical maps
Fill in the missing words in the definition.
Geographic maps are a reduced-scale image of the earth's surface that show the position, condition and connections of natural and social objects and phenomena.
2. Map scale
Compare the scales of the school globe and the maps of the hemispheres and Russia in the school atlas. Write down the scales in ascending order.
Conclusion. The scale of the image of the Earth on the globe is smaller (larger, smaller) than the scale of the image of the Earth on the map of the hemispheres.
3. Working with a geographic map
The arrows are directed along the lines of parallels, along the equator and latitude.
Determine the geographic coordinates of the points indicated on the map of the Eastern Hemisphere with a sign (.), and label them on the map.
Make sure that on the hemisphere map, the area of least distortion is in the central parts of the map circles.
Measure the extent of the Indian Ocean along the equator (I) in two ways.
I = (98°E - 42°E) × 111.3 km = 56° × 111.3 km = 6232.8 km
I = 5 cm: 1/200 = 5000 km
The value of lengths determined in two ways: ruler, degree grid.
Measure the extent of Russian territory along the parallel of 60° N. w. (P) in two ways.
1) According to the degree grid (true value of the length):
P = (170°E - 30°E) × 55.8 km = 140° × 55.8 km = 7840 km
2) Using a ruler and scale:
I = 14 cm: 1/200 = 14000 km
Length values determined in two ways: ruler, degree grid.
Identify geographic objects by coordinates. Fill out the table.
Using a map of Russia, using a ruler and scale, determine the distance from Moscow to the Azov and White Seas.
From Moscow to the Sea of Azov 1002 km.
From Moscow to the White Sea 835 km.
Compare the obtained values with the textbook data on those distances obtained when measured using grid lines.
Conclusion. Most accurate results measurements are obtained using a degree grid and calculations.
Geographer-Pathfinder School
This video lesson is devoted to the topic “Globe - a model of the Earth. Geographic maps". You will learn about the size and shape of the Earth, and become acquainted with a new concept - “geographic maps”. The teacher will tell you in detail about the globe, as well as what types of maps exist.
Based on the shape and size of the planet, a model of the Earth was created - a globe.
A three-dimensional reduced model of the Earth. The globe has the same shape as the planet itself, it is three-dimensional, its axis of rotation, just like the planet’s, is tilted.
The globe depicts continents, islands, oceans, seas, etc. They have the same outlines as on the surface of the Earth, and are located relative to each other in the same way. Thus, on the globe there is minimal distortion of the earth's surface.
The first globe was created around 150 BC. e. The oldest globe that has survived to this day is the globe of Martin Beheim.
Rice. 3. Globe of Behaim, 1492 ()
In addition to the globe and plans, maps are actively used to depict the earth's surface. On a map, unlike a plan, you can see the entire earth's surface or large parts of it. In addition, geographic maps have a small scale, since the image has to be reduced in size large number times so that it fits on the map.
Geographic map- an image of the earth's surface containing a degree grid, in a reduced form on a plane using symbols.
Geographic maps are completely different. For example, maps that depict natural objects: mountains, seas, plains, continents are called physical; maps showing countries, their borders, capitals - political.
Rice. 4. Physical map of the world ()
Rice. 5. Political map of Eurasia ()
Eat special kind maps - contour maps. These maps only have the boundaries of geographical objects, their outlines, and a degree network. On such maps it is necessary to independently mark the geographical objects being studied, maintaining accuracy, accuracy and using other geographical maps.
Rice. 6. Outline map of the world ()
Homework
Paragraphs 9, 10, 11.
1. What are a globe and a map?
References
Main
1. Basic course in geography: Textbook. for 6th grade. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.
3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6th grade: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook manual for 6th grade students. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual / A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
- 1. 09/17/05 4 “B” class
- 2. Topic “The world through the eyes of a geographer. Globe and geographical map».
- 3. The purpose and objectives of the lesson: a) to formulate an idea of the globe and a geographical map. Strengthen the ability to work with a map and globe.
- b) develop the ability to observe, compare, analyze, and draw conclusions.
- 4. Content component of the lesson:
- - the material meets the requirements of the program and the stated goal;
- - the information capacity of the lesson is significant: a large amount of theoretical and factual material. Therefore, during the lesson it is necessary to dwell on new concepts in more detail and draw conclusions together with the students.
- - during the lesson, all the principles of didactics were used: teaching, developing, educational.
- -type of lesson - revealing the content of the topic.
Lesson structure:
- 1) organizational moment- 3 min.
- 2) check homework(individual work on identifying constellations - orally, “Starry Sky” test - in writing) - 10 min.
- 3) explanation of new material (studying the map of the hemispheres and the globe, filling out diagrams, working with a textbook, talking with the class during the explanation) - 22 min.
- 4) summing up (conclusions on new material, grading).
Homework is written on the board.
The structure of the lesson was developed in accordance with the objectives of the lesson, the principles of didactics, and the content of the educational material.
- 5. Methodological component of the lesson
- - in accordance with the purpose of the lesson, content educational process, the principles of didactics used the following teaching methods:
- a) verbal (story, explanation, conversation)
- b) printed and verbal (working with a textbook)
- c) visual (a globe and a map of the hemispheres were used).
During the lesson, visual and verbal methods turned out to be the most effective.
Student assessment criteria:
“5” - the material is presented in full. The student demonstrates independent analysis skills, the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena and processes, and well-developed speech.
“4” - the material is not presented in a large enough volume to judge that it has been mastered. The student demonstrates analytical skills, but this causes him certain difficulties. The presentation of the material is detailed, but there are some inaccuracies.
“3” - the student indicates sufficient knowledge, but it is not systematic. There are no skills in analyzing and systematizing knowledge. Speech is poor.
6. Activities of the teacher.
At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher outlined the goals and objectives of the lesson, which oriented the students to learn new material. While explaining the new material, the teacher tried to establish feedback with students, confirming theoretical reasoning with visuals (globe, map). To summarize, the teacher repeatedly addressed questions to the students. The questions were aimed at: reproduction of material, understanding, application. Students were asked in a differentiated manner. The questions were asked of varying degrees of difficulty. Responses varied in quality depending on the student's performance.
7. Student activities.
The students showed keen interest in the lesson. The teacher gave the students the opportunity to independently formulate conclusions during the lesson; this work did not cause any serious difficulties for the children.
The set goals and objectives of the lesson were achieved.
The lesson was dynamic and at a good pace.
Lesson summary.
- 1. Formulate an idea of geography, the globe and a geographical map.
- 2. Cards with an individual task are distributed to each student with images of constellations and their names; you need to match the constellation to the name. Next we write the “Starry Sky” test (8)
- - Choose the correct statement:
- 1. The galaxy in which we live is called...
- a) the Andromeda nebula;
- b) large Magellanic cloud;
- c) the milky way.
- 2. A star is...
- a) a hot gas ball;
- b) a cold ball consisting of solids.
- 3. Constellations are...
- a) groups of stars changing their shape;
- b) groups of stars that do not change their outlines.
- 4. The star Sirius is located in the constellation...
- a) Scorpio;
- b) big dog;
- c) Ursa Major;
- d) Taurus.
- 5. The North Star is always on...
- a) south;
- b) west;
- c) north;
- d) east.
- 6. The most bright stars have... color:
- a) red;
- b) blue;
- c) yellow;
- d) white.
Answers to the test: 1)c, 2)a, 3)b, 4)c, 5)b, 6)c.
3. Today we will look at the world through the eyes of geographers. We have to find out what geography is. Read what is said about this on page 22 of the textbook.
Geography is the science of earth. Translated from Greek, it means “description of the earth.” This word was formed from two words: “ge” - earth and “grapho” - writing. Geographers are specialists in geography. Geography explains why the earth is so round, why some areas have snow and others have hot summers, why some countries fish and others extract oil.
What human inventions help us travel around the planet? This is a globe and a geographical map.
The globe has the shape of a ball, slightly flattened. The globe has blue, yellow, brown, green, white colors. Blue is water, yellow, brown, green are land, white is ice. The globe is covered with lines, like a grid. When rotating, the poles remain in place: north and south.
The main belt of the earth is the equator. The remaining horizontal lines are located relative to each other, they are called parallels. The vertical lines connecting the poles are called meridians. Continents and oceans are indicated on the globe. How many oceans are there in globe? Name it (quiet, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic). What can you say about the continents? Six continents: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. You will read about creating a globe in the textbook on page 24. Since it is inconvenient to use a globe when traveling, people came up with the idea of depicting the surface of the earth on a plane, that is, they invented a geographical map. List the maps you already know (physical, political, hemispheric map). Pay attention to the scale of the map, it shows us how many kilometers on the ground correspond to one centimeter on the map.
- 4. Poll: a) what does geography study and why was it called that?
- b) what geographical maps do you know?
- c) talk about the similarities and differences between the globe and the map of the hemispheres.
- d) what is the scale of the map?
- 5. D/z: pp. 22-29.
Answer the “Test yourself” questions.
Complete tasks 1, 2.
Slide 2
Globe
Stands on one leg
He twists and turns his head.
Shows us countries.
Rivers, mountains, oceans.
Provide evidence that the Earth is spherical.
- The shape of the Earth is clearly visible in its miniature model, which is called the terrestrial globe. Continents and islands, oceans and seas are depicted on its surface. They have the same outlines and are located in the same way as on the Earth itself, only reduced by several million times.
- A globe is a model of the Earth. A model is a reduced-scale reproduction of an object. This means that the globe also has a scale.
Slide 3
- Using the globe, determine the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
- Determine the scale of the educational globe.
- Using a globe, determine the distance from Moscow to Novosibirsk
- Using a globe, determine the distance from Moscow to the equator
Slide 4
Dimensions of the Earth
The distance from the center of the Earth to the equator is 6378 km, and from the center to the poles I am 22 km and equal to 6356 km. The circumference of the Earth is 40 thousand km. It would take about a month to travel this distance by fast train. And walking takes about five years. - 22 km
- The average radius of the earth is 6371 km
- The total area of the planet is 510 million km²
Slide 5
Geographic map
It looks like a piece of paper
Our Earth is a very clever drawing.
Mountains, plains, seas, oceans,
There are cities on the map, and countries...
Slide 6
Distortions on the geographical map
Which parts of the map have the most distortion in the images?
Slide 7
Types of projections
Construction
Cylindrical (1),
Conical (2)
Azimuthal (3)projections
Which continent on the map of the hemispheres has the greatest distortions?
Slide 8
Similarities and differences between a plan and a map
Compare the terrain plan and the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas.
Identify similarities and differences on the site plan and on the map.
- Conventional signs
- Conventional signs
- Scale
- Scale
- Off-scale signs
What information can you get about rivers from a plan and a map?
Geographic map is a reduced image of the Earth's surface or its parts on a plane using symbols.
Slide 9
Types of cards
- Describe the atlas maps
- Physical map of the hemispheres
- Physical map of Russia
- Political map of the world
- Oceans map
- Outline maps
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
- Atlas page