Adverb- This independent part Russian speeches, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object or a sign of another sign: gradually, competently, childishly, joyfully. The question that an adverb answers depends on what meaning it has. Most often, adverbs answer the questions: How? Where? Where? to what extent? where? When? For what? Why?
Adverb- This unchangeable part of speech. It cannot be declined, conjugated, or otherwise coordinated with other words. Based on this, the adverb does not and cannot have an ending.
Differences between adverbs and conjunctions, prepositions and particles.
Adverbs from unions differ in that the former more often refer to the predicate in a sentence, less often to an adjective, adverb, numeral or noun. The conjunction serves as a connecting component between the members of the sentence, parts complex sentence or whole sentences:
A little his chest rose, indicating that he was alive (adverb).
We began to get ready to go, a little It's starting to get light outside (union).
From prepositions adverbs differ in that they do not introduce a case form of the name:
The puppy took a few steps hesitantly towards (adverb).
Towards the owner of the house came out to me (pretext).
Unlike particles, adverbs cannot syntactically connect a noun with a preposition and stand in front of it:
I was walking directly, without turning and without looking back (adverb).
Sakura petals slowly fell to the ground, falling directly on the heads of people walking in the park (particle).
Differences between adverbs and state category words.
State category words denote the state of a living being or nature. Most of them have the suffix -O. These words can often act as a predicate in an impersonal sentence:
Together funny walk through the open spaces (adverb).
Despite this situation, I felt funny (state category word).
Difference between adverbs and other parts of speech.
Adverb- This independent and complete part of speech, which has its own separate syntactic role in the sentence. Most often, an adverb does not have modifiers and dependent words. An adverb is also often associated with a predicate verb as an adverbial adverb.
In almost 100% of cases, an adverb can be replaced with a synonymous word: then - then, first - first, at the same time - together, in vain - in vain.
Introduction
This document is intended for people who are going to manually mark up a corpus of Russian texts using Russian morphology from the site . The purpose of the paper is to clarify some of the common and sometimes controversial cases of homonymy that the compiler of the corpus will encounter.
This text is primarily simply a compilation of classifications and explanations taken from Russian language textbooks and explanatory dictionaries.
I place the pieces on the board -> transitional
I don't have time -> intransitive
I felled the forest-> transitional
Snow is falling-> intransitive
He betrayed our cause -> intransitive
He changed our plan -> transitional
WELL 3 particle decom.
1. Usage when expressing doubt, surprise, distrust; corresponds in meaning to the word: really? Is it true?
-I know where Vasya lives!
- Come on!?
2. Usage when responding to an appeal; corresponds in meaning to the word: what? And what?
-Vasya, can you hear me?
- Well...
3. Usage when enhancing expressiveness, when emphasizing the meaning of a particular word.
- Do you see the tree?
- What tree?
- Well, it’s so small..
4. Usage when expressing a conditional assumption; corresponds in meaning to the word: let's say that it is so; Let's assume that it is so.
- I went home.
- So what?
5. Usage when expressing fear of smth. unwanted; corresponds in meaning to the word: what if.
Well, when you come home... What will you do?
WELL 4 int. decomposition
1. Usage when prompted to action. // Usage when urged; corresponds in meaning to the word: but (5*1).
Well, let's go home.
2. Usage when expressing surprise, indignation, irony, admiration and other feelings.
- I can lift 200 kg.
- Well?
"Li" (l)
The word "whether" can be a particle or a conjunction.
LI union
1. Usage when expressing separability (when enumerating).
That or another path in front of her.
Whether she's alive or not, God knows
2. Usage when expressing convention; corresponds in value conjunctions: if, if.
Shall I die and burn on my grave, shine, My star!
LI particle
1. Usage with increased questioning.
Tell me, do you have a friend?
2. Usage when expressing doubt, surprise
Is this true? Is it true?
And we, you know, have done this a long time ago.
"A"
The word "a" can be a particle, a conjunction, or an interjection. Interjection always stands out punctuation marks, so it is not difficult to distinguish it. The word “a” can be a comparative conjunction, in which case it is always preceded by a punctuation mark, except when it is at the beginning of a sentence:
His parent, from the Kolyazin family, was a maiden named Agathe, A in the generals Agathoklea Kuzminishna Kirsanova, belonged to the number of mother commanders (Turg.)->
union
I left A he continued to sit -> union
Have you solved the problem? -> union
The particle “a” contains a question; it introduces the meaning of prompting a response
Let's go, shall we?
- Come here. - A?.
"AND"
The word "and" can be a particle, a conjunction, or an interjection. Interjections are always marked with punctuation, so they are easy to distinguish. Most often, the word “and” is a conjunction that connects homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as parts of a complex sentence. The particle “and” is used to emphasize or enhance the meaning of a single word or an entire statement; corresponds in meaning to the words: “even”, “also”, “already” or “although”.
And, that's it!-> interjection
And he won’t give you a penny.-> particle, can be replaced with “even”
Don't even ask.-> particle, can be replaced with “even”
The Russian soldier is both brave and resilient.-> union
Petya and Vasya-> union
And the battle broke out.-> union
And you agreed?! -> union
"EVEN"
The word "even" can be a particle or a conjunction. The conjunction “even” is used when attaching entire sentences or individual members of a sentence that develop, supplement or clarify a previously expressed thought (usually with a hint of reinforcement), and accordingly the conjunction “even” stands at the beginning of a clause or inserted construction:
Sergey almost immediately went to the front, even didn’t really have time to say goodbye -> union
Of those following the trail, everyone, even the smallest... -> union
Everyone laughed, even Lida. -> union
The particle “even” enhances and emphasizes the meaning of phrases and words:
[Memory] revives even stones of the past and even adds drops of honey to the poison once drunk-> particle
Everyone fell asleep, and even Petya fell asleep-> particle ( strengthens the conjunction “and”?)
As a result we have:
1. If “even” refers to a word or phrase, it is a particle.
2. If “even” is at the beginning of a clause or even is preceded by a comma, and when this occurrence of “even” is removed, the phrase begins to sound “strange,” then “even” is a conjunction.
"MEANS"
The word "mean" can be a finite form of a verb, a conjunction, or an introductory word. It is very simple to distinguish a personal form; we will not dwell on this. In order to distinguish a conjunction from an introductory word, you need to keep the following simple rules in mind:
1. Introductory word always separated by commas.
Means
, he speaks without thinking, right?
Tomorrow, Means
, go again.
2. The conjunction “means” is most often used together with the conjunction “times” or the conjunction “if”:
They reason logically: since a parody appeared, Means I'm worth something
If I said it , Means I got carried away
"THIS"
The word form “this” can be an adjective pronoun (lemma “this”), a particle or a noun pronoun. It is easy to distinguish an adjective pronoun - just find the noun to which this word refers:
This The decision will hit taxpayers hard. -> MS-P
He wants to stop This development. -> MS-P
The particle “this” is used in the following cases:
1.
when underlining, highlighting one or another member of a sentence.
Life - This breathing.
This you asked about love, I didn’t ask
Timofeev-Resovsky is me on my father's side
2.
when enhancing the meaning of an interrogative pronoun or adverb included in an interrogative sentence.
When did you take him?
This what kind of event is this?
He froze, not understanding that This suddenly it came over him.
The noun pronoun "this" is always a full member of the sentence, so without it the sentence will be syntactically incorrect:
After all This incomparable to a sacrifice of life.
But everyone thought that This not an activity for a boy.
"UZH"
The service word “uzh” can be a particle or an adverb. The adverb “uzh” is used in the following cases:
1. when indicating the final completion, onset, doing something:
I don't care already upset.
He will only have time to think in in this direction, and I already I'm starting to be jealous
2. when indicating a change in place, time, circumstances of the action:
Midnight is approaching, but Herman is still not there.
But Lisa alreadý
wasn't afraid
As a particle “uzh” is used in the following contexts:
1. when confirming something. at the beginning of the replica; corresponds in meaning to the word: right, in fact, really.
You really excuse me, my daughter is sleeping there
2. when emphasizing or strengthening the meaning of pronouns and adverbs.
Already
It would be better if he didn’t find out.
Which really there's work there!
Already he understood the cell very primitively
A simple test that should probably work often is the following. In contexts where “uzh” acts as an adverb, it can be replaced without loss of meaning with “already,” but the word “already” cannot be a particle, so in other contexts replacement is not possible.
"SO"
The word "so" can be an adverb, particle, or conjunction.
SO .places adv.
Indicates a certain, well-known image, method of action, circumstance, namely So in their own way, not in any other way.
Act as needed.
So he said that everyone laughed.
Do the same.
He does everything wrong.
2.
Indicates the degree of the characteristic, and So in general, it emphasizes the sign, so much so.
I walked so much that I was tired.
Friends haven't seen each other for so long.
So little like others.
The devil is not as scary as he is painted(last).
3.
Without consequences, to no avail, for nothing, without effort, without intention (colloquial).
This won't work for you.
He said that without thinking. Why did you come? - Yes, yes.
The disease will not go away like this.(on her own, without treatment).
SO. union
1.
union. So, then, in So oh case.
I promised, I'll do it.
2.
At the beginning of the replica: therefore, and so, so oh case.
Everything is ready. - So are we going?
So do you agree?
3.
Usage when contrasted in meaning. but, yes.
I would go, but I have no money.
SO. particle
1.
Usage in remarks to indicate a low assessment of someone or something. or indifference, insignificance.
What's wrong with you? - So.(i.e. nothing special).
He's such a pathetic person
2.
Yes, indeed.
Have you finally decided? - So.
Yes, this is him.
3.
In a sentence, a word is highlighted that denotes what is the subject of contrast to another, the rest (colloquial).
And I love winter so much(i.e. someone doesn’t love, but I love).
You can still swim in the lake(i.e. it’s possible in the lake, but not in other places).
4.
Usage to express approximateness (colloquial).
About ten years ago.
From the station to the house it’s about two kilometers.
5.
Introduces the meaning of clarification, clarification, illustration of what is said. The climate there is harsh, with frosts reaching 40°.
6.
With lexical repetition, it expresses the intensity, completeness of an action, a feature It's so (too) hot in the south.
If she loves, she will love.
7.
With lexical repetition, it expresses the reasonableness or uniqueness of the decision made, the inappropriateness of hesitation (colloquial).
Do this do this.
There is nothing to think about: getting married is getting married.
I don’t care: cabbage soup is just cabbage soup, porridge is porridge.
8.
That's good.
We settled in the village. So. They started their own farm. They began to live.
The following criteria of distinction can be formulated, which cover the lion's share of homonymous cases:
1. If for the word “so” you can construct an additional clause with the word “as” or with the phrase “as if”, then “so” is an adverb:
So he said that everyone laughed. -> He told it like no one else.
Do the same. -> Do as I do.
The disease will not go away like this. -> The disease will not go away as if it doesn’t need anything
2.If “so” begins a clause that is a conclusion or contrast to the previous clause, then “so” is a conjunction.
3. In all other cases, “so” is a particle.
From these rules it is clear that the word “so” in the examples:
If she loves you, she will love you.
It's so (too) hot in the south.
can be classified as adverbs.
"WHAT"
The word "after all" can be a particle or a conjunction.
WHATSOEVER.
union.Indicates the reason, justification for the previous statement. Lead us, because you know the way.
I decided that he wanted to give me pleasure: after all I praised Alina so much!
WHATSOEVER.
particle.Emphasizes what has been said, contrasting it with something in thoughts or speech. to another as a motive, as known, obvious, or as more expedient. It's spring, let's go for a walk.
You shouldn’t have listened, I told you. It's dangerous, don't go alone.
"NOT"
The word "nor" can be a particle or a conjunction. This word is a conjunction only as part of the repeating conjunction “neither...,nor”, for example:
Neither
feather, neither don’t leave the tail to the bloodhounds
Neither shovels, neither there are no pitchforks on the collective farm
There was no life neither on the street , neither in the yards
In all other cases, the word “neither” is considered a particle.
"LIKE"
The word "like" can be a particle or a preposition:
LIKE someone or something, preposition with gender. p. Like someone, similar to someone.
A coat like mine.
He's like you, also an eccentric.
LIKE particle. As if, it seems as if (colloquial).
He seemed to be sick.
She
likesomewhereWithmet you
"SOMETHING"
The word "something" can be a pronoun or an adverb. The pronoun “something” replaces a noun phrase and is easy to distinguish from an adverb:
I know something. ->pronoun
Something happened yesterday. -> pronoun
I don't understand something about this -> adverb
There were about 10 people at the rally -> adverb
He something I'm very tired this day->
adverb
"MORE"
The word “yet” can be an adverb or a particle.
MORE .adv.
1.
Again, in addition.
Come again.
Eat some more.
2.
Already" in the past.
I left a week ago.
3.
Until now, bye.
Haven't come yet. Not yet.
4.
Indicates the availability of sufficient time and conditions for something.
I'll still catch the train.
Still young.
5.
when compared Art. To a greater extent.
Even kinder.
MORE .particle.
1.
Usage in combination with the pronominal words “how”, “what” to denote a high degree of attribute, its exclusivity (colloquial).
How else (how else) is it formed.
He's a cunning one, what a cunning one!
He has talent. - And what talent!
2.
In combination with some pronominal adverbs, it expresses rude dissatisfaction (colloquial).
Talk to him. - Why else? (why is this still necessary?).
Get dressed and you'll go. - Where else? (where else is this?).
You will stay at home. - What else!
3.
In combination with pronominal adverbs “where”, “where”, “when” and certain others, it expresses uncertainty in the distant future (colloquial).
We'll meet again someday(i.e. it is not known when and not soon).
Somewhere else in my life I will find such a friend.
Where else (somewhere) fate will take him.
4.
Usage for reminder, reference to the known (colloquial).
You know him: still red-haired, so tall.
I forgot the name of this film: Vysotsky also plays there.
These values can be summarized as follows. The word “yet” is an adverb if it:
1. indicates repeatability or sufficiency of time, in short, connected in some way with the concept of time (except in the case of “ We'll meet again someday").
2. used in construction with a comparative degree, such as “ even better».
In all other cases, “still” is a particle.
"MUCH" (LITTLE)
The word "many" can be a predicative, an adverb, or a numeral:
MANY predicate. Forms a separate statement, subordinating the noun phrase in the genitive case:
There are a lot of people here.
There is a lot of interesting things in the book.
MANY
adverb. Depends on the comparative adverb or verb:
Much better.
Much more fun.
He knows a lot.
Andrey then many pondered the trickiest circumstance this
A you always, Georgy Nikolaevich, many you want and do nothing
If the control verb is transitive, then the adverb “many” often prohibits valency on the direct object:
*He wants this a lot.
MANY number . Included in the noun phrase, it can relate to uncountable nouns in the same way as the numerals “so much”, “how many”:
He came to her many times.
He bought a lot of flour.
Science can many gitik
"BYE"
The word "yet" can be an adverb, conjunction or particle:
BYE
adverb. For some time, henceforth until something; still not yet.
Nothing is known yet.
My son is still studying
BYE
union. During that time.
While he is studying, we need to help him.
I'm waiting , Byé
he drinks
BYE
particle. Greetings when parting, goodbye (colloquial).
Well, I'll go, bye!
"ONLY"
The word “yet” can be a conjunction or a particle:
ONLY
particle. Synonyms: Only, solely, exclusively.
This is just the beginning.
I only think about you.
ONLY
union. only.
As soon as he entered, she met him
Was quiet , only the rustling steps of people walking with bare feet.
It can be seen that the meaning of the conjunction “only” does not differ from the particle “only”, therefore, to distinguish them, only purely formal indicators can be used: If the word “only” is at the beginning of the clause and refers to the main predicate of the clause, then it is a conjunction, otherwise it is particle.
"ONE"
The word "one" can be an adjective or a numeral.
ONE
numeral.
Twenty one people.
He shook hands one shoulder
A particle is an auxiliary part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create forms of words.
Particles do not change, do not have independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but can be part of sentence members.
The main area of use of particles is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech makes statements more expressive and emotional. Excessive use of particles leads to speech clogging and loss of semantic accuracy.
The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.
Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, the particles are related to in different parts speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go etc.
There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (the same as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).
Comparison with other parts of speech
In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.
Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of the sentence, but can be part of the members of the sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.
When parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.
In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may vary among different authors.
Particle discharges.
According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into categories.
- formative,
- negative,
- semantic (modal).
Shaping particles
- particles that participate in the formation of certain forms various parts speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, pronouns).
- Particles that serve to form verb inflections:
- imperative mood — yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
- subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b):
said would, helped would
, put on b
; What would didn't happen.
Particle would(b) may appear before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, may be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I did more would better. I would made it even better.
Particles let, let, let, yes, come on (let's go) are part of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb, and are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb during morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.
- Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, names of states - more, less
: more
important, less
important; more
Interesting, less
boring.
The meaning of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more And All : more scarier All more interesting.
When forms are formed, particles become closer to morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed using a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).
Postfixes are not particles -sya(-s), -that, -either, -something And no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of combined or separate spelling. It is necessary to distinguish the particle -That And -That : Which -That, Where -That ( ) - I -That I know everything. (particle)
Comment.
In Babaytseva’s complex on the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where -something, -either, -something
- attributed to word-forming particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, anyone, anyone; what - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles Not
And neither
: who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles turn into
.
Using a particle Not
Words with opposite meanings are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without Not
no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.
Negative particles
No, neither- the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.
Particle NOT plays a major role in expressing negation and gives the following meanings:
- negative meaning to the whole sentence: This will not happen.
- negative meaning to an individual member of a sentence: In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.
- positive meaning, statement (via double negative with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; I couldn't help but say.
Most often a negative particle Not is part of the predicate: At night there wasn't rain. ( there wasn't- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- tale.)
NI particle gives:
- negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from the spot!
- strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not visible neither zgi. In the sky No neither clouds. Sometimes neither used without Not : In the sky neither clouds.
- strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything would work out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
- When repeating the particle neither becomes important coordinating (conjunctive) conjunction : Neither Sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
- Negative particles include words No.
It is used when there is a negative answer to a spoken or unspoken question: Want? No
. To strengthen the negative word No
repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don’t want to.
Particle No corresponds in its role to the affirmative particle in the sentence Yes : Will you go? Yes . - not at all, not at all, not at all .
It is necessary to distinguish neither (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is written together ( someone, no one, no one). The particle and conjunction are written separately: no not a soul (particle, strengthens negation); Neither (conjunction) rain, neither (union) snow couldn't stop him.
Semantic particles
Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various shades of meaning into a sentence (clarify, emphasize, intensify), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.
Particle groups by value:
- Adding shades of meaning:
- interrogative —whether, really, really
:
Really is that so? Is it true whether This? Isn't it do you disagree with me?
Isn't it And really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it really) didn't you recognize me? But they can also have different meanings.
In sentences with isn't it doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to be arguing with the interlocutor, confident in the inadmissibility of the fact: Isn't it can I lie?
In sentences with really doubt and surprise appear: Really did he deceive us? - index fingers — here (and here), there (and there), here and, there
.
Highlight the item you need to pay attention to: Here my village. - clarifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly
: Exactly
she told me about it. Just
he knew about it.
Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information. - express allocation, limitation(restrictive-excretive) - only, only, exclusively, almost, solely : I'm not sick only (only) a little tired.
- interrogative —whether, really, really
:
- particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
- exclamation marks particles - what the, how
, well and:
What a soul! How great! Gee!
These particles express admiration, surprise, and indignation.
Particle How has a homonym How - pronoun How and union How .
Particle How usually used in exclamatory sentences: How evenings in Russia are delightful!
Pronoun-adverb How used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How are you feeling? How - circumstance.
Union How - in complex sentences: I'll tell you How live on. - express doubt —hardly, hardly: Barely whether this will do. Hardly he will agree.
- amplifiers particles - even, well, neither, well, really, after all, only, only
etc.
Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha knows each other only famous monuments. ( Only - an intensifying particle, in a sentence it is part of the definition only known).
Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon has become brighter, the stars or They just turned blue. Particle or highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences. - express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do it! - Do it -ka .
- exclamation marks particles - what the, how
, well and:
What a soul! How great! Gee!
Examples:
- Day and night the cat is a scientist All walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - intensifying meaning
- Well what the neck, what thelittle eyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
- Yeslong live the sun,Yesdarkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the imperative form of the verb
- Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. - forms the subjunctive form of the verb.
- What we were talking about before only thought, now they have brought it to life. We just thought -only not an adverb, not a conjunction, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not do). Therefore it is a particle.
In the morphology of the Russian language, the word “already”, depending on the context, can be an adverb, reinforcing particle or an adjective in the comparative degree. To simplify the task and understand which part of speech is “already”, it is necessary to consider examples for all three options.
"Already" - adverb
“Everything already happened before we arrived - there’s no point in interfering.” In this example, the word “already” is an adverb that helps convey the meaning that a certain action has taken place. This adverb answers the question: “When?” (happened when? - happened already).
“Already” is an intensifying particle
“Now everything is no longer so acutely felt, the passions have subsided.” In this case, the word “already” has become an intensifying particle that emphasizes the combination “not so sharp.”
"Already" is a comparative adjective
“The trousers seemed narrower than before.” In this context, the word “already” represents the comparative degree of the adjective “narrow” (the pants seemed what? - seemed narrower). It is worth noting that the stress in this case is on the first syllable.
Having examined the proposed examples, we can conclude that in all three variants the word “already” can be simply checked as to whether it belongs to a particular part of speech by delving into the context surrounding this word.
General properties of particles
The particle class combines unchangeable non-significant (functional) words that
- express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: incentive, subjunctiveness, convention, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
- participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation;
- characterize an action or state by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.
The listed functions of particles are grouped:
- in the function of shaping
- as a function of the various communicative characteristics of the message.
What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain
- meaning of attitude,
- the relationship (relatedness) of an action, state or whole message to reality,
- the speaker's relationship to what is being communicated,
Moreover, both of these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.
The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.
Particle discharges
In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:
1. formative particles(let it, let it happen, let it happen, yes, let it happen):
- word forms;
- forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, neither);
3. interrogative particles(whether, really, really);
4. particles characterizing a sign(action or state) by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
5. modal particles:
- demonstrative particles(here, here, there, there);
- clarifying particles(exactly, just);
- excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost);
- exclamation particles(what for, how);
- enhancing particles(even, even and, nor, after all, after all, everything);
- relaxation of the requirement(-ka (give it), -then (the milk has escaped));
- doubt(hardly, hardly);
- incentive particles(let it be).
It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in negative, interrogative particles that characterize an action in its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.
Classification of particles by origin
Antiderivatives
The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, in modern language having no living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.
These are particles: bish (simple), would, see (simple), yes (as part of the imperative form), de (colloquial), say (colloquial), same, in (simple), ish ( colloquial), -ka, they say (colloquial), no, I suppose (simple), no, really, let it (simple), neither, well, this (simple), yet, those (simple) , well, tea (simple).
Non-primeval
All other particles are nonprime.
Classification of particles by composition
simple
Particles consisting of one word are called simple. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, display living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include:, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, in fact, in (simple), at all, over there, here, it seems, everything, everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the command form), give (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, yet, know, , or, exactly, how, which, where, okay, is it better , no way (simple, question), nothing, nothing, but, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, maybe, decisively, evenly, itself, rather, as if, completely, thank you (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, what, purely (simple), that, so that, ek, this.
As already said, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meaning to varying degrees
- adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, yet, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, absolutely, so, there, good),
- pronominal words (everything, everything, which, it, most, yourself, you, what, this),
- verbs (it happens, it happened, it was, give (those), give (those), know, look),
- unions (and, fortunately, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, at least, that, so that, to),
- comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: He would rather die than agree; He would rather have a vacation!),
- prepositions (like: Is someone calling?),
- interjections (ek, thank you: It’s so hot! You can’t find a place for them. Thank you, I took a little nap in the cellar. N. Uspensky).
Sometimes in the same word the closeness and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particle and pronoun, particles and interjections are so close that opposing such meanings to each other as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be unlawful, and the word must qualify as “particle-conjunction”, “particle-adverb”, “particle-pronoun”, etc.;
composite
Particles formed from two (less often more) words:
- two particles
- particles and unions,
- particles and prepositions,
- particles and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.
Compound particles can be indivisible - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or disjunctive: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished: these are several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in the modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.
dismemberable
Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words, Subdivided particles:
If only there was some rain!; If only there was some rain!); here it is (Here’s a friend for you!; Here’s the result for you!; Did you believe him? So trust people after that!); like this (Those are the orders!); these are the orders!; Here we have a garden! That’s how friendly he was!); almost (almost were late; almost broke my head); almost (It was almost the first time in his life that he lied); how not (How can I not understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); if only (If only it wouldn’t rain!); little not (simple) (He began to ring the bell, but didn’t cut off the little. Dos.; Out of fear, he didn’t even fall to the ground. Lesk.); let him (Let him sing to himself!); sooner (spring sooner!; spring sooner!); and so (and it emanates peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just not to be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (At least I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke my leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).
Particles are always dismembered
Isn’t it (Shouldn’t we rest?), isn’t it (We shouldn’t spend the night here!).
Phraseologized particles:
No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he’ll come to visit; No, no, he’ll remember his grandfather); what the (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (what) (What of his promises to me!; what now of the fact that he has returned?).
One should distinguish from composite particles the various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:
really- well, well, so, so, well... well; How- yes, how, well, how, yes, how, well; like- it seems, it seems, it seems, and, it seems;indivisible
their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.
Otherwise (- Aren’t you afraid? - Otherwise I’m afraid!; Will they let you spend the night? - Otherwise they won’t let you in); without that (He’s already a silent man, but here he’s completely withdrawn. Field.; There’s no time to wait, anyway we’re already late); it would have been (simple) (If only I had not stayed, but gone home!); unlikely; just (Only an hour of time); still; lo and behold (colloquial) (Waited and waited, lo and behold, and fell asleep); far from (far from confident of success; far from beautiful); divi (simple) (divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s ignorant!); how good (how good the forest is! How tired you are!); it would be good; if (If not for the war!); Of course (They don’t touch you. - If only you would have touched!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- He didn’t recognize it, apparently? - He didn’t recognize it and exists. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is there. Fad.); and so (Don’t be angry, I already repent; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They’re not allowed to go to the skating rink; I saw it a long time ago, and then only briefly; Talk to him. - I’ll talk about that too); as it is (simple) (You said everything as it is correctly. Bazhov; - Cold? - Cold as it is); how; just (I came just in time; I’m afraid of the service: you’ll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Farewell. - How so farewell?); somehow; where is it (How much fun!); okay; for what (for what is cunning, but even then he was mistaken); no way; unlikely; not at all (not at all a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so-and-so (So-and-still didn’t show up?); so much (- I have all the tobacco. - So all of it?); or not (Or not life!); so-and-so (So-and-so glad!; So-and-so I see he’s calmed down); to the same place (To the same place from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom; The boy, and argues there too); already (They did it themselves. - They did it themselves?; It’s a disease. - It’s a disease!); grab and (While they were getting ready, grab and the rain began); so that (so that he would have thought to call!); well (- Shall we go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (A call, or something?; Help or something!; Are you deaf?);
phraseological particles (phraseologism particles)
Several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.
Not otherwise - not otherwise than - (No other than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening), not so much - not so much as -, no so that - no so that - (What a fur coat they rotted! No to think: somewhere is the master’s fur coat? Nekr .); either the matter (Ivan Ilyich made a stupid decision; what is the matter with you. L. Tolstoy); that - that and - look (that and look will die; look at that will be forgotten), that - and wait for that - (simple) (The stove for that and wait for it to fall down. Bazhov.); that - look at that - (that and look at that) (After all, there is too much trot; look at that, that will break your neck! Gogol); exactly; whatever it is - whatever it is (simple) (This is his favorite song).
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Books
- Practical grammar in Russian lessons In 4 parts. Part 4, Zikeev A.G.. The four editions of the manual include exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students’ speech.…